Heavy Metals and Para-Phenylenediamine in Hair Dye

Abstract Background: The use of cosmetics is widespread around the world, particularly in Arabian countries. Some cosmetics as hair dyes are used since very young ages. Hair dye has been one of the pollution resources of heavy metals. Aim: The present study aimed to determine the percentage of para-phenylenediamine (PPD) and heavy metals in various hair dyes sold in Aswan, Egypt. Methods: The study was done on four (n = 4) types of hair dyes commonly used in Aswan. Two analytical methods were used as (GC/MS and EDX). PPD was detected using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), and the metal components of these dyes were determined using energy dispersive x-ray (E.D.X.). Results: The concentration of PPD was very high in SHD (99.706%) and tancho HD (99.80%) followed by bigen cream HD (5.563%) and finally bigen powder HD (0.492% ). The heavy metals content was arranged in decreasing order as follow: Al > Ca > Zn > Cu > Cl > Pb> Fe > Sc> Cr > Mn in SHD, Si > Mg> Cu > Zn > Cl > Ca in tancho HD, Pb> Cu > Zn >Si >K > Al > Ca > Cr in bigen powder HD and Al > Cu > Cl > Si > Zn > Ca > Pb> Cr in bigen cream HD. Conclusion: Poisoning with (PPD)-containing hair dye is emerging as a method of deliberate self-harm in various developing countries including the Middle-East, and it is accompanied with high human death rate specially among females. They were also polluted with heavy metals, therefore doctors and consumers should be aware of their potential toxicity as well as the symptoms of systemic poisoning. Even if it isn't stated on the label, many hair dyes contain PPD and heavy metals.

Download Full-text

X-Ray Microanalysis of Art Glass Surfaces

Microscopy Today ◽

10.1017/s1551929510000891 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 18 (5) ◽

pp. 28-31

Author(s):

R.B. Simmons

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Low Cost ◽

Metallic Surfaces ◽

High Quality ◽

X Ray ◽

Skin Contact ◽

Work Area ◽

The World ◽

Glass Surfaces ◽

Glass Workers

In recent years there has been a virtual explosion in the world of art glass. New glass formulations have brought a host of new colors into the marketplace, and the availability of low-cost, high-quality torches and other tools has brought art glass to the hobbyist. In addition to burn risks and possible cutting injury, there are a number of less obvious hazards that should be known to novice glass workers. One of these is the presence of heavy metals in or on glass surfaces and possibly in the atmosphere immediately surrounding the work area, presenting both potential skin contact and inhalation hazards. This study examines the metallic surfaces generated on five glass colors commonly used in art glass jewelry.

Download Full-text

Assessment of Heavy Metals in Beans (Vigna unguiculata) Obtained from Oja-Tuntun Market, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria

Journal of Experimental Agriculture International ◽

10.9734/jeai/2020/v42i1130618 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 23-27

Author(s):

K. T. Ogundele ◽

O. W. Makinde ◽

M. Eluyera ◽

Y. C. Orisamoyi

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Heavy Metal ◽

Food Safety ◽

Human Exposure ◽

Developing Nations ◽

Limit Set ◽

Human Diet ◽

X Ray ◽

Metal Levels ◽

The World

Beans play a significant role in human diet especially in developing nations like Nigeria, the largest producer and consumer of beans in the world. To ensure food safety, heavy metal levels need to be monitored on regular basis to control human exposure through dietary intake. This study aimed at assessing the levels of heavy metals in some species of beans available in Ife market, Osun State, Nigeria. Samples of each species of beans were bought and analyzed for heavy metals using X-ray Fluorescence spectroscopy. Results showed that the concentration of heavy metals such as Cu was present at a level ranging from 0.131–0.205 ppm, and Zn was present at level ranging from 0.073–0.182 ppm. Cd was present at concentration < 0.039 ppm. Cu, Zn and Cd levels in natural beans sample were observably below maximum permissible limit set by WHO in Table 2. Therefore, it can be concluded that majority of these beans species were not contaminated with the studied heavy metals, hence pose no immediate health risk to human.

Download Full-text

Toxicology of Ngirimbo: Analysis to Determine the Levels of Trace and Heavy Metals, Moisture, Nicotine, pH and Microbial Assessment.

10.21203/rs.3.rs-1006502/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Vita Mithi ◽

Happy Matchabani Mhango ◽

Getrude Boti Phiri ◽

Rebecca S. Dewey

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Fluorescence Spectroscopy ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Plate Count ◽

Gravimetric Analysis ◽

X Ray ◽

Treatment Medication ◽

Calcium Iron

Abstract Introduction: Tobacco and other similar/related products represent a substantial proportion of recreationally-used substances in Malawi. Ngirimbo is a smokeless substance taken orally to reduce tobacco smoking. This study aimed to determine the toxicological characteristics of Ngirimbo in terms of pesticide residues, microbial, trace and heavy metal contaminants, herbal compounds, and nicotine, moisture, and pH levels. Methods: Samples were analysed using atomic absorption spectrophotometry, titration, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, UV-visible Spectrophotometer, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, pH and gravimetric analysis, ISO4833, ISO21527, ISO16654, and ISO6579. Results: From a total of 12 samples, 5 samples contained nicotine ranging from 0.08–0.84%, while the remaining 7 samples showed no trace of nicotine. Sample pH ranged from 6.68 to 8.32, and moisture content from 12.87–47.11%. Samples had no detectable contamination with chlorine or pesticide residue. Heavy metals tested: Cadmium, Nickel, Lead, and Copper were found to be below the detection limit of 0.01mg/kg. On the other hand, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy analysis revealed the presence of Nickel, Bromine, Rubidium, Strontium, Zirconium, Molybdenum, Rhodium, Cadmium, Chromium, and Tellurium. Samples had good levels of Calcium, Iron, Potassium, Sodium, and Zinc ranging from 23mg/kg to 57,800mg/kg. Samples contained phytocompounds and herbal material of medicinal relevance. In terms of the microbiological content, Escherichia coli and Salmonella were absent, while Moulds and Yeast were present at a level of <1cfu/g, with the total plate count varying across all samples between 1,400cfu/g and 640,000cfu/g. Conclusion: These findings demonstrate that the current state of Ngirimbo available in Malawi is toxic and a hazard to human health. Implications: Prolonged use of Ngirimbo may lead to users developing mouth cancers or thermal burns to the oral mucosal membrane. Further, Ngirimbo consumers are at risk of developing dental caries, known to harbour microorganisms and development of infectious diseases. The control and regulation of Ngirimbo is highly recommended to maximise its capacity for use as a treatment/medication for tobacco replacement while minimising the negative impact on public health. Further work needs to be done to quantify the contents of Ngirimbo, and develop tolerance limits so that it may be used as a nicotine and tobacco replacement product.

Download Full-text

Determination of some heavy metals (Fe, Cu, Zn and Pb) in blood by total reflection X-ray fluorescence

Journal de Physique IV (Proceedings) ◽

10.1051/jp4:20030278 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 107 ◽

pp. 203-206 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

M. Bounakhla ◽

A. Doukkali ◽

K. Lalaoui ◽

H. Aguenaou ◽

N. Mokhtar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Total Reflection ◽

X Ray

Download Full-text

ЭКОЛОГО-ГЕОХИМИЧЕСКОЕ РАЙОНИРОВАНИЕ ТЕРРИТОРИИГ. БИРОБИДЖАНА ПО УРОВНЮ ЗАГРЯЗНЕНИЯ СНЕЖНОГО ПОКРОВА

10.33833/tig.2019.81.41.013 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

V.B. Kalmanova

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Snow Cover ◽

Urban Area ◽

Constructive Method ◽

Comparative Characteristic ◽

Ecological State ◽

Sources Of Pollution ◽

Mobile Sources ◽

Arcview Gis ◽

Very High

В статье представлены результаты исследования экологогеохимического состояния снежного покрова как индикатора качества атмосферного воздуха г. Биробиджана. Выявлены основные природные и антропогенные факторы, предопределяющие экологическое состояние городской территории в зимний период (климатические, планировочная структура, стационарные и мобильные источники загрязнения). Определено, что выбросы основных загрязнителей во время отопительного сезона превышает летний в 6,5 раз. Проведены геохимические исследования снежного покрова на 60 экспериментальных площадках, заложенных в различных функциональных зонах города. Выявлено значительное превышение тяжелых металлов над фоновым уровнем: железа до 60, марганца до 50, меди до 40, цинка до 20, никеля до 12, свинца до 10, кобальта до 6 раз. С 2003 по 2018 годы содержание химических элементов в снеге увеличилось в 2 раза за счет мобильных источников загрязнения, ТЭЦ, котельных. Проведена сравнительная характеристика накопления тяжелых металлов в снеге за 2003 и 2018 годы и установлен ранжированный ряд загрязняющих токсичных веществ. Разработана шкала оценки загрязнения депонирующих сред по суммарному показателю концентрации тяжелых металлов, согласно которой в Биробиджане выявлено 5 уровней загрязнения снежного покрова. В целом экологическое состояние урбанизированной территории признано неудовлетворительным (8 площади территории относится к очень высокому, 14 к высокому, 21 к выше среднему, 27 к среднему уровням загрязнения, 30 к относительно чистым районам города). По полученным результатам разработана карта в программе ArcView GIS Экологогеохимическое районирование территории г. Биробиджана по уровню загрязнения снежного покрова с выделением наиболее загрязненных участков (70 от общей площади города является загрязненной). По результатам проведенных исследований предложены конструктивные методы планирования урбанизированной территории с целью улучшения ее экологического состояния: проведение геомониторинга (контроль загрязнения снежного покрова и своевременный его вывоз на специально оборудованные полигоны). Snow cover is taken as an indicator of air quality using Birobidzhan, a middlesize city in the Russian Far East, as a case study. The main natural and manmade determinants influencing the ecological state of the urban area in winter are identified: climate, a planning structure, and the stationary and mobile sources of pollution. During the heating season the emission of major pollutants exceeds the summer level by 6.5 times. The geochemical study of snow cover was performed at 60 experimental sites in different functional urban areas. A significant excess of heavy metals over the regional background level was revealed: iron up to 60 times, manganese up to 50, copper up to 40, zinc up to 20 , nickel up to 12, lead up to 10, cobalt up to 6 times. From 2003 to 2018 the content of chemical elements in snow increased in 2 times due to the mobile sources of pollution, thermal power plants, and boilers. The comparative characteristic of accumulation of heavy metals in snow for 2003 and 2018 is carried out, and the ranked number of polluting toxic substances is established. The scale of pollution assessment in depositing environments was developed using the cumulative indicator of heavy metal concentration. Five levels of snow cover pollution are found in Birobidzhan: low, moderate, above moderate, high and very high. As a whole, the ecological state of the urban area is considered as unsatisfactory (8 of the area with a very high level of pollution, 14 with high, 21 above moderate, 27 a moderate level of pollution, 30 a relatively clean area). According to the results, a map was developed in the ArcView GIS program Ecological and geochemical zoning of Birobidzhan, using the level of the snow cover pollution with the allocation of the most polluted areas (70 of the total area of the city is polluted). According to the results, a constructive method of planning in an urban area is proposed in order to improve its environmental condition: geomonitoring as a control of pollution in snow cover and its prompt removal to specially equipped landfills.

Download Full-text

Defect-Mediated Conductivity Enhancements in Na3-xPn1-xWxS4 (Pn = P, Sb) using Aliovalent Substitutions

10.26434/chemrxiv.9943961.v2 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Till Fuchs ◽

Sean Culver ◽

Paul Till ◽

Wolfgang Zeier

Keyword(s):

Ionic Conductivity ◽

Vacancy Concentration ◽

Sodium Ion ◽

High Ionic Conductivity ◽

Ionic Conductors ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray ◽

Solid State Batteries ◽

Ion Conducting ◽

Very High

The sodium-ion conducting family of Na3PnS4, with Pn = P, Sb, have gained interest for the use in solid-state batteries due to their high ionic conductivity. However, significant improvements to the conductivity have been hampered by the lack of aliovalent dopants that can introduce vacancies into the structure. Inspired by the need for vacancy introduction into Na3PnS4, the solid solutions with WS42- introduction are explored. The influence of the substitution with WS42- for PS43- and SbS43-, respectively, is monitored using a combination of X-ray diffraction, Raman and impedance spectroscopy. With increasing vacancy concentration improvements resulting in a very high ionic conductivity of 13 ± 3 mS·cm-1 for Na2.9P0.9W0.1S4 and 41 ± 8 mS·cm-1 for Na2.9Sb0.9W0.1S4 can be observed. This work acts as a stepping-stone towards further engineering of ionic conductors using vacancy-injection via aliovalent substituents.

Download Full-text

Defect-Mediated Conductivity Enhancements in Na3-xPn1-xWxS4 (Pn = P, Sb) using Aliovalent Substitutions

10.26434/chemrxiv.9943961.v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Till Fuchs ◽

Sean Culver ◽

Paul Till ◽

Wolfgang Zeier

Keyword(s):

Ionic Conductivity ◽

Vacancy Concentration ◽

Sodium Ion ◽

High Ionic Conductivity ◽

Ionic Conductors ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray ◽

Solid State Batteries ◽

Ion Conducting ◽

Very High

Download Full-text

How India Fights with COVID-19 with Learning from Highly Affected Countries

Current Signal Transduction Therapy ◽

10.2174/1574362415999200807154418 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 ◽

Author(s):

Pooja Sharma ◽

Karan Veer

Keyword(s):

Risk Assessment ◽

Gene Sequencing ◽

Lessons Learned ◽

World Health ◽

Global Risk ◽

The World ◽

Global Risk Assessment ◽

Health Organization ◽

Very High ◽

Breathing Problem

: It was 11 March 2020 when the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the name COVID-19 for coronavirus disease and also described it as a pandemic. Till that day 118,000 cases were confirmed of pneumonia with breathing problem throughout the world. At the start of New Year when COVID-19 came into knowledge a few days later, the gene sequencing of the virus was revealed. Today the number of confirmed cases is scary, i.e. 9,472,473 in the whole world and 484,236 deaths have been recorded by WHO till 26 June 2020. WHO's global risk assessment is very high [1]. The report is enlightening the lessons learned by India from the highly affected countries.

Download Full-text

Spillovers to the Global South

10.1093/oso/9780198797173.003.0002 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Yilmaz Akyüz

Keyword(s):

World Economy ◽

Commodity Prices ◽

Global South ◽

Capital Inflows ◽

Global Crisis ◽

Advanced Economies ◽

The World ◽

Run Up ◽

Global Growth ◽

Very High

The crisis demolished the myth that EDEs were decoupled from advanced economies and BRICS were becoming new engines of global growth. From 2011 onwards, with the end of the twin booms in commodity prices and capital inflows, growth in EDEs has converged downward towards the depressed levels of advanced economies from the very high levels achieved in the run-up to the global crisis and the immediate aftermath. Loss of momentum is particularly visible in economies that failed to manage the earlier booms prudently. In examining the spillovers from policies in major advanced economies and China to EDEs, the chapter introduces the notion of commodity-finance nexus wherein these markets reinforce each other during both expansions and contractions. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion of policies needed to put the world economy into decent shape and to avoid liquidity and debt crises in EDEs.

Download Full-text

First Report on the Geologic Occurrence of Natural Na–A Zeolite and Associated Minerals in Cretaceous Mudstones of the Paja Formation of Vélez (Santander), Colombia

Crystals ◽

10.3390/cryst11020218 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 218

Author(s):

Carlos Alberto Ríos-Reyes ◽

German Alfonso Reyes-Mendoza ◽

José Antonio Henao-Martínez ◽

Craig Williams ◽

Alan Dyer

Keyword(s):

Natural Zeolite ◽

Scanning Electron Micrographs ◽

Total Sulfur ◽

Zeolite A ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray ◽

Mineral Phases ◽

The World ◽

Porosity And Permeability ◽

First Time

This study reports for the first time the geologic occurrence of natural zeolite A and associated minerals in mudstones from the Cretaceous Paja Formation in the urban area of the municipality of Vélez (Santander), Colombia. These rocks are mainly composed of quartz, muscovite, pyrophyllite, kaolinite and chlorite group minerals, framboidal and cubic pyrite, as well as marcasite, with minor feldspar, sulphates, and phosphates. Total organic carbon (TOC), total sulfur (TS), and millimeter fragments of algae are high, whereas few centimeters and not biodiverse small ammonite fossils, and other allochemical components are subordinated. Na–A zeolite and associated mineral phases as sodalite occur just beside the interparticle micropores (honeycomb from framboidal, cube molds, and amorphous cavities). It is facilitated by petrophysical properties alterations, due to processes of high diagenesis, temperatures up to 80–100 °C, with weathering contributions, which increase the porosity and permeability, as well as the transmissivity (fluid flow), allowing the geochemistry remobilization and/or recrystallization of pre-existing silica, muscovite, kaolinite minerals group, salts, carbonates, oxides and peroxides. X-ray diffraction analyses reveal the mineral composition of the mudstones and scanning electron micrographs show the typical cubic morphology of Na–A zeolite of approximately 0.45 mμ in particle size. Our data show that the sequence of the transformation of phases is: Poorly crystalline aluminosilicate → sodalite → Na–A zeolite. A literature review shows that this is an unusual example of the occurrence of natural zeolites in sedimentary marine rocks recognized around the world.

Download Full-text