scholarly journals Silicon Improves Ion Homeostasis and Growth of Liquorice (Glycyrrhiza Uralensis Fisch. and Glycyrrhiza Inflata Bat.) Under Salt Stress by Reducing Plant Na+ Uptake

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zihui Shen ◽  
Xiaozhen Pu ◽  
Shaoming Wang ◽  
Xiuxiu Dong ◽  
Xiaojiao Cheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Photosynthetic Pigment ◽  
Ion Homeostasis ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Glycyrrhiza Uralensis ◽  
Ion Balance ◽  
Glycyrrhiza Uralensis Fisch ◽  
Glycyrrhiza Inflata

Abstract Silicon effectively alleviates the damage caused by salt stress in plants and can improve plant salt tolerance. However, the details of the mechanism by which silicon improves salt tolerance of liquorice are limited, and the effects of foliar application of silicon on different liquorice species under salt stress are not known. Here, the effects of foliar spray of silicon on the growth, physiological and biochemical characteristics, and ion balance of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. and Glycyrrhiza inflata Bat. were investigated. High salt stress resulted in the accumulation of a large amount of Na+, decreased photosynthetic pigment content, perturbed ion homeostasis, and eventually inhibited the both liquorice species growth. These effects were more pronounced in G. uralensis, as G. inflata is more salt tolerant than G. uralensis. Foliar spraying of silicon effectively reduced the decomposition of photosynthetic pigments, improved gas exchange parameters, and promoted photosynthesis. It also effectively inhibited lipid peroxidation and electrolyte leakage and enhanced osmotic adjustment of plants. Further, silicon application increased the K+ concentration, reduced Na+ absorption, transport and accumulation in the plants. The protective effects of silicon were more pronounced in G. uralensis than those in G. inflata. In conclusion, silicon reduces Na+ absorption, improves ion balance, and alleviates the negative effects of salt stress in the two liquorice species studied, but the effect is liquorice species-dependent. These findings may inform novel strategies for protecting liquorice plants against salt stress and also provide a theoretical basis for the evaluation of salt tolerance and the scientific cultivation of liquorice.

scholarly journals Effects of Foliar Application of Gibberellic Acid on the Salt Tolerance of Tomato and Sweet Pepper Transplants

Horticulturae ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 93
Author(s):  
Alessandro Miceli ◽  
Filippo Vetrano ◽  
Alessandra Moncada
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Gibberellic Acid ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Sweet Pepper ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Promoting Effect

Seed germination and early seedling growth are the plant growth stages most sensitive to salt stress. Thus, the availability of poor-quality brackish water can be a big limiting factor for the nursery vegetable industry. The exogenous supplementation of gibberellic acid (GA3) may promote growth and vigor and counterbalance salt stress in mature plants. This study aimed to test exogenous supplementation through foliar spray of 10−5 M GA3 for increasing salt tolerance of tomato and sweet pepper seedlings irrigated with increasing salinity (0, 25, and 50 mM NaCl during nursery growth. Tomato and sweet pepper seedlings suffered negative effects of salinity on plant height, biomass, shoot/root ratio, leaf number, leaf area, relative water content, and stomatal conductance. The foliar application of GA3 had a growth-promoting effect on the unstressed tomato and pepper seedlings and was successful in increasing salinity tolerance of tomato seedlings up to 25 mM NaCl and up to 50 mM NaCl in sweet pepper seedlings. This treatment could represent a sustainable strategy to use saline water in vegetable nurseries limiting its negative effect on seedling quality and production time.

scholarly journals MECHANISM OF SALT TOLERANCE IN Vitex trifolia linn. var. simplicifolia Cham: ION HOMEOSTASIS, OSMOTIC BALANCE, ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY AND PHOTOSYNTHESIS

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 3-16
Author(s):  
DeJie Yin ◽  
FengQin Bu ◽  
YanFang Xu ◽  
DeYu Mu ◽  
Qiang Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Antioxidant Enzyme ◽  
Soluble Protein ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Photosynthetic Pigment ◽  
Ion Homeostasis ◽  
Nacl Concentration ◽  
Pigment Contents ◽  
Osmotic Balance

Vitex trifolia Linn. var. simplicifolia Cham is a medicinal aromatic plant and perennial halophyte growing in the coastal areas around the Bohai Sea in China. The aim of this study was to investigate the salt tolerance mechanisms of V. trifolia when subjected to different concentrations of NaCl (0, 90, 180, 270, 360 and 450 mM) by measuring growth parameters, ion contents, proline, soluble sugar, soluble protein, malondialdehyde (MDA), photosynthetic pigment contents, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and antioxidant enzyme activities. The plants died when the NaCl concentration reached 450 mM 20 days after salt stress. Biomass and shoot growth were inhibited by increasing salinity, while root growth was promoted at a NaCl concentration ranging from 90 to 270 mM. Na+ and Cl– accumulation was markedly promoted in both leaves and roots with increasing salinity, while no significant changes were observed in the K+ concentration and K+/Na+ ratio in the leaves. Proline, soluble sugar and soluble protein contents increased significantly with increasing salinity. In order to eliminate the reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by salt-induced oxidative stress, the activities of peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) were enhanced. Photosynthetic pigment contents and PSII activity did not significantly decrease under salt stress. The results indicate that the mechanism of salt tolerance in V. trifolia are by ion homeostasis, osmotic balance, antioxidant enzyme induction and photosynthesis adjustment.

Salt tolerance of Glycyrrhiza inflata seedlings in Xinjiang and its ion response to salt stress

2014 ◽  
Vol 37 (9) ◽  
pp. 839-850 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jia-Hui LU ◽  
Xin LÜ ◽  
Yong-Chao LIANG ◽  
Hai-Rong LIN
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Glycyrrhiza Inflata

scholarly journals Exogenous melatonin improves the salt tolerance of cotton by removing active oxygen and protecting photosynthetic organs

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Jiang ◽  
Bin Lu ◽  
Liantao Liu ◽  
Wenjing Duan ◽  
Yanjun Meng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Oxidative Damage ◽  
Photosynthetic Capacity ◽  
Photochemical Efficiency ◽  
Photochemical Quenching ◽  
Plant Tolerance ◽  
Signal Molecule ◽  
Ion Balance ◽  
Photosynthetic System

Abstract Background As damage to the ecological environment continues to increase amid unreasonable amounts of irrigation, soil salinization has become a major challenge to agricultural development. Melatonin (MT) is a pleiotropic signal molecule and indole hormone, which alleviates the damage of abiotic stress to plants. MT has been confirmed to eliminate reactive oxygen species (ROS) by improving the antioxidant system and reducing oxidative damage under adversity. However, the mechanism by which exogenous MT mediates salt tolerance by regulating the photosynthetic capacity and ion balance of cotton seedlings still remains unknown. In this study, the regulatory effects of MT on the photosynthetic system, osmotic modulators, chloroplast, and anatomical structure of cotton seedlings were determined under 0–500 μM MT treatments with salt stress induced by treatment with 150 mM NaCl. Results Salt stress reduces the chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO2 concentration, transpiration rate, PSII photochemical efficiency, PSII actual photochemical quantum yield, the apparent electron transfer efficiency, stomata opening, and biomass. In addition, it increases non-photochemical quenching. All of these responses were effectively alleviated by exogenous treatment with MT. Exogenous MT reduces oxidative damage and lipid peroxidation by reducing salt-induced ROS and protects the plasma membrane from oxidative toxicity. MT also reduces the osmotic pressure by reducing the salt-induced accumulation of Na+ and increasing the contents of K+ and proline. Exogenous MT can facilitate stomatal opening and protect the integrity of cotton chloroplast grana lamella structure and mitochondria under salt stress, protect the photosynthetic system of plants, and improve their biomass. An anatomical analysis of leaves and stems showed that MT can improve xylem and phloem and other properties and aides in the transportation of water, inorganic salts, and organic substances. Therefore, the application of MT attenuates salt-induced stress damage to plants. Treatment with exogenous MT positively increased the salt tolerance of cotton seedlings by improving their photosynthetic capacity, stomatal characteristics, ion balance, osmotic substance biosynthetic pathways, and chloroplast and anatomical structures (xylem vessels and phloem vessels). Conclusions Our study attributes help to protect the structural stability of photosynthetic organs and increase the amount of material accumulation, thereby reducing salt-induced secondary stress. The mechanisms of MT-induced plant tolerance to salt stress provide a theoretical basis for the use of MT to alleviate salt stress caused by unreasonable irrigation, fertilization, and climate change.

A barley mutant with improved salt tolerance through ion homeostasis and ROS scavenging under salt stress

2017 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Davood Kiani ◽  
Hassan Soltanloo ◽  
Seyyede Sanaz Ramezanpour ◽  
Ali Asghar Nasrolahnezhad Qumi ◽  
Ahad Yamchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Ion Homeostasis ◽  
Ros Scavenging ◽  
Barley Mutant

scholarly journals Comprehensive analysis of transcriptional regulation and functional genes induced by alkaline salt stress in roots of two switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) genotypes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pan Zhang ◽  
Tianqi Duo ◽  
Fengdan Wang ◽  
Xunzhong Zhang ◽  
Zouzhuan Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcriptional Regulation ◽  
Salt Stress ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Ion Homeostasis ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
Functional Genes ◽  
Antioxidant Systems ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Alkaline Salt

Abstract Background: Soil salinization is a major limiting factor for crop cultivation. Switchgrass is a perennial rhizomatous bunchgrass that is considered an ideal plant for marginal lands, including sites with saline soil. Here, we investigated the physiological responses and transcriptome changes in the roots of two switchgrass genotypes under alkaline salt stress.Results: Alkaline salt stress significantly affected the membrane, osmotic adjustment and antioxidant systems in switchgrass roots, and the ASTTI values between Alamo and AM-314/MS-155 were divergent at different time points. A total of 108,319 unigenes were obtained after reassembly, including 73,636 unigenes in AM-314/MS-155 and 65,492 unigenes in Alamo. A total of 10,219 DEGs were identified, and the number of upregulated genes in Alamo was much greater than that in AM-314/MS-155 in both the early and late stages of alkaline salt stress. The DEGs in AM-314/MS-155 were mainly concentrated in the early stage, while Alamo showed greater advantages in the late stage. These DEGs were mainly enriched in plant-pathogen interactions, ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis and glycolysis/gluconeogenesis pathways. We characterized 1,480 TF genes into 64 TF families, and the most abundant TF family was the C2H2 family, followed by the bZIP and bHLH families. A total of 1,718 PKs were predicted, including CaMK, CDPK, MAPK and RLK. WGCNA revealed that the DEGs in the blue, brown, dark magenta and light steel blue 1 modules were associated with the physiological changes in roots of switchgrass under alkaline salt stress. The consistency between the qRT-PCR and RNA-Seq results confirmed the reliability of the RNA-seq sequencing data. A molecular regulatory network of the switchgrass response to alkaline salt stress was preliminarily constructed on the basis of transcriptional regulation and functional genes.Conclusions: The alkaline salt tolerance of switchgrass may be achieved by the regulation of ion homeostasis, transport proteins, detoxification, heat shock proteins, dehydration and sugar metabolism. These findings provide a comprehensive analysis of gene transcription and regulation induced by alkaline salt stress in two switchgrass genotypes and contribute to the understanding of the alkaline salt tolerance mechanism of switchgrass and the improvement of switchgrass germplasm.

scholarly journals The RNA-seq transcriptomic analysis reveals genes mediating salt tolerance through rapid triggering of ion transporters in a mutant barley

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sareh Yousefirad ◽  
Hassan Soltanloo ◽  
Sayad Sanaz Ramezanpour ◽  
Khalil Zaynalinezhad ◽  
Vahid Shariati
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Ion Homeostasis ◽  
High Ratio ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Ion Transporters ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Mutant Genotype ◽  
In The Wild

Abstract Regarding the complexity of the mechanisms of salinity tolerance, the use of isogenic lines or mutants that have the same genetic background but show different tolerance to salinity is a suitable method to reduce the analytical complexity to study these mechanisms. In the current study, whole transcriptome analysis was evaluated using RNA-seq method between a salt-tolerant mutant line “73-M4-30” and its wild-type “Zarjou” cultivar at a seedling stage after six hours of exposure to salt stress (300 mM NaCl). Transcriptome sequencing yielded 20 million reads for each genotype. A total number of 7116 transcripts with differential expression were identified, 1586 and 1479 of which were obtained with significantly increased expression in the mutant and the wild-type, respectively. In addition, the families of WRKY, ERF, AP2/EREBP, NAC, CTR/DRE, AP2/ERF, MAD, MIKC, HSF, and bZIP were identified as the important transcription factors with specific expression in the mutant genotype. The RNA-seq results were confirmed in several time points using qRT-PCR of some important salt-responsive genes. In general, the results revealed that the mutant compared to its wild-type via fast stomach closure and consequently transpiration reduction under the salt stress, saved more sodium ion in the root and decreased its transfer to the shoot, and increased the amount of potassium ion leading to the maintenance a high ratio [K+]/­[Na+] in the shoot. Moreover, it caused a reduction in photosynthesis and respiration, resulting in the use of the stored energy and the carbon for maintaining the plant tissues, which is a mechanism of salt tolerance in plants. Up-regulation of catalase, peroxidase, and ascorbate peroxidase genes, which was probably due to the more accumulation of H2O2 in the wild-type compared to the mutant. Therefore, the wild-type initiated rapid ROS signals lead to less oxidative scavenging than the mutant. The mutant increased expression in the ion transporters and the channels related to the salinity to retain the ion homeostasis. Totally, the results demonstrated that the mutant responded better to the salt stress under both the osmotic and the ionic stress phases. Less damage was observed in the mutant compared to its wild-type under the salt stress.

scholarly journals Foliar Application of 24-Epibrassinolide Improved Salt Stress Tolerance of Perennial Ryegrass

HortScience ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 50 (10) ◽  
pp. 1518-1523 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shanshan Sun ◽  
Mengying An ◽  
Liebao Han ◽  
Shuxia Yin
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Stress Tolerance ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Salt Stress Tolerance ◽  
Salt Stress Condition ◽  
Relative Water ◽  
Antioxidant Defense Systems

Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) is a widely used turfgrass. In this study, the effect of exogenously applied 24-epibrassinolide (EBR) on salt stress tolerance of perennial ryegrass was investigated. The results indicated that pretreatment with four concentrations of EBR (0, 0.1, 10, 1000 nM) improved salt tolerance of perennial ryegrass. Exogenous EBR treatment decreased electrolyte leakage (EL), malondialdehyde (MDA), and H2O2 contents and enhanced the leaf relative water content (RWC), proline, soluble sugar, and soluble protein content under salt stress condition. Meanwhile, EBR reduced the accumulation of Na+ and increased K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ contents in leaves after salt treatment. Moreover, EBR pretreatment also increased superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity, as well as ascorbic acid (AsA) and glutathione contents. These results suggested that EBR improved salt tolerance by enhancing osmotic adjustment and antioxidant defense systems in perennial ryegrass.

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