scholarly journals Origin of Probability in Quantum Mechanics and the Physical Interpretation of the Wave Function

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuming Wen
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
The State ◽  
Particle State ◽  
State Function ◽  
Quantum Superposition ◽  
Wave State ◽  
Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle ◽  
Quantum Tunnelling ◽  
Wave Particle Duality ◽  
Objective System

Abstract The theoretical results of quantum mechanics (QM) have been verified by experiments, but the probabilistic Copenhagen interpretation is still controversial, and many counterintuitive phenomena are still difficult to understand. To trace the origin of probability in QM, we construct the state function of a multiparticle quantum objective system and find that the probability in QM originates from the particle number distribution rate in a unit volume near position r at time t in the multiparticle quantum objective system. Based on the origin of probability, We find that the state function of the particle has precise physical meaning; that is, the particle periodically and alternately exhibits the particle state and wave state in time and space, obtain the localized and nonlocalized spatiotemporal range of the particle, the apparent trajectory of the particle motion. Based on this, through rigorous mathematical derivation and analysis, we propose new physical interpretations of the quantum superposition state, wave-particle duality, the double-slit experiment, the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, and the quantum tunnelling effect, and these interpretations are physically logical and not counterintuitive.

scholarly journals New Interpretations of The State Function of An Elementary Particle Based On The Origin of Quantum Probability

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuming Wen
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Probability ◽  
The State ◽  
Particle State ◽  
State Function ◽  
Quantum Superposition ◽  
Wave State ◽  
Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle ◽  
Quantum Tunnelling ◽  
Wave Particle Duality ◽  
Objective System

Abstract The theoretical results of quantum mechanics (QM) have been verified by experiments, but the probabilistic Copenhagen interpretation is still controversial, and many counterintuitive phenomena are still difficult to understand. To trace the origin of probability in QM, we construct the state function of a multiparticle quantum objective system and find that the probability in QM originates from the particle number distribution rate in a unit volume near position r at time t in the multiparticle quantum objective system. Based on the origin of probability, We find that the state function of the particle has precise physical meaning; that is, the particle periodically and alternately exhibits the particle state and wave state in time and space, obtain the localized and nonlocalized spatiotemporal range of the particle, the apparent trajectory of the particle motion. Based on this, through rigorous mathematical derivation and analysis, we propose new physical interpretations of the quantum superposition state, wave-particle duality, the double-slit experiment, the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, and the quantum tunnelling effect, and these interpretations are physically logical and not counterintuitive.

scholarly journals Wave-Particle Duality Relation with a Quantum Which-Path Detector

Entropy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dongyang Wang ◽  
Junjie Wu ◽  
Jiangfang Ding ◽  
Yingwen Liu ◽  
Anqi Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Coherence ◽  
Duality Relation ◽  
Particle State ◽  
L1 Norm ◽  
Quantum Superposition ◽  
Wave State ◽  
Particle Properties ◽  
Wave Particle Duality ◽  
Wave Property ◽  
Particle Property

According to the relevant theories on duality relation, the summation of the extractable information of a quanton’s wave and particle properties, which are characterized by interference visibility V and path distinguishability D, respectively, is limited. However, this relation is violated upon quantum superposition between the wave-state and particle-state of the quanton, which is caused by the quantum beamsplitter (QBS). Along another line, recent studies have considered quantum coherence C in the l1-norm measure as a candidate for the wave property. In this study, we propose an interferometer with a quantum which-path detector (QWPD) and examine the generalized duality relation based on C. We find that this relationship still holds under such a circumstance, but the interference between these two properties causes the full-particle property to be observed when the QWPD system is partially present. Using a pair of polarization-entangled photons, we experimentally verify our analysis in the two-path case. This study extends the duality relation between coherence and path information to the quantum case and reveals the effect of quantum superposition on the duality relation.

scholarly journals Origin of Probability in Quantum Mechanics and the Physical Interpretation of the Wave Function

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuming Wen
Keyword(s):  
Wave Function ◽  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Physical Mechanism ◽  
Theoretical Expression ◽  
Quantum Tunnelling ◽  
Tunnelling Effect ◽  
Physical Particle ◽  
Objective System ◽  
Energy Quantum ◽  
Definition Of

Abstract The theoretical calculation of quantum mechanics has been accurately verified by experiments, but Copenhagen interpretation with probability is still controversial. To find the source of the probability, we revised the definition of the energy quantum and reconstructed the wave function of the physical particle. Here, we found that the energy quantum ê is 6.62606896 ×10-34J instead of hν as proposed by Planck. Additionally, the value of the quality quantum ô is 7.372496 × 10-51 kg. This discontinuity of energy leads to a periodic non-uniform spatial distribution of the particles that transmit energy. A quantum objective system (QOS) consists of many physical particles whose wave function is the superposition of the wave functions of all physical particles. The probability of quantum mechanics originates from the distribution rate of the particles in a state in the QOS per unit volume at time t and near position r. Based on the revision of the energy quantum assumption and the origin of the probability, we proposed new certainty and uncertainty relationships, explained the physical mechanism of wave-function collapse and the quantum tunnelling effect, derived the quantum theoretical expression of double-slit and single-slit experiments.

scholarly journals Classical and Quantum Physics in Selected Economic Models

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewa Drabik
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Schrödinger Equation ◽  
Financial Markets ◽  
Uncertainty Principle ◽  
Schrodinger Equation ◽  
Quantum Physics ◽  
Economic Models ◽  
Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle ◽  
Wave Particle Duality ◽  
Heisenberg Uncertainty

Classical and Quantum Physics in Selected Economic ModelsA growing number of economic phenomena are nowadays described with methods known in physics. The most frequently applied physical theories by economists are: (1) the universal gravitation law and (2) the first and second law of thermodynamics. Physical principles can also be applied to the theory of financial markets. Financial markets are composed of individual participants who may be seen to interact as particles in a physical system. This approach proposes a financial market model known as a minority game model in which securities and money are allocated on the basis of price fluctuations, and where selling is best option when the vast majority of investors tend to purchase goods or services, and vice versa. The players who end up being on the minority side win.The above applications of physical methods in economics are deeply rooted in classical physics. However, this paper aims to introduce the basic concepts of quantum mechanics to the process of economic phenomena modelling. Quantum mechanics is a theory describing the behaviour of microscopic objects and is grounded on the principle of wave-particle duality. It is assumed that quantum-scale objects at the same time exhibit both wave-like and particle-like properties. The key role in quantum mechanics is played by: (1) the Schrödinger equation describing the probability amplitude for the particle to be found in a given position and at a given time, and as (2) the Heisenberg uncertainty principle stating that certain pairs of physical properties cannot be economic applications of the Schrödinger equation as well as the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. We also try to describe the English auction by means the quantum mechanics methods.

scholarly journals Origin of Probability in Quantum Mechanics and the Physical Interpretation of the Wave Function

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuming Wen
Keyword(s):  
Wave Function ◽  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Physical Mechanism ◽  
Theoretical Expression ◽  
Quantum Tunnelling ◽  
Tunnelling Effect ◽  
Physical Particle ◽  
Objective System ◽  
Energy Quantum ◽  
Definition Of

Abstract The theoretical calculation of quantum mechanics has been accurately verified by experiments, but Copenhagen interpretation with probability is still controversial. To find the source of the probability, we revised the definition of the energy quantum and reconstructed the wave function of the physical particle. Here, we found that the energy quantum ê is 6.62606896 ×10-34J instead of hν as proposed by Planck. Additionally, the value of the quality quantum ô is 7.372496 × 10-51 kg. This discontinuity of energy leads to a periodic non-uniform spatial distribution of the particles that transmit energy. A quantum objective system (QOS) consists of many physical particles whose wave function is the superposition of the wave functions of all physical particles. The probability of quantum mechanics originates from the distribution rate of physical particles in a state in the QOS per unit volume at time t and near position r. Based on the revision of the energy quantum assumption and the origin of the probability, we proposed new certainty and uncertainty relationships, explained the physical mechanism of wave-function collapse and the quantum tunnelling effect, derived the quantum theoretical expression of double-slit and single-slit experiments.

Exploration of the unification of fields

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 399-410
Author(s):  
Ge Guangzhou
Keyword(s):  
Black Hole ◽  
Electromagnetic Field ◽  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Field Equation ◽  
Uncertainty Principle ◽  
Equivalence Principle ◽  
Space Time ◽  
The State ◽  
State Function ◽  
Tensor Equation

This article may be deemed as an exploration on the unification of fields as well as a discussion of the completeness in physics. This author tended to support the viewpoint of Einstein and believed that the Uncertainty Principle should be in itself incomplete, and that the representation of the state function ψ should not be complete in quantum mechanics. Following a series of discussions, including the hypothesis of a new quantum, the relativity of electromagnetic field, and the general equivalence principle, this author proposes here a new field equation called Hamilton’s tensor equation (HTE). Acting as the complete presentation of Einstein’s field equation and as an extension of Hamilton’s principle, what this new field equation (HTE) has revealed is that the “virtuality” of space‐time, rather than its curvature, is what determines the distribution and movement of matter and energy. Based on this new field equation (HTE), the author has extended the study to include the unification of fields, a model of new particle, and the phenomenon of black hole.

Quantum Mechanics for Beginners

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Suhail Zubairy
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Quantum Computing ◽  
Quantum Communication ◽  
Foundations Of Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Quantum Superposition ◽  
Quantum Dense Coding ◽  
Foundation Of Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Wave Particle Duality ◽  
And Mathematics

Quantum mechanics is a highly successful yet a mysterious theory. Quantum Mechanics for Beginners provides an introduction of this fascinating subject to someone with only a high school background in physics and mathematics. This book, except the last chapter on the Schrödinger equation, is entirely algebra-based. A major strength of this book is that, in addition to the foundation of quantum mechanics, it provides an introduction to the fields of quantum communication and quantum computing. The topics covered include wave–particle duality, the Heisenberg uncertainty relation, Bohr’s principle of complementarity, quantum superposition and entanglement, Schrödinger’s cat, Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen paradox, Bell theorem, quantum no-cloning theorem and quantum copying, quantum eraser and delayed choice, quantum teleportation, quantum key distribution protocols such as BB-84 and B-92, counterfactual communication, quantum money, quantum Fourier transform, quantum computing protocols including Shor and Grover algorithms, quantum dense coding, and quantum tunneling. All these topics and more are explained fully but using only elementary mathematics. Each chapter is followed by a short list of references and some exercises. This book is meant for an advanced high school student and a beginning college student and can be used as a text for a one semester course at the undergraduate level. However it can also be a useful and accessible book for those who are not familiar but want to learn some of the fascinating recent and ongoing developments in areas related to the foundations of quantum mechanics and its applications to quantum communication and quantum computing.

scholarly journals On Certain Analogies Between the Laws of Quantum Mechanics and Rules of an English Auction

2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 19-34
Author(s):  
Ewa Drabik
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Financial Markets ◽  
Financial Market ◽  
Second Law Of Thermodynamics ◽  
English Auction ◽  
Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle ◽  
Wave Particle Duality ◽  
System Of Particles ◽  
Auction Mechanisms ◽  
Heisenberg Uncertainty

On Certain Analogies Between the Laws of Quantum Mechanics and Rules of an English Auction It is a self-evident truth that nowadays a growing number of economic phenomena is described by means of physics methods. The most frequent theories derived from physics and applied to economy are: (1) the universal gravitation law and (2) the first as well as the second law of thermodynamics. The methods of static physics are applicable also to the theory of financial markets. In this case it is assumed that the financial market is composed of single participants interacting as a system of particles. Such approach is associated with a model of financial market otherwise known as a minority game. It is postulated that the process of securities and money allocation is performed on the basis of prices fluctuation, where - if a vast majority of investors tend to purchase goods or services - the sale constitutes a more profitable option, and vice versa. The players who end up on minority side win. At the end of the XX century the economy commenced to apply the laws of quantum mechanics. These laws proved to be useful, in particular when attempting to generalize game theory, which resulted in quantum games. The aim of the paper is to compare the rules and auction mechanisms with selected laws of quantum mechanics. This paper aims also to introduce the basic concepts of quantum mechanics to the process of economic phenomena modeling. Quantum mechanics is a theory describing a behaviour of microscopic objects and is grounded on the principle of wave-particle duality. It is assumed that quantum-scale objects at the same time exhibit both wave-like and particle-like properties. The key role in quantum mechanics is played by: (1) the Schrödinger equation describing the probability amplitude for the particle to be found at a given position and at a given time, as well as (2) the Heisenberg uncertainty principle stating that a certain pair of physical properties may not be simultaneously measured to arbitrarily high precision.

OWNERSHIP IN THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA AND THE STATE AS THE HOLDER OF THE PROPERTY RIGHT UNDER THE CONSTITUTION IN 1991

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 1993-2005
Author(s):  
Shemsije Demiri ◽  
Rudina Kaja
Keyword(s):  
Legal Aspect ◽  
State Ownership ◽  
The State ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
State Function ◽  
Dominant Form ◽  
Republic Of Macedonia ◽  
General Terms ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Republic

This paper deals with the right to property in general terms from its source in Roman law, which is the starting point for all subsequent legal systems. As a result of this, the acquisition of property rights is handled from the historical point of view, with the inclusion of various local and international literature and studies, as well as the legal aspect devoted to the respective civil codes of the states cited in the paper.Due to such socio-economic developments, state ownership and its ownership function have changed. The state function as owner of property also changed in Macedonia's property law.The new constitutional sequence of the Republic of Macedonia since 1991 became privately owned as a dominant form of ownership, however, state ownership also exists.This process of transforming social property into state or private (dissolves), in Macedonia starts from Yugoslavia through privatization, return and denationalization measures, on which basis laws on privatization have been adopted. Because of this, there will be particularly intensive negotiations regaring the remaining state assets.

Relational Blockworld and Quantum Mechanics

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Silberstein ◽  
W.M. Stuckey ◽  
Timothy McDevitt
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Measurement Problem ◽  
Quantum Nonlocality ◽  
Global Constraints ◽  
Quantum Superposition ◽  
Delayed Choice ◽  
Counterfactual Definiteness ◽  
Main Thread ◽  
Block Universe ◽  
Contextual Emergence

The main thread of chapter 4 introduces some of the major mysteries and interpretational issues of quantum mechanics (QM). These mysteries and issues include: quantum superposition, quantum nonlocality, Bell’s inequality, entanglement, delayed choice, the measurement problem, and the lack of counterfactual definiteness. All these mysteries and interpretational issues of QM result from dynamical explanation in the mechanical universe and are dispatched using the authors’ adynamical explanation in the block universe, called Relational Blockworld (RBW). A possible link between RBW and quantum information theory is provided. The metaphysical underpinnings of RBW, such as contextual emergence, spatiotemporal ontological contextuality, and adynamical global constraints, are provided in Philosophy of Physics for Chapter 4. That is also where RBW is situated with respect to retrocausal accounts and it is shown that RBW is a realist, psi-epistemic account of QM. All the relevant formalism for this chapter is provided in Foundational Physics for Chapter 4.

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