scholarly journals AIDS-Defining Opportunistic Illnesses in Qatar, 2000-2016 : A Cohort Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maisa Ali ◽  
Mahmoud Gassim ◽  
Nada Elmaki ◽  
Wael Goravey ◽  
Abdulatif Alkhal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Kaposi Sarcoma ◽  
Pneumocystis Jirovecii Pneumonia ◽  
Human Immune Deficiency Virus ◽  
Major Health Problem ◽  
Opportunistic Illness ◽  
Population Demographic

Abstract Background Human immune deficiency virus (HIV) infection remains a major health problem since discovery of the virus in 1981. Globally, since introduction of antiretroviral therapy, AIDS related death felt by more than 25% between 2005 &2011. Also, HIV related opportunistic infections (OIs) are less common, especially with use of prophylaxis to prevent such infections (3). We aim in this study to assess the incidence of HIV infection and related OIs in Qatar for 17-year period, and assess the spectrum of these infections, risk factors and treatment outcome. Methods retrospective cohort study for all HIV infected patients registered in Qatar from 2000-2016. Incidence of HIV infection and related opportunistic illness was calculated per 100000 population. Demographic and Clinical characteristic were compared between two groups of patients with and without opportunistic illness. Results of 167 cases with HIV infection 54 (32.3%) of them had opportunistic illness. The average incidence rate of HIV infection over 17 years is 0.69 per 100000 population, and the incidence rate for opportunistic illness is 0.27 per 100000 population, figure1. The most common opportunistic illness is pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP) 25% of cases, followed by CMV retinitis 7.2%, Tuberculosis 5.4%, Toxoplasmosis 4.2% and less than 2% for Kaposi sarcoma, lymphoma and cryptococcal infection.

scholarly journals AIDS-defining opportunistic illnesses in Qatar, 2000–2016: a cohort study

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maisa Ali ◽  
Mahmoud Qasim ◽  
Hussam AlSoub
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Kaposi Sarcoma ◽  
Pneumocystis Jirovecii Pneumonia ◽  
Major Health Problem ◽  
Opportunistic Illness ◽  
Population Demographic

Background: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection remains a major health problem since discovery of the virus in 1981 Globally, since the introduction of antiretroviral therapy in 1996, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) related deaths fell by more than 25% between 2005 and 2011. HIV related opportunistic illnesses (OIs) are less common, especially with the use of prophylaxis. This study aims to assess the incidence of HIV infection and related OIs in Qatar over a 17-year period. Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study of all HIV infected patients registered in Qatar from 2000-2016. Incidence of HIV infection and related OIs were calculated per 100,000 population. Demographic and clinical characteristics were compared between two groups of patients with and without OIs. Results: In 167 cases with HIV infection, 54 (32.3%) had OIs. The average incidence rate of HIV infection over 16 years is 0.69 per 100,000 population, and the incidence rate for OIs is 0.27 per 100,000 population (Figure 1). The most common OIs is pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP), seen in 25% of cases, followed by cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis with 7.2%, tuberculosis 5.4%, toxoplasmosis 4.2%, and less than 2% for Kaposi sarcoma and cryptococcal infection. The treatment outcome of cases with OIs was: cure in 59.3%, failure in 3.7%. Mortality within 3 months of OIs was 3.7%, whereas 33.4% accounted for loss to follow up after starting the treatment due to patients leaving the country. Most patients in both groups were young males. The CD4 lymphocyte count and percentage (CD4%), CD4/CD8 ratio and viral load were statistically significant risk factors in cases with OIs (p < 0.05). Presence of comorbidities was lower in patients with OIs (p = 0.032). Conclusion: Qatar has a low prevalence rate for HIV infection and related opportunistic illness. Early diagnosis and use of antiretroviral therapy are important measures to decrease the rate of opportunistic illness.

scholarly journals HIV Infection and the Esophagus

1989 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Linda Rabeneck
Keyword(s):  
Immune Deficiency ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Immune Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Human Immune Deficiency Virus ◽  
Human Immune ◽  
Acquired Immune Deficiency ◽  
Esophageal Ulcers

The esophagus can be involved in human immune deficiency virus (HIV) infection. Esophageal ulcers can occur as part of an acute (primary) HIV infection syndrome. ln addition. the esophagus can be involved with the neoplasms associated with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) – both Kaposi's sarcoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Opportunistic infections may also involve the esophagus, most commonly candida and cytomegalovirus infection. It is important for gastroenterologists to be aware of the clinical features of these lesions and to be ready to carry out endoscopy to diagnose these lesions correctly.

scholarly journals Incidence and predictors of reoccurrence of opportunistic infection among adult HIV/AIDS patients attending ART clinic at public health facilities in Arba Minch town, southern Ethiopia: A retrospective cohort study

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. e0261454
Author(s):  
Maycas Dembelu ◽  
Mesfin Kote ◽  
Girma Gilano ◽  
Temesgen Mohammed
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Opportunistic Infection ◽  
Retrospective Cohort Study ◽  
Retrospective Cohort ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Cd4 Count ◽  
Southern Ethiopia ◽  
Aids Patients ◽  
Hiv Aids

Background Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected individuals are prone to opportunistic infections (OIs) due to HIV mediated immune suppression. When opportunistic infections occur in the form of relapse or reinfection, it is said to be reoccurrence. This study was aimed to assess Incidence and predictors of reoccurrence of opportunistic infections among adult people living with HIV (PLHIV) attending ART clinics in Arba Minch Town, Southern Ethiopia Methods This retrospective cohort study was conducted on 450 HIV/AIDS patients attending anti-retro viral therapy (ART) clinics in Arba Minch town, southern Ethiopia. Simple random sampling technique was used. Kaplan-Meier graph and log rank test were used for group wise comparison. Bivariate and multivariable Cox Proportional Hazard Regression model were used to identify independent predictors of reoccurrence of opportunistic infection. Result One hundred nineteen HIV/AIDS patient had reoccurrence of opportunistic infection. The incidence rate was 11.5 per 1000 person months. The mean time of reoccurrence was 56 months. One of the most reoccurred OIs was pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). Predictors that were associated significantly were recent cell differentiation 4 (CD4) count, recent body mass index (BMI), recent functional status, and duration on anti-retroviral therapy (ART). Conclusion Though the incidence rate of OIs decreased from previous findings, attention should be given to HIV patients with low CD4 count, low BMI and for those bedridden patients.

Spectrum of opportunistic infections in hospitalized HIV-infected patients in Phnom Penh, Cambodia

2003 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 411-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chhin Senya ◽  
Akanksha Mehta ◽  
Joseph I Harwell ◽  
David Pugatch ◽  
Timothy Flanigan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Pneumocystis Carinii ◽  
Chronic Diarrhoea ◽  
Phnom Penh ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Cd4 Cell Counts ◽  
Effective Prophylaxis ◽  
Opportunistic Illness ◽  
Advanced Hiv Disease

The aim of the study was to provide more comprehensive data on the clinical characteristics of hospitalized AIDS patients in Cambodia. Chart review of 381 HIV-infected patients admitted to a public hospital in Phnom Penh, Cambodia between December 1999 and May 2000 was performed. The in-hospital mortality rate was 43.6%. Approximately 50% of patients had two or more concurrent illnesses. Very advanced HIV disease was common, with CD4 cell counts below 10 cells/mm3 in 43.2%. Only 28.3% of the patients had documentation of their HIV infection prior to hospitalization. Chronic diarrhoea was the most frequent opportunistic illness (41.2%), followed by tuberculosis (26%), cryptococcal meningitis (12.6%), Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (8.4%), and encephalitis (4.7%). Chronic diarrhoea and tuberculosis were the most important opportunistic infections observed in HIV-infected hospitalized patients in Cambodia. These findings illustrate the need for early diagnosis of HIV-infection, effective prophylaxis for opportunistic infections and improved access to antiretroviral therapy in Cambodia.

HIV infection rather than concurrent opportunistic infections drives most systemic procoagulant, vascular and damage responses – a prospective cohort study in central Africa

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saskia Janssen ◽  
Michaela AM Huson ◽  
Kara K Osbak ◽  
Elie-Gide Rossatanga ◽  
Abraham Alabi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Prospective Cohort Study ◽  
Prospective Cohort ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Central Africa

High incidence of Kaposi sarcoma–associated herpesvirus–related non-Hodgkin lymphoma in patients with HIV infection and multicentric Castleman disease

Blood ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 99 (7) ◽  
pp. 2331-2336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Oksenhendler ◽  
Emmanuelle Boulanger ◽  
Lionel Galicier ◽  
Ming-Qing Du ◽  
Nicolas Dupin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Hodgkin Lymphoma ◽  
Primary Effusion Lymphoma ◽  
Human Herpesvirus ◽  
Kaposi Sarcoma ◽  
Castleman Disease ◽  
Herpesvirus Type ◽  
Multicentric Castleman Disease ◽  
Non Hodgkin Lymphoma

Multicentric Castleman disease (MCD) is a distinct type of lymphoproliferative disorder associated with inflammatory symptoms and interleukin 6 (IL-6) dysregulation. In the context of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, MCD is associated with Kaposi sarcoma–associated herpesvirus, also called human herpesvirus type 8 (KSHV/HHV8). Within a prospective cohort study on 60 HIV-infected patients with MCD, and a median follow-up period of 20 months, 14 patients developed KSHV/HHV8-associated non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL): 3 “classic” KSHV/HHV8+ Epstein-Barr virus–positive (EBV+) primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), 5 KSHV/HHV8+ EBV− visceral large cell NHL with a PEL-like phenotype, and 6 plasmablastic lymphoma/leukemia (3/3 KSHV/HHV8+ EBV−). The NHL incidence observed in this cohort study (101/1000 patient-years) is about 15-fold what is expected in the general HIV+ population. MCD-associated KSHV/HHV8+ NHL fell into 2 groups, suggesting different pathogenesis. The plasmablastic NHL likely represents the expansion of plasmablastic microlymphoma from the MCD lesion and progression toward aggressive NHL. In contrast, the PEL and PEL-like NHL may implicate a different original infected cell whose growth is promoted by the cytokine-rich environment of the MCD lesions.

scholarly journals Causes of Hospitalization and Death among Newly Diagnosed HIV-Infected Adults in Thailand

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 232595822091926
Author(s):  
Sukonthip Chanto ◽  
Sasisopin Kiertiburanakul
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Retrospective Cohort ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Length Of Hospital Stay ◽  
Cd4 Count ◽  
Pneumocystis Jirovecii Pneumonia ◽  
Newly Diagnosed ◽  
Therapy Initiation

More than half of newly diagnosed HIV-infected patients enter to care with a low CD4 count. A retrospective cohort study was conducted among newly diagnosed HIV-infected adults who were hospitalized. Of 148 patients, median (interquartile range [IQR]) age was 39.3 (30.5-47.1) years and 114 (77%) patients were male. Baseline median (IQR) CD4 count was 79 (24-218) cells/mm3. The median (IQR) length of hospital stay was 8 (4-16) days. Half of the patients were hospitalized with AIDS-defining illness (ADI). Common opportunistic infections were Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (20.3%) and tuberculosis (18.9%). CD4 count was statistically significantly associated with hospitalization with ADI (odds ratio: 0.85, per 10 cells/mm3 increased; 95% confidence interval: 0.80-0.90). The mortality was 5.4%. In conclusion, half of newly diagnosed Thai HIV-infected patients were hospitalized with ADI. Early detection of HIV infection leading to early antiretroviral therapy initiation and prevention of serious complications is essential.

scholarly journals Fragility Fractures and Imminent Fracture Risk in the Spanish Population: A Retrospective Observational Cohort Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 1082
Author(s):  
Maria-José Montoya-García ◽  
Mercè Giner ◽  
Rodrigo Marcos ◽  
David García-Romero ◽  
Francisco-Jesús Olmo-Montes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Osteoporotic Fractures ◽  
Fragility Fractures ◽  
Population Based ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Skeletal Site ◽  
Mortality Incidence

Fragility fractures constitute a major public health problem worldwide, causing important high morbidity and mortality rates. The aim was to present the epidemiology of fragility fractures and to assess the imminent risk of a subsequent fracture and mortality. This is a retrospective population-based cohort study (n = 1369) with a fragility fracture. We estimated the incidence rate of index fragility fractures and obtained information on the subsequent fractures and death during a follow-up of up to three years. We assessed the effect of age, sex, and skeletal site of index fracture as independent risk factors of further fractures and mortality. Incidence rate of index fragility fractures was 86.9/10,000 person-years, with highest rates for hip fractures in women aged ≥80 years. The risk of fracture was higher in subjects with a recent fracture (Relative Risk(RR), 1.80; p < 0.01). Higher age was an independent risk factor for further fracture events. Significant excess mortality was found in subjects aged ≥80 years and with a previous hip fracture (hazard ratio, 3.43 and 2.48, respectively). It is the first study in Spain to evaluate the incidence of major osteoporotic fractures, not only of the hip, and the rate of imminent fracture. Our results provide further evidence highlighting the need for early treatment.

scholarly journals Geographical variation and clustering are found in atrial fibrillation beyond socioeconomic differences: a Danish cohort study, 1987–2015

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirstine Wodschow ◽  
Kristine Bihrmann ◽  
Mogens Lytken Larsen ◽  
Gunnar Gislason ◽  
Annette Kjær Ersbøll
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Socioeconomic Position ◽  
Geographical Variation ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Socioeconomic Differences ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Geographical Variations

Abstract Background The prevalence and incidence rate of atrial fibrillation (AF) increase worldwide and AF is a risk factor for more adverse cardiovascular diseases including stroke. Approximately 44% of AF cases cannot be explained by common individual risk factors and risk might therefore also be related to the environment. By studying geographical variation and clustering in risk of incident AF adjusted for socioeconomic position at an individual level, potential neighbourhood risk factors could be revealed. Methods Initially, yearly AF incidence rates 1987–2015 were estimated overall and stratified by income in a register-based cohort study. To examine geographical variation and clustering in AF, we used both spatial scan statistics and a hierarchical Bayesian Poisson regression analysis of AF incidence rates with random effect of municipalities (n = 98) in Denmark in 2011–2015. Results The 1987–2015 cohort included 5,453,639 individuals whereof 369,800 were diagnosed with an incident AF. AF incidence rate increased from 174 to 576 per 100,000 person-years from 1987 to 2015. Inequality in AF incidence rate ratio between highest and lowest income groups increased from 23% in 1987 to 38% in 2015. We found clustering and geographical variation in AF incidence rates, with incidence rates at municipality level being up to 34% higher than the country mean after adjusting for socioeconomic position. Conclusions Geographical variations and clustering in AF incidence rates exist. Compared to previous studies from Alberta, Canada and the United States, we show that geographical variations exist in a country with free access to healthcare and even when accounting for socioeconomic differences at an individual level. An increasing social inequality in AF was seen from 1987 to 2015. Therefore, when planning prevention strategies, attention to individuals with low income should be given. Further studies focusing on identification of neighbourhood risk factors for AF are needed.

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