Negative air ion exposure ameliorates depression-like behaviors induced by chronic mild stress in mice

Abstract The presence of negative air ions (NAI) is suggested to be a good factor in improving psychological status and used in treating depression as an alternative approach. However, the biological explanation for effects of NAI on alleviating depression symptoms has less been explored. In this study, the chronic mild stress (CMS) protocol was used to induce transcriptional depressive-like behaviors in mice, and the effects of NAI exposure on CMS-induced depression-like behaviors were examined. Thirty-day NAI exposure prevented the CMS-induced depression-like behaviors as shown by the restoration of sucrose preference and reduced immobility time in the suspension test. In addition, the elevation of serous corticosterone was present in CMS-treated mice but not existed in those with the NAI exposure. Furthermore, we observed a shifted balance between the cytokines secreted by type 1 T helper (Th1) cells and type 2 T helper (Th2) cells. In conclusion, NAI intervention is able to ameliorate CMS-induced depression-like behaviors in mice, and this effect is associated with the alteration of corticosterone and functional rebalance between Th1 and Th2 cells.

Download Full-text

PERUBAHAN PERILAKU GROOMING DAN IMOBILITAS MENCIT BALB/C TERINDUKSI DEPRESI YANG DISUPLEMENTASI TEMPE SEBAGAI SUMBER PARAPROBIOTIK

JURNAL AGROTEKNOLOGI ◽

10.19184/j-agt.v14i01.14030 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 14 (01) ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

Vanessa Ardianty ◽

Brian Saputra Manurung

Keyword(s):

Forced Swim Test ◽

Chronic Mild Stress ◽

Tail Suspension Test ◽

Depression Symptoms ◽

Depression Symptom ◽

Mild Stress ◽

Immobility Time ◽

Depression Level ◽

The Common ◽

Probiotic Food

Depression, a mental disorder marked by sadness, anhedonia and increased fatigability, is becoming more common in this industry 4.0 era. Nowadays, depression affects approximately 322 million people around the world (more than 14 million in Indonesia) and gives major contribution to the rise of global burden of disease. Although antidepressant is considered the common treatment for depression, recent studies show a possibility to treat depression by altering gut microbiome of the patient, by giving them probiotic food. Tempeh is a globally well-known Indonesian paraprobiotic food which already proven to modulate gut microbiota. This research aimed to find out the effect of tempeh to depression symptom as expressed in Balb/c mice behaviors. The methods used was to feed tempeh or tempeh starter to mice which were depressed-induced by Unpredictable Chronic Mild Stress (UCMS) procedure. Parameter measured were depression level of the Balb/c mice based on immobility times and grooming durations acquired from tail suspension test, forced swim test, sucrose splash test and coat state score. The result showed that tempeh supplementation did not affect coat states and grooming durations but tend to improve immobility times of the Balb/c mice. Meanwhile, tempeh starter supplementation tends to improve the immobility time and kept coat state clean/tidy, but lowered grooming duration. In conclusion, supplementation of paraprobiotic tempeh, especially in starter form, tend to improve depression symptoms. Keywords: depression, mice, paraprobiotic, tempeh

Download Full-text

CD28-induced costimulation of T helper type 2 cells mediated by induction of responsiveness to interleukin 4.

Journal of Experimental Medicine ◽

10.1084/jem.178.5.1645 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 178 (5) ◽

pp. 1645-1653 ◽

Cited By ~ 64

Author(s):

J G McArthur ◽

D H Raulet

Keyword(s):

Interleukin 2 ◽

Interleukin 4 ◽

Th2 Cells ◽

T Helper ◽

Autocrine Growth ◽

Th Cells ◽

Antigen Presenting ◽

Helper Type

Type 1 and type 2 cloned T helper (Th) cells are believed to require different antigen-presenting cell (APC)-derived costimuli for proliferation. In the case of Th1-cloned T cells, CD28 signaling costimulates production of autocrine interleukin 2 (IL-2). Th2 cells produce their autocrine growth factor, IL-4, without costimulation, but require APC-derived costimuli, or IL-1, to respond to IL-4. Here we demonstrate that engagement of CD28 on Th2 cells with anti-CD28 antibody or with APC-associated B7 costimulates Th2 responsiveness to IL-4 but does not affect IL-4 or IL-2 production by Th2 cells. Costimulation of Th2 cells via CD28 appears to involve the induction of IL-1 production by Th2 cells, which acts in an autocrine fashion to induce IL-4 responsiveness. These results suggest that CD28-induced costimulation plays an important role in responses mediated by both types of Th cells.

Download Full-text

T Helper Type 2 Cell Differentiation Occurs in the Presence of Interleukin 12 Receptor β2 Chain Expression and Signaling

Journal of Experimental Medicine ◽

10.1084/jem.191.5.847 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 191 (5) ◽

pp. 847-858 ◽

Cited By ~ 53

Author(s):

Ryuta Nishikomori ◽

Rolf O. Ehrhardt ◽

Warren Strober

Keyword(s):

T Cells ◽

Cd4 T Cells ◽

Th2 Cells ◽

Interleukin 12 ◽

Th1 Cells ◽

T Helper ◽

Ifn Γ ◽

Helper Type

The differentiation of CD4+ T cells into T helper type 1 (Th1) cells is driven by interleukin (IL)-12 through the IL-12 receptor β2 (IL-12Rβ2) chain, whereas differentiation into Th2 cells is driven by IL-4, which downregulates IL-12Rβ2 chain. We reexamined such differentiation using IL-12Rβ2 chain transgenic mice. We found that CD4+ T cells from such mice were able to differentiate into Th2 cells when primed with IL-4 or IL-4 plus IL-12. In the latter case, the presence of IL-4 suppressed interferon (IFN)-γ production 10–100-fold compared with cells cultured in IL-12 alone. Finally, in studies of the ability of IL-12 to convert Th2 cells bearing a competent IL-12R to the Th1 cells, we showed that: (a) T cells bearing the IL-12Rβ2 chain transgene and primed under Th2 conditions could not be converted to Th1 cells by repeated restimulation under Th1 conditions; and (b) established Th2 clones transfected with the IL-12Rβ2 chain construct continued to produce IL-4 when cultured with IL-12. These studies show that IL-4–driven Th2 differentiation can occur in the presence of persistent IL-12 signaling and that IL-4 inhibits IFN-γ production under these circumstances. They also show that established Th2 cells cannot be converted to Th1 cells via IL-12 signaling.

Download Full-text

Do studies in humans better depict Th17 cells?

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood-2009-03-209189 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 114 (11) ◽

pp. 2213-2219 ◽

Cited By ~ 68

Author(s):

Francesco Annunziato ◽

Sergio Romagnani

Keyword(s):

Th17 Cells ◽

Transforming Growth Factor ◽

Heterogeneous Population ◽

Th2 Cells ◽

Th1 Cells ◽

T Helper ◽

Unique Ability ◽

Th Lymphocytes

Abstract CD4+ T helper (Th) lymphocytes represent a heterogeneous population of cells. In addition to type 1 (Th1) and type 2 (Th2) cells, another subset of CD4+ effector Th cells has been discovered and named as Th17, because of its unique ability to produce interleukin (IL)–17. Studies in mice initially suggested that Th17 cells are the pathogenic cells in autoimmune disorders, whereas Th1 cells may behave rather as protective. Subsequent studies in humans demonstrated the plasticity of Th17 cells and their possibility to shift to Th1. The plasticity of Th17 to Th1 cells has recently been confirmed in mice, where it was found that Th17 cells seem to be pathogenic only when they shift to Th1 cells. Studies in humans also showed that Th17 cells are different than in mice because all of them express CD161 and exclusively originate from CD161+ precursors present in umbilical cord blood and newborn thymus. While murine Th17 cells develop in response to IL-6, IL-1, and transforming growth factor (TGF)–β, human Th17 cells originate from these CD161+ precursors in response to IL-1β and IL-23, the need for TGF-β being controversial. Thus, we believe that studies in humans have better depicted human Th17 cells than studies in mice.

Download Full-text

Th2 cells are less susceptible than Th1 cells to the suppressive activity of CD25+ regulatory thymocytes because of their responsiveness to different cytokines

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood-2003-09-3302 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 103 (8) ◽

pp. 3117-3121 ◽

Cited By ~ 125

Author(s):

Lorenzo Cosmi ◽

Francesco Liotta ◽

Roberta Angeli ◽

Benedetta Mazzinghi ◽

Veronica Santarlasci ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Treg Cells ◽

Suppressive Effect ◽

Interleukin 4 ◽

Th2 Cells ◽

Th1 Cells ◽

Suppressive Activity ◽

T Helper ◽

Cell Clones

Abstract T-cell clones generated from both CD4+CD25+ and CD8+CD25+ human thymocytes were assessed for their ability to suppress the proliferative response to allogeneic stimulation of type 1 T-helper (Th1) or type 2 T-helper (Th2) clones derived from autologous CD4+CD25- thymocytes. Both CD4+ and CD8+ T-regulatory (Treg) cells completely suppressed the proliferation of Th1 clones but exhibited significantly lower suppressive activity on the proliferation of Th2 clones. The partial suppressive effect on Th2 cells was further reduced by the addition in culture of interleukin-4 (IL-4), whereas it was increased in the presence of an anti–IL-4 monoclonal antibody (mAb). The suppressive activity on Th2 clones was also completely inhibited by the addition of IL-7, IL-9, and IL-15 but not of IL-2, whereas the suppressive effect on Th1 clones was only reverted by the addition of IL-15. Of note, Th2 clones expressed significantly higher amounts of mRNA for IL-4 receptor (IL-4R) and IL-9R α chains than Th1 clones, whereas the expression of mRNA for IL-2R, IL-7R, and IL-15R α chains was comparable. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that Th2 cells have a lower susceptibility than Th1 cells to the suppressive activity of human CD25+ regulatory thymocytes, because they are able to produce, and to respond to, growth factors distinct from IL-2, such as IL-4 and IL-9. (Blood. 2004; 103:3117-3121)

Download Full-text

The Lanostane Triterpenoids in Poria cocos Play Beneficial Roles in Immunoregulatory Activity

Life ◽

10.3390/life11020111 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 111

Author(s):

Chien-Liang Chao ◽

Hsin-Wen Huang ◽

Muh-Hwan Su ◽

Hang-Ching Lin ◽

Wen-Mein Wu

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Interferon Γ ◽

Th2 Cells ◽

T Helper ◽

Chinese Medicines ◽

Poria Cocos ◽

Ifn Γ ◽

Preliminary Study

Poria cocos (Schwein) F.A. Wolf (syn. Wolfiporia cocos) dried sclerotium, called fuling, is an edible, saprophytic fungus commonly used as a tonic and anti-aging traditional Chinese medicine. It is traditionally used in combination with other traditional Chinese medicines to enhance immunity. This study showed that P. cocos extract (Lipucan®) containing lanostane triterpenoids has no immunotoxicity and enhances non-specific (innate) immunity though activating natural killer cells and promotes interferon γ (IFN-γ) secretion by Type 1 T-helper (Th1) cells immune response. In addition, P. cocos extract significantly decreased interleukin (IL-4 and IL-5) secretion by Type 2 T-helper (Th2) cells immune response, which are related to the allergy response. The purified lanostane triterpenoids were first identified as active ingredients of P. cocos with enhanced non-specific immunity by promoting interferon γ (IFN-γ) secretion in a preliminary study. Our findings support that the P. cocos extract plays beneficial roles in immunoregulatory activity.

Download Full-text

The roles of immune cells in atherosclerotic calcification

Vascular ◽

10.1177/17085381211032756 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 170853812110327

Author(s):

Jingsong Cao ◽

Xuyu Zu ◽

Jianghua Liu

Keyword(s):

B Cells ◽

Immune Cells ◽

Cardiovascular Events ◽

Th2 Cells ◽

Regulatory B Cells ◽

T Helper ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship ◽

Helper Type

Atherosclerosis is the leading cause of acute cardiovascular events, and vascular calcification is an important pathological phenomenon in atherosclerosis. Recently, many studies have shown that immune cells are closely associated with the development of atherosclerosis and calcification, but there are many conflicting viewpoints because of immune system complications, such as the pro-atherosclerotic and atheroprotective effects of regulatory B cells (Bregs), T helper type 2 (Th2) cells and T helper type 17 (Th17) cells. In this review, we summarize the studies on the roles of immune cells, especially lymphocytes and macrophages, in atherosclerotic calcification. Furthermore, we prepared graphs showing the relationship between T cells, B cells and macrophages and atherosclerotic calcification. Finally, we highlight some potential issues that are closely associated with the function of immune cells in atherosclerotic calcification. Based on current research results, this review summarizes the relationship between immune cells and atherosclerotic calcification, and it will be beneficial to understand the relationship of immune cells and atherosclerotic calcification.

Download Full-text

Critical Involvement of CD44 in T Helper Type 2 Cell-Mediated Eosinophilic Airway Inflammation in a Mouse Model of Acute Asthma

Frontiers in Immunology ◽

10.3389/fimmu.2021.811600 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Shigeki Katoh

Keyword(s):

Monoclonal Antibodies ◽

Airway Inflammation ◽

Th17 Cells ◽

Acute Asthma ◽

Mite Allergen ◽

Th2 Cells ◽

T Helper ◽

Th2 Cell ◽

Helper Type

Interactions between CD44 and hyaluronan (HA) are crucial for recruiting leukocytes to inflamed tissues. This review summarizes findings from our studies of the roles of CD44-HA interactions in leukocyte trafficking, with a particular focus on airway T helper type 2 (Th2) cells in mouse models of acute asthma. In a mite allergen-induced model of acute asthma, intraperitoneal injection of anti-CD44 monoclonal antibodies blocked lymphocytes and eosinophils from accumulating in the lung, and suppressed both the antigen-induced increase in Th2 cytokines in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR). CD44 deficiency was associated with decreased mite allergen-induced Th2 cell-mediated airway inflammation and AHR in sensitized mice. Asthmatic responses to antigen-sensitized splenic CD4+ T cells transferred from CD44-deficient mice were weaker than in wild-type mice. Administration of anti-CD44 monoclonal antibodies preferentially suppressed the airway accumulation of antigen-specific Th2 cells induced by antigen challenge, without affecting Th1 and Th17 cells. Increased HA-binding ability of CD44 and expression of Neu1 sialidase were observed on antigen-specific Th2 cells compared with antigen-specific Th1 and Th17 cells. Finally, in a mouse model of acute asthma, neuraminidase 1-deficient SM/J mice exhibited a lower Th2 cytokine concentration and a lower absolute Th2 cell number in the BALF, as well as an attenuated AHR. Our findings indicate that CD44 critically contributes to the antigen challenge-induced airway accumulation of antigen-specific Th2 cells, without affecting Th1 and Th17 cells, in mice. Furthermore, neuraminidase 1 activity is necessary for the interaction between HA and CD44, and Th2 cell-mediated airway inflammation.

Download Full-text

T-bet regulates Th1 responses through essential effects on GATA-3 function rather than on IFNG gene acetylation and transcription

Journal of Experimental Medicine ◽

10.1084/jem.20052165 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 203 (3) ◽

pp. 755-766 ◽

Cited By ~ 213

Author(s):

Takashi Usui ◽

Jan C. Preiss ◽

Yuka Kanno ◽

Zheng Ju Yao ◽

Jay H. Bream ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Early Stage ◽

Th2 Cells ◽

Th1 Cells ◽

T Helper ◽

Down Regulation ◽

Ifng Gene ◽

Deoxyribonuclease I ◽

Negative Effect ◽

Th2 Differentiation

T helper type 1 (Th1) development is facilitated by interrelated changes in key intracellular factors, particularly signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)4, T-bet, and GATA-3. Here we show that CD4+ cells from T-bet−/− mice are skewed toward Th2 differentiation by high endogenous GATA-3 levels but exhibit virtually normal Th1 differentiation provided that GATA-3 levels are regulated at an early stage by anti–interleukin (IL)-4 blockade of IL-4 receptor (R) signaling. In addition, under these conditions, Th1 cells from T-bet−/− mice manifest IFNG promotor accessibility as detected by histone acetylation and deoxyribonuclease I hypersensitivity. In related studies, we show that the negative effect of GATA-3 on Th1 differentiation in T-bet−/− cells arises from its ability to suppress STAT4 levels, because if this is prevented by a STAT4-expressing retrovirus, normal Th1 differentiation is observed. Finally, we show that retroviral T-bet expression in developing and established Th2 cells leads to down-regulation of GATA-3 levels. These findings lead to a model of T cell differentiation that holds that naive T cells tend toward Th2 differentiation through induction of GATA-3 and subsequent down-regulation of STAT4/IL-12Rβ2 chain unless GATA-3 levels or function is regulated by T-bet. Thus, the principal function of T-bet in developing Th1 cells is to negatively regulate GATA-3 rather than to positively regulate the IFNG gene.

Download Full-text

Electroacupuncture Prevents the Depression-Like Behavior by Inhibiting the NF-κB/NLRP3 Inflammatory Pathway in Hippocampus of Mice Subjected to Chronic Mild Stress

Neuropsychobiology ◽

10.1159/000521185 ◽

2022 ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

Qi Wang ◽

Hongsheng Bi ◽

Hongfei Huang ◽

Yitong Wang ◽

Lili Gong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chronic Mild Stress ◽

Preference Test ◽

Underlying Mechanism ◽

Sucrose Preference ◽

Receptor Protein ◽

Mild Stress ◽

Inflammatory Pathway ◽

Protein Levels ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Immobility Time

Background: The precise physiological mechanisms of acupuncture in the treatment of depression are still unknown. This study aimed to observe the effects of electroacupuncture (EA) on depression-like behavior of mouse in chronic mild stress (CMS) model and explore the underlying mechanism. Methods: The depression model was established by using CMS method for 6 weeks. After the third week of the CMS paradigm, EA treatment was performed daily for 15 min over a period of 3 weeks. The antidepressant-like effects of EA were evaluated using the sucrose preference test and the forced swimming test (FST). The protein levels of the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), p-NF-κB, inhibitor of NF-κB, p-IκBα, NOD-like receptor protein 3, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, IL-18, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in hippocampus of mice were detected. Results: Sucrose preference was decreased after 6 weeks of CMS and the effects of CMS was reversed by EA. CMS increased immobility time and decreased latency to the first immobility in the FST test, but these effects were reversed by EA. CMS-induced nuclear entry of NF-κB (nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio of NF-κB) with an increase in protein levels of p-NF-κB and p-IκBα in the hippocampus. The CMS also increased NLRP3 levels in the hippocampus. However, these effects were reversed by EA. In addition, the levels of IL-6, IL-1β, IL-18, and TNF-α in the hippocampus were increased by CMS, and these effects of stress were reversed by EA. Conclusion: EA prevented CMS-induced depressive-like behaviors by inhibiting NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammatory pathway.

Download Full-text