scholarly journals 683 PB 236 WATER STRESS REDUCES ASPARAGUS GROWTH

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 531d-531
Author(s):  
Dan Drost
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Irrigation Rate ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Long Term Study ◽  
Irrigation Treatments

In 1992, a long term study was initiated to determine water use of asparagus and to assess water stress effects on asparagus growth. Asparagus (Syn 4-56) crowns were planted and maintained at soil moisture levels near field capacity during the first year. In 1993, irrigation treatments based on 60, 40, and 0 percent of evapotranspiration (ET) were applied to asparagus during the fern growing period (mid-June to October). Soil moisture, shoot and root growth, and fern water potentials were measured throughout the year. Prior to the irrigation treatments, asparagus had 39 buds per plant with a shoot and root fresh weight of 573 and 270 grams, respectively. Soil moisture in the root zone (0 to 60 cm) approached the permanent wilting point in the 40%. and 0% of ET treatments by mid-August. A decrease in irrigation rate from 80 to 0% of ET had no effect on fern fresh weight at the end of the growing season. However, as irrigation rate decreased from 80 to 0% of ET, root fresh weight (586, 533, 415 grams) and bud number (78, 59, 53) decreased linearly. These results suggest yield and growth may be reduced in 1994.

scholarly journals Water extraction pattern and transpirational losses of peach trees Under well-watered and drying cycles

MAUSAM ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 287-294
Author(s):  
R.P. SAMUI ◽  
M.J. Mc FARLAND ◽  
J.W. WORTHINGTON
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Rapid Changes ◽  
Extraction Pattern ◽  
Peach Trees

 Mature peach trees [Prunus Persica (L.) Batsch] grown in weighing lysimeters were subjected to soil moisture stress by shutting off irrigation. Initially transpiration (T) was at potential rate when available soil moisture in the active root zone was near field capacity. Rapid changes in soil moisture under drying cycles caused gradual decrease in transpirational rate. When 0 to 60 cm soil layer reached permanent wilting point, there was a sharp decline in water use. Mature peach trees require barest minimum of 10  mm of water for their metabolic activity. A regression model has been developed to estimate transpirational loss of peach from available soil profile water.    

scholarly journals Canopy Temperature Bias from Soil Variability Enhanced at High Temperatures

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-104
Author(s):  
Kendall C. DeJonge ◽  
Huihui Zhang ◽  
Saleh Taghvaeian ◽  
Thomas J. Trout
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Soil Texture ◽  
Irrigation Schedule ◽  
Canopy Temperature ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Soil Variability ◽  
List Type ◽  
Infrared Thermometry ◽  
Temperature Bias ◽  
Irrigation Treatments

HighlightMaize canopy temperature (Tc) was evaluated among four replicates of seven irrigation treatments.Individual replicates showed Tc bias correlated with soil electroconductivity and increasing Tc.At high Tc values (above 35°C), Tc bias was up to 5.0°C among plots with the same irrigation schedule.ABSTRACT. Maize canopy temperature was monitored on a continuous basis for two growing seasons in a limited-irrigation maize experiment with seven separate irrigation treatments and four replicates of each treatment. Soil electroconductivity (EC) was measured and mapped to quantify the variation in soil texture throughout the plots and was correlated with the average field capacity of the soil (R2 = 0.51). At lower canopy temperatures, indicating little or no water stress, very little difference was observed between replicates within the same treatment. However, at higher temperatures, soil texture had a greater influence on temperature, with soils having lower EC (and therefore lower water-holding capacity) showing more water stress. More specifically, at canopy temperatures above 29°C, the influence of soil texture biased the temperature by up to 2.0°C over the EC range of 16.9 to 40.2 mS m-1; at mean canopy temperatures of 35°C, this bias could be more than 5.0°C between field replicates. Results similar to the continuous infrared thermometry were found using nadir thermal images. This study demonstrates the importance of understanding the potential effects of soil variability on canopy temperature, which could have profound implications for spatially variable field-based management using thermal imaging or similar technologies. Keywords: Canopy temperature, Infrared thermometry, Limited irrigation, Soil variability.

Effect of Growth Stage and Water Stress on Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) Control and on Glyphosate Absorption and Translocation

Weed Science ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 277-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. S. Ahmadi ◽  
L. C. Haderlie ◽  
G. A. Wicks
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Stress Studies ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Additional Reduction

Under greenhouse conditions, postemergence herbicide effectiveness was greater when barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crus-galli(L.) Beauv.] plants were 5-or 10-cm tall as compared to 15-or 20-cm tall. Absorption of14C-glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] decreased from 58% of applied to 47% as plant height increased from 5 to 15 cm, and an additional reduction (to 32% of applied at 5 cm) occurred when terbutryn [2-(tert-butylamino)-4-(ethylamino)-6-(methylthio)-s-triazine] was added to glyphosate. Translocation of14C-glyphosate was reduced in older plants or when terbutryn was added to glyphosate. Water stress studies included soil moisture levels of 10, 20, 30, and 40% moisture (PW). Herbicide treatments were less effective at soil moisture levels below field capacity (30 PW). When soil moisture was 10 PW (-37 bar) absorption of14C-glyphosate was greatly reduced in plants treated at both 7.5-and 15-cm heights with or without terbutryn. At 10 PW only 15 to 20% of applied14C was absorbed whereas at 40 PW, absorption was over 45% and 62% with and without terbutryn, respectively. The addition of terbutryn to glyphosate resulted in decreased translocation for all soil moisture levels except the 20 PW treatment at the 15-cm height. Translocation of14C was greatly reduced for plants in soils at 10 PW for both herbicide treatments.

Woburn irrigation, 1951–59 II. Results for grass

1962 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 349-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. L. Penman
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
S 100 ◽  
Grass Stand ◽  
Irrigation Treatments

A grass/clover ley (mainly S26 cocksfoot and S 100 white clover 3 years, 1951–53) and a pure grass stand (S 37 cocksfoot 6 years, 1954–59) on the same site had threefold replication of four irrigation treatments: O, unwatered control; C, kept near field capacity throughout; A and B, intermediate between O and C. All plots received the same basic P and K dressing, and half-plots got N dressings either as N1 and N2, or as N2 and N4, the nitrogen being applied in the spring and after every cut except the last at rates: N1 0·15; N2, 0·30; N4, 0·60 cwt. N/acre. Cuts were taken at about 3 or 4 week intervals in the summer, and yields expressed as dry matter.

WINTER CHANGES IN SOIL NITRATE AND EXCHANGEABLE AMMONIUM

1970 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. CAMPBELL ◽  
W. S. FERGUSON ◽  
F. G. WARDER
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Soil Nitrate ◽  
Regular Monitoring ◽  
Late Fall ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Field Plots

Cylinders of a loam soil were placed in the field in late fall and sampled in midwinter and early spring. In soil wetted to near field capacity, nitrate and moisture moved upwards in winter and downwards again in early spring. The amount of movement was negligible in a soil wet to near the wilting percentage. To inhibit nitrification, N-serve was applied in 10 cm of water to field plots (120 × 120 cm) in late fall. Other plots received water but no N-serve. Regular monitoring of soil nitrate, exchangeable ammonium, and soil moisture and temperature in the top 90 cm of these plots showed evidence of upward moisture and nitrate movement as the soil froze. Large and sudden unexplainable decreases in exchangeable ammonium occurred following steady fall build-up.

EFFECTS OF SOIL MOISTURE AROUND NODULES ON NITROGEN FIXATION BY WELL WATERED SOYBEANS

1976 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 811-815 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. HUME ◽  
J. G. CRISWELL ◽  
K. R. STEVENSON
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Bottom Layer ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Sand Mixture ◽  
Water Potentials

Soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) were grown at various soil moisture levels around nodules so effects on nitrogen fixation could be studied. Plants were grown in a growth room in 35-cm diam pots. Pots contained two layers of loam–sand mixture separated by a layer of coarse silica, intended to restrict capillary movement of soil moisture from the bottom to the top soil layer. At the beginning of seed development, pots received 200 ml water on the surface, 200 ml in the bottom layer through plastic tubes or 100 ml each way. Plants with good root development in the bottom soil layer maintained leaf water potentials greater than − 6 bars, while soil moisture around nodules varied from 4 to 20%. In three individual experiments, in which only plants with leaf water potentials greater than − 6 bars were considered, there was no relationship between soil moisture around nodules and mg N2[C2H2] fixed/g nodule dry weight × h. When results of two experiments with similar fixation means were combined, there was a barely significant (R2 =.19*) quadratic relationship, with very dry soil or soil near field capacity around nodules decreasing fixation slightly. Percent moisture in soil around nodules did not affect nodule moisture content, indicating that nodule moisture status was maintained if plants received adequate moisture from below the nodule zone.

EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT SOIL MOISTURE TENSIONS ON FLAX AND CEREALS

1966 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 213-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. Bourget ◽  
B. J. Finn ◽  
B. K. Dow
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Field Capacity

Young seedlings of flax and cereals, grown in a greenhouse, were subjected to 0, 12.5, and 25.0 cm of soil moisture tension for periods of 7, 14, and 21 days The grain, straw, and root yields of all plant species, except barky, increased with increasing soil moisture content was maintained near field capacity during the growth of plants. The yields of oats, winter wheat, and fall rye decreased with increasing duration of flooding, whereas those of barley, flax and spring wheat were variable. Correlation coefficients between yields of tops and roots were positive.

scholarly journals Water Stress in Dwarfing Cherry Rootstocks: Increased Carbon Partitioning to Roots Facilitates Improved Tolerance of Drought

Horticulturae ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 424
Author(s):  
Will Wheeler ◽  
Brent Black ◽  
Bruce Bugbee
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Carbon Partitioning ◽  
Leaf Level ◽  
Rate Of Photosynthesis ◽  
Cherry Rootstocks ◽  
Daily Transpiration

Cherry orchards are transitioning to high-density plantings and dwarfing rootstocks to maximize production, but the response of these rootstocks to drought stress is poorly characterized. We used a 16-container, automated lysimeter system to apply repeated water stress to ungrafted Krymsk® 5 and 6 rootstocks during two growing cycles. Drought stress was imposed by withholding irrigation until the daily transpiration rate of each tree was 25% and 30% of the unstressed rate during the first trial and second trial, respectively. After this point was reached, the root-zone water status was restored to field capacity. Whole-tree transpiration measurements were supplemented with leaf-level gas-exchange measurements. Krymsk® 6 had a higher rate of photosynthesis, more vigorous vegetative growth and less conservative stomatal regulation during incipient drought than Krymsk® 5. At harvest, carbon partitioning to roots was greater in Krymsk® 6 than Krymsk® 5. The conservative rate of water use in Krymsk® 5 could be a function of greater stomatal control or reduced carbon partitioning to roots, which thereby limited transpiration rates. Further studies are needed to confirm that these results are applicable to trees grown using a common grafted scion under field conditions.

The Influence of Soil Moisture on the Foliar Activity of Diclofop

Weed Science ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 534-539 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. A. Dortenzio ◽  
R. F. Norris
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Wild Oats ◽  
High Soil Moisture ◽  
Herbicide Activity ◽  
Moisture Conditions ◽  
Soil Moisture Status ◽  
Wilting Point

Loss in activity of foliar-applied methyl ester of diclofop {2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy] propanoic acid} occurred under low soil moisture conditions. A loss in control of yellow foxtail [Setaria lutescens(Weigel) Hubb.], wild oats (Avena fatuaL.), little-seed canarygrass (Phalaris minorRetz.), and barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crus-galli(L.) Beauv.], was observed under greenhouse and growth chamber conditions. When soil was maintained at 2 to 3% above wilting point as compared to near field capacity, herbicide activity was decreased by 15 to 50%. High soil moisture (at or above 67% of field capacity) for at least 2 to 4 days following treatment was needed to achieve maximum effectiveness of the herbicide. Daily furrow irrigations for a period of 10 days following treatment of barnyardgrass in the field resulted in highest activity as compared to that under single irrigation regimes within the 10-day period. The effect of low soil moisture was minimized by increased rates of herbicide application. Hoe-29152 {methyl-2-[4-(4-trifluoromethylphenoxy)phenoxy] propanoate} showed similar losses in activity associated with low soil moisture. No consistent changes in uptake or translocation of14C-labeled diclofop could be detected in association with altered soil moisture status.

Effects of water stress on photosynthesis，growth and yield in winter wheat

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenhui Zhao ◽  
Jianjun Wu ◽  
Leizhen Liu ◽  
Jianhua Yang ◽  
Xinyi Han ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Aboveground Biomass ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Mild Stress ◽  
Severe Stress ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Water Field

<p>Drought has become one of the major constraints on agricultural development, particularly in areas lacking water. By studying the effects of different water stresses on photosynthesis, growth, yield, water use efficiency (WUE) and other indicators of winter wheat, this study provides scientific irrigation strategies for developing water-saving agriculture. According to the size of the water field capacity, four different water stress levels were set, i.e., 30–40% water field capacity (severe stress), 40–50% (moderate stress), 50–60% (mild stress) and 60–80% (well-watered irrigation), through an automatic irrigation system to create different water stress gradients by controlling the irrigation amount. The results showed that the diurnal and seasonal changes in photosynthetic parameters such as net photosynthetic rate (Pn), intercellular carbon concentration (Ci), stomatal conductance (Gs), and transpiration (E) significantly decreased with water stress intensification. The Pn of mild stress only slightly decreased compared to that of well-watered irrigation and was even higher than after May 16th, resulting in an increase in the dry biomass and 1000-grain weight under mild stress. Under all water stresses, the heights and stem weights of the winter wheat significantly decreased. Moderate and severe stress also significantly reduced the fresh weight of the aboveground biomass, dry weight, spike weight, grain weight, WUE and irrigation water productivity (IWP), while mild stress only slightly decreased the fresh weight of aboveground biomass, spike weight and grain weight. Mild stress increased the WUE and IWP. Thus, mild stress results in the optimal use of water resources without a significant reduction in yield. Therefore, mild stress can be considered as a suitable environment for winter wheat growth in arid areas.</p>

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