X-Ray Microanalysis of Art Glass Surfaces

2010 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 28-31
Author(s):  
R.B. Simmons
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Metallic Surfaces ◽  
High Quality ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Skin Contact ◽  
Work Area ◽  
The World ◽  
Glass Surfaces ◽  
Glass Workers

In recent years there has been a virtual explosion in the world of art glass. New glass formulations have brought a host of new colors into the marketplace, and the availability of low-cost, high-quality torches and other tools has brought art glass to the hobbyist. In addition to burn risks and possible cutting injury, there are a number of less obvious hazards that should be known to novice glass workers. One of these is the presence of heavy metals in or on glass surfaces and possibly in the atmosphere immediately surrounding the work area, presenting both potential skin contact and inhalation hazards. This study examines the metallic surfaces generated on five glass colors commonly used in art glass jewelry.

scholarly journals Chemical and microstructural analyses for heavy metals removal from water media by ceramic membrane filtration

2016 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 439-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asmaa Ali ◽  
Abdelkader Ahmed ◽  
Ali Gad
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Ceramic Membrane ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Ceramic Membranes ◽  
Filtration Process ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Water Media

This study aims to investigate the ability of low cost ceramic membrane filtration in removing three common heavy metals namely; Pb2+, Cu2+, and Cd2+ from water media. The work includes manufacturing ceramic membranes with dimensions of 15 by 15 cm and 2 cm thickness. The membranes were made from low cost materials of local clay mixed with different sawdust percentages of 0.5%, 2.0%, and 5.0%. The used clay was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence analysis. Aqueous solutions of heavy metals were prepared in the laboratory and filtered through the ceramic membranes. The influence of the main parameters such as pH, initial driving pressure head, and concentration of heavy metals on their removal efficiency by ceramic membranes was investigated. Water samples were collected before and after the filtration process and their heavy metal concentrations were determined by chemical analysis. Moreover, a microstructural analysis using scanning electronic microscope (SEM) was performed on ceramic membranes before and after the filtration process. The chemical analysis results showed high removal efficiency up to 99% for the concerned heavy metals. SEM images approved these results by showing adsorbed metal ions on sides of the internal pores of the ceramic membranes.

scholarly journals The effectiveness of technological methods for the cultivation of oil flax

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
pp. 00139
Author(s):  
Maria Karpova ◽  
Nina Roznina ◽  
Dmitriy Paliy ◽  
Elena Poverenova ◽  
Valentina Borovinskikh
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
High Demand ◽  
High Quality ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The World ◽  
Flax Seeds ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Technological Methods ◽  
Entire Economy

Oilseeds and products of their processing, both for the individual and for the entire economy of the country, are of great importance. This is also due to the fact that in recent years there has been an increase in interest in the production of oilseeds due to the high demand for oilseeds and products of their processing on the world and Russian markets. Oil flax provides a high-quality technical oil used in the paint and varnish and leather and footwear industries for the production of paints, varnishes, putties, soaps, oilcloths, waterproof fabrics, linoleum and rubber substitutes. It is also used in metalworking, electrical engineering and other industries. Flax is an environmentally friendly culture. When cultivating it, a minimum amount of chemical protection and fertilizers is required. Flax crops free the earth from heavy metals and radionuclides. Flax seeds obtained from contaminated land do not even show any trace of radiation. In the last three years, a kind of oil flax boom has been observed in Russia. The high demand for products made from it makes it very profitable to grow, which explains the annual growth of the cultivated area.The article provides an economic substantiation of the project for organizing the cultivation of oil flax. With the help of technological maps, the costs of production are calculated.

scholarly journals IVAN PULUJ AND THE DISCOVERY OF X-RAYS

2021 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulyana Pidvalna ◽  
◽  
Roman Plyatsko ◽  
Vassyl Lonchyna ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
International Exhibition ◽  
Bone Lesions ◽  
X Rays ◽  
High Quality ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Exact Date ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The World ◽  
New Type ◽  
The Given

On January 5, 1896, the Austrian newspaper Die Presse published an article entitled “A Sensational Discovery”. It was dedicated to the discovery of X-rays made on November 8, 1895 by the German physicist Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen. Having taken into account the contribution of other scientists, the precondition of the given epochal, yet unexpected, discovery was, first and foremost, the work of the Ukrainian scientist Ivan Puluj. It was Puluj who laid the foundation for X-ray science. He explained the nature of X-rays, discovered that they can ionize atoms and molecules, and defined the place of X-ray emergence and their distribution in space. In 1881, Puluj constructed a cathode lamp (“Puluj’s tube”) which was fundamentally a new type of light source. In the same year, in recognition of this discovery, Puluj received an award at the International Exhibition in Paris. Investigating the processes in cathode-ray tubes, Ivan Puluj set the stage for two ground-breaking discoveries in physics, namely X-rays and electrons. Puluj used his cathode lamp in medicine as a source of intense X-rays which proved to be highly efficient. The exact date of the first X-ray images received by Puluj remains unknown. High-quality photographs of the hand of an eleven-year-old girl, taken on January 18, 1896, are preserved. Multiple X-ray images clearly visualized pathological changes in the examined structures (fractures, calluses, tuberculous bone lesions). High-quality images were obtained by means of the anticathode in the design of Puluj’s lamp, which was the first in the world. The image of the whole skeleton of a stillborn child (published on April 3, 1896 in The Photogram) is considered to be the starting point of using X-rays in anatomy.

scholarly journals Heavy Metals and Para-Phenylenediamine in Hair Dye

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randa H Abdelhady ◽  
heba A yassa ◽  
Marwa M Mahmoud ◽  
Eman S Shaltout
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Potential Toxicity ◽  
Hair Dyes ◽  
Hair Dye ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The World ◽  
Self Harm ◽  
Very High ◽  
Human Death

Abstract Background: The use of cosmetics is widespread around the world, particularly in Arabian countries. Some cosmetics as hair dyes are used since very young ages. Hair dye has been one of the pollution resources of heavy metals. Aim: The present study aimed to determine the percentage of para-phenylenediamine (PPD) and heavy metals in various hair dyes sold in Aswan, Egypt. Methods: The study was done on four (n = 4) types of hair dyes commonly used in Aswan. Two analytical methods were used as (GC/MS and EDX). PPD was detected using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), and the metal components of these dyes were determined using energy dispersive x-ray (E.D.X.). Results: The concentration of PPD was very high in SHD (99.706%) and tancho HD (99.80%) followed by bigen cream HD (5.563%) and finally bigen powder HD (0.492% ). The heavy metals content was arranged in decreasing order as follow: Al > Ca > Zn > Cu > Cl > Pb> Fe > Sc> Cr > Mn in SHD, Si > Mg> Cu > Zn > Cl > Ca in tancho HD, Pb> Cu > Zn >Si >K > Al > Ca > Cr in bigen powder HD and Al > Cu > Cl > Si > Zn > Ca > Pb> Cr in bigen cream HD. Conclusion: Poisoning with (PPD)-containing hair dye is emerging as a method of deliberate self-harm in various developing countries including the Middle-East, and it is accompanied with high human death rate specially among females. They were also polluted with heavy metals, therefore doctors and consumers should be aware of their potential toxicity as well as the symptoms of systemic poisoning. Even if it isn't stated on the label, many hair dyes contain PPD and heavy metals.

scholarly journals Biodegradation of Pollutants in Waste Water from Pharmaceutical, Textile and Local Dye Effluent in Lagos, Nigeria

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (12) ◽  
pp. 34-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Idowu A. Aneyo ◽  
Funmilayo V. Doherty ◽  
Olumide A. Adebesin ◽  
Mariam O. Hammed
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Physicochemical Parameters ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Environmental Pollutants ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Industrial Effluents ◽  
World Health ◽  
Klebsiella Pneumonia ◽  
The World

Background. Discharged effluents from industry have been responsible for the deterioration of the aquatic environment in many parts of the world, especially in developing countries. Increasing industrialization and urbanization have resulted in the discharge of large amounts of waste into the environment, resulting in high pollution loads. Utilization of microbes such as fungi and bacteria have been used for pollution degradation. Objectives. The aim of this research was to utilize microbial agents such as fungi and bacteria to reduce pollutant loads such as heavy metals in effluent samples. Methods. Three types of effluent (pharmaceutical, textile effluent, and dye) were obtained from Surulere in Lagos Metropolitan Area, Nigeria. Heavy metals analysis was carried out using a flame atomic adsorption spectrophotometer according to standard methods. Samples were cultured for microbes and identified. Bacteria samples were inoculated on nutrient agar and incubated at 37°C for 24 hours. Fungi counts were carried out using potato dextrose agar and incubated at 28°C for 3–5 days. The isolated organisms were identified based on their morphological and biochemical characteristics. Then 100 mL of the effluents was dispensed into 250 mL flasks, and the pH of the medium was adjusted to 7.2 by the addition of either sodium hydroxide or hydrogen chloride and autoclaved at 121°C for 15 minutes. The autoclaved flask was inoculated with 1 mL of bacteria and fungi for 21 days and pH was recorded properly every 48 hours. Results. The results of the physicochemical parameters indicated that conductivity, total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, turbidity, chemical oxygen demand and biochemical oxygen demand for all the three industrial effluents were higher than the World Health Organization (WHO) permissible limits. Heavy metal analysis results show that the effluents had high values for cadmium, above the WHO limit of 0.003 mg/L. Concentrations of zinc ranged from 0.136–1.690 mg/L, and nickel ranged between 0.004–0.037mg/L for the three effluents, within the WHO limit. The identified bacteria were Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella pneumonia, Salmonella typhi and Bacillus cereus and isolated fungi were Aspergillus flavus and Penicillium chrysogenum. All the physicochemical parameters and heavy metal concentrations were reduced after the biodegradation study in the effluents. Conclusions. The responses observed in the various microbes indicated that the use of microbes for the reduction of environmental pollutants has an advantage over the use of other methods because it is environmentally friendly, low cost, and no new chemicals are introduced into the environment. This method should be encouraged for pollution reduction to bring about ecosystem sustainability advocated for Ghana.

scholarly journals Various Absorbents and Parameters Affecting Removal of Water Hardness from Wastewater: Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamiru M ◽  
Bekele G
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Nanostructured Materials ◽  
Adsorption Process ◽  
Review Paper ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Water Hardness ◽  
The World ◽  
Removal Of Heavy Metals ◽  
Different Sources

Discharges of heavy metals from different sources to the water lead to water hardness which is the major problem of the world due to their toxic and carcinogenic nature. Among several methods to eliminate heavy metals, absorption is the leading technique for the removal of heavy metals from wastewater because it is efficient, available, low-cost, and eco-friend. This review paper gives detail information about adsorbents on both conventional and nanostructured materials, either occur naturally or available commercially. The review also contains properties and parameters which affect the adsorption process with essential clarifications that are given by researchers.

scholarly journals Assessment of Heavy Metals in Beans (Vigna unguiculata) Obtained from Oja-Tuntun Market, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
pp. 23-27
Author(s):  
K. T. Ogundele ◽  
O. W. Makinde ◽  
M. Eluyera ◽  
Y. C. Orisamoyi
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Food Safety ◽  
Human Exposure ◽  
Developing Nations ◽  
Limit Set ◽  
Human Diet ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Metal Levels ◽  
The World

Beans play a significant role in human diet especially in developing nations like Nigeria, the largest producer and consumer of beans in the world. To ensure food safety, heavy metal levels need to be monitored on regular basis to control human exposure through dietary intake. This study aimed at assessing the levels of heavy metals in some species of beans available in Ife market, Osun State, Nigeria. Samples of each species of beans were bought and analyzed for heavy metals using X-ray Fluorescence spectroscopy. Results showed that the concentration of heavy metals such as Cu was present at a level ranging from 0.131–0.205 ppm, and Zn was present at level ranging from 0.073–0.182 ppm. Cd was present at concentration < 0.039 ppm. Cu, Zn and Cd levels in natural beans sample were observably below maximum permissible limit set by WHO in Table 2. Therefore, it can be concluded that majority of these beans species were not contaminated with the studied heavy metals, hence pose no immediate health risk to human.

scholarly journals HEAVY METALS (Pb+2, Ni+2, Zn+2) REMOVAL FROM WASTEWATER USING LOW COST ADSORBENTS: A REVIEW

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (Special) ◽  
pp. 3-88-3-96
Author(s):  
Hibatallah J. Shamkhi ◽  
◽  
Tamara K. Hussein ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Metal Ions ◽  
Heavy Metal Ions ◽  
Membrane Separation ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Chemical Separation ◽  
Skin Contact ◽  
Lead Zinc ◽  
Living Organisms

Pollution with heavy metal ions lead, zinc and nickel resulting from industrial wastewater for various industries such as electroplating industry, batteries, metal refining mines and other factories which discharge into the environment causing damage and pollution to the environment, living organisms, and the majority of heavy metals carcinogenic due to its high toxicity and its containment of dangerous chemicals. Potential danger to human health in all forms by ingestion, inhalation, or skin contact pose by heavy metals ions such as lead, nickel, zinc, and others. To prevent hazards, they must be removed before disposal by different methods such as ion- exchange, chemical separation, filtration, membrane separation, and adsorption. The purpose of this research is to review different low cost adsorbent materials to remove heavy metal ions lead, zinc and nickel from wastewater.

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