Sweet Cherry Breeding in Canada: 1915 to 1995

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 904F-905
Author(s):  
G. Tehrani ◽  
W.D. Lane
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Sweet Cherry Cultivars ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Breeding Selections

Sweet cherry breeding started at Vineland and Summerland in 1915 and 1924 and has resulted in the naming and introduction of 11 and 18 cultivars, respectively. `Victor' and `Van' were the first cultivars named from Vineland and Summerland, respectively, in 1925 and 1944. `Van' has become a popular cultivar in North America and Europe. The main objective in these breeding programs has been to develop cultivars that produce large quantities of firm-fleshed, crack-free, flavorful, large, black cherries with a range of maturity dates to extend the season of harvest. In the 1960's, the development of self-fertile cultivars was added to the objective of the programs. Already several self-fertile cultivars and advanced breeding selections have been named and introduced from Canada. The programs have also contributed to the assignment of cultivars to different pollen-incompatibility groups and verification of pedigree of sweet cherry cultivars. The impact of these long-term breeding programs in Canada and abroad will be discussed in detail.

scholarly journals Long-term evaluation of rootstock effects on cropping and tree parameters of selected sweet cherry cultivars

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 13-20
Author(s):  
Jitka Blažková ◽  
František Paprštein ◽  
Lubor Zelený ◽  
Adéla Skřivanová ◽  
Pavol Suran
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Cross Section Area ◽  
Section Area ◽  
Natural Tendency ◽  
Term Evaluation ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Sweet Cherry Cultivars ◽  
Tree Characteristics ◽  
Gisela 5

The cropping of six sweet cherry cultivars that originated in the Research and Breeding Institute of Pomology at Holovousy, and a standard one, ‘Burlat’, were evaluated on three rootstocks in the period of 2007–2017. Trees planted in a spacing of 1.5 m × 5.0 m were trained as tall spindle axes utilising their natural tendency to develop a central leader. On the standard rootstock, P-TU-2, ‘Tim’ was the most productive with a mean total harvest of 47.6 kg per tree. ‘Sandra’ yielded the most on the PHLC rootstock with 56.2 kg per tree and ‘Helga’ yielded the most on Gisela 5 with a mean total harvest of 55.9 kg per tree. The mean impact of the rootstock on the tree vigour, measured upon the trunk cross section area, ranged from 148.4 cm2 on the standard rootstock P-TU-2 to 114.1 cm2 on the PHLC and 125.2 cm2 on Gisela 5 . On the standard rootstock P-TU-2, the most vigorous one according to this criterion was ‘Jacinta’ (178.0 cm2) whereas ‘Justyna’ (109.7 cm2) was the least vigorous. On the PHLC, the most vigorous was ‘Sandra’ (147.2 cm2) and the least was ‘Amid’ (94.0 cm2). The other tree characteristics were mainly dependant on the cultivar and minimally, or not at all, influenced by the rootstock vigour.

scholarly journals U.S. Growers’ Willingness to Pay for Improvement in Rosaceous Fruit Traits

2017 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chengyan Yue ◽  
Shuoli Zhao ◽  
Karina Gallardo ◽  
Vicki McCracken ◽  
James Luby ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Economic Sustainability ◽  
Fruit Traits ◽  
Fruit Crops ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Control Product ◽  
Fruit Flavor ◽  
Rosaceous Fruit

As growers adopt and diffuse improved food crop cultivars, their investment decisions for producing new cultivars control product accessibility and directly affect the entire supply chain. In this study, we estimated growers’ willingness to invest (willingness to pay (WTP)) in cultivars with improved quality traits for five rosaceous fruit crops: apple, peach, strawberry, sweet cherry, and tart cherry. WTP values differed by crop, but fruit flavor was consistently rated one of the most important traits, with higher WTP. This information will help breeding programs focus resources to develop superior cultivars for long-term economic sustainability of the rosaceous fruit industry.

scholarly journals Assessment of impact of climate change on water resources: a long term analysis of the Great Lakes of North America

2008 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 239-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. McBean ◽  
H. Motiee
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
North America ◽  
Great Lakes ◽  
Great Lakes Basin ◽  
Historical Trends ◽  
Global Circulation Models ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. In the threshold of the appearance of global warming from theory to reality, extensive research has focused on predicting the impact of potential climate change on water resources using results from Global Circulation Models (GCMs). This research carries this further by statistical analyses of long term meteorological and hydrological data. Seventy years of historical trends in precipitation, temperature, and streamflows in the Great Lakes of North America are developed using long term regression analyses and Mann-Kendall statistics. The results generated by the two statistical procedures are in agreement and demonstrate that many of these variables are experiencing statistically significant increases over a seven-decade period. The trend lines of streamflows in the three rivers of St. Clair, Niagara and St. Lawrence, and precipitation levels over four of the five Great Lakes, show statistically significant increases in flows and precipitation. Further, precipitation rates as predicted using fitted regression lines are compared with scenarios from GCMs and demonstrate similar forecast predictions for Lake Superior. Trend projections from historical data are higher than GCM predictions for Lakes Michigan/Huron. Significant variability in predictions, as developed from alternative GCMs, is noted. Given the general agreement as derived from very different procedures, predictions extrapolated from historical trends and from GCMs, there is evidence that hydrologic changes particularly for the precipitation in the Great Lakes Basin may be demonstrating influences arising from global warming and climate change.

scholarly journals Gradients of column CO<sub>2</sub> across North America from the NOAA Global Greenhouse Gas Reference Network

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (24) ◽  
pp. 15151-15165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Lan ◽  
Pieter Tans ◽  
Colm Sweeney ◽  
Arlyn Andrews ◽  
Andrew Jacobson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Spatial Patterns ◽  
Reference Network ◽  
Spatial Gradients ◽  
Continental Scale ◽  
Satellite Retrievals ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Total Column

Abstract. This study analyzes seasonal and spatial patterns of column carbon dioxide (CO2) over North America, calculated from aircraft and tall tower measurements from the NOAA Global Greenhouse Gas Reference Network from 2004 to 2014. Consistent with expectations, gradients between the eight regions studied are larger below 2 km than above 5 km. The 11-year mean CO2 dry mole fraction (XCO2) in the column below  ∼  330 hPa ( ∼  8 km above sea level) from NOAA's CO2 data assimilation model, CarbonTracker (CT2015), demonstrates good agreement with those calculated from calibrated measurements on aircraft and towers. Total column XCO2 was attained by combining modeled CO2 above 330 hPa from CT2015 with the measurements. We find large spatial gradients of total column XCO2 from June to August, with north and northeast regions having  ∼  3 ppm stronger summer drawdown (peak-to-valley amplitude in seasonal cycle) than the south and southwest regions. The long-term averaged spatial gradients of total column XCO2 across North America show a smooth pattern that mainly reflects the large-scale circulation. We have conducted a CarbonTracker experiment to investigate the impact of Eurasian long-range transport. The result suggests that the large summertime Eurasian boreal flux contributes about half of the north–south column XCO2 gradient across North America. Our results confirm that continental-scale total column XCO2 gradients simulated by CarbonTracker are realistic and can be used to evaluate the credibility of some spatial patterns from satellite retrievals, such as the long-term average of growing-season spatial patterns from satellite retrievals reported for Europe which show a larger spatial difference ( ∼  6 ppm) and scattered hot spots.

The Impact of Culture and Social Justice on Christian Formation in Pentecostalism

2015 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-216
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Vondey
Keyword(s):  
Social Justice ◽  
Latin America ◽  
North America ◽  
Socioeconomic Factors ◽  
Social Activism ◽  
Cultural Influences ◽  
Christian Formation ◽  
The Impact

The essay contrasts two distinct ways of Pentecostal formation: (1) social activism and (2) social passivism. The former identifies Christian formation as participation and leadership in the struggle against poverty, deprivation, and oppression; the latter withdraws into a sectarian mindset of individualism, self-improvement, and triumphalism. A focus on Asia, Africa, Latin America, and North America brings the two accounts into dialogue on the identity of contemporary Pentecostal formation. The results suggest that Christian formation among Pentecostals is confronted with significant diversity influenced by cultural and socioeconomic factors. Johns’ classic study of Pentecostal formation and its emphasis on conscientization leading to redemptive participation in the struggle among the oppressed demands further attention. This essay shows that conscientization among Pentecostals is not only a psychological and sociocritical form of assessment but a personal and communal coming to consciousness subject to long-term cultural influences and sociohistorical developments.

scholarly journals Inbreeding, Coancestry, and Founding Clones of Sweet Cherries from North America

2004 ◽  
Vol 129 (4) ◽  
pp. 535-543 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheol Choi ◽  
Frank Kappel
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
North America ◽  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Prunus Avium ◽  
Breeding Program ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Sweet Cherries

Inbreeding and coancestry coefficients were calculated for 66 sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) selections released from four breeding programs in North America (HRIO, Vineland, Ont., IAREC, Prosser, Wash., NYSAES, Geneva, N.Y., and PARC, Summerland, B.C.). Highly used founding clones were `Black Heart', `Emperor Francis', `Empress Eugenie', `Napoleon' and `Windsor'. Coefficients of coancestry between all selections and these clones averaged 0.038, 0.045, 0.060, 0.091, and 0.033, respectively. In these five founding clones, coefficients of coancestry in self-compatible selections were over twice as much as those in self-incompatible selections except `Windsor'. In the analysis of coefficients of coancestry between self-incompatible and self-compatible sweet cherry, almost 20% of self-incompatible selections represent more than a half-sib relationship (0.125) to self-compatibles. Increasing and maintaining genetic diversity is needed in sweet cherry breeding program in North America for continued breeding progress.

Measuring the Impact of Additional Rail Traffic Using Highway and Railroad Metrics

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel L. Sogin ◽  
Christopher P. L. Barkan ◽  
Yung-Cheng Lai ◽  
Mohd Rapik Saat
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Simulation Modeling ◽  
Single Track ◽  
Economic Study ◽  
Utility Models ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Rail Traffic

Long term demand for freight movements in North America is expected to increase dramatically in the coming decades. The railroads are poised to take on this additional traffic assuming the capacity is available. Measuring the capacity of these rail lines is complicated by the interrelationships between asset utilization, reliability, and throughput. There is not a single metric that captures these intricacies. Capacity can be determined by delay-volume relationships, utility models, or economic study. For many case studies, railroads use parametric and simulation modeling to determine the train delay per 100 train miles. This metric does not tell the full story; especially when comparing different train types. The highway industry uses a different portfolio of metrics that can be adopted by railroad capacity planners. These metrics can be more sensitive to the worse performing trains. Additionally, these metrics can control for increased delay simply due to additional traffic. These concepts are illustrated by simulating the impact of additional 110 mph passenger service to a single track freight line.

scholarly journals Ocean planning for species on the move provides substantial benefits and requires few trade-offs

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (50) ◽  
pp. eabb8428
Author(s):  
M. L. Pinsky ◽  
L. A. Rogers ◽  
J. W. Morley ◽  
T. L. Frölicher
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
North America ◽  
Human Activities ◽  
Opportunity Costs ◽  
Marine Animals ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Additional Area

Societies increasingly use multisector ocean planning as a tool to mitigate conflicts over space in the sea, but such plans can be highly sensitive to species redistribution driven by climate change or other factors. A key uncertainty is whether planning ahead for future species redistributions imposes high opportunity costs and sharp trade-offs against current ocean plans. Here, we use more than 10,000 projections for marine animals around North America to test the impact of climate-driven species redistributions on the ability of ocean plans to meet their goals. We show that planning for redistributions can substantially reduce exposure to risks from climate change with little additional area set aside and with few trade-offs against current ocean plan effectiveness. Networks of management areas are a key strategy. While climate change will severely disrupt many human activities, we find a strong benefit to proactively planning for long-term ocean change.

The Empire was Unique

2020 ◽  
pp. 156-174
Author(s):  
Jonathan Scott
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
North America ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Native Peoples ◽  
Settler Population ◽  
The Impact

This chapter explores English and Dutch relationships with native peoples in Atlantic North America. In practice, these relationships were violent ones, though there were important differences. The chapter shows that only English settlement became the basis for a long-term, large-scale trans-Atlantic transfer of people and culture. This necessitated expropriation not only of resources but territory, a process executed where necessary with savagery, assisted by the impact upon native peoples of introduced diseases, especially smallpox. This made possible the later explosive eighteenth-century settler population growth which would be a key stimulant of the Industrial Revolution. To this extent the Anglo-Dutch-American archipelago was mapped in blood.

Scientific achievements and realities of the sweet cherry (Cerasus avium L.) cultivation intensification at the current stage of the horticultural science development

2021 ◽  
pp. 71-81
Author(s):  
O.A. Kishchak ◽  
◽  
Yu.P. Kishchak ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Major Elements ◽  
Sweet Cherries ◽  
Crown Formation ◽  
Cherry Rootstocks ◽  
Productivity Potential ◽  
Sweet Cherry Cultivars ◽  
First Time

The authors present the results of the comprehensive analysis of the influence of the modern horticultural science achievements on the sweet cherry cultivation intensification. Today in the world’s horticulture practice the main direction of increasing this crop plantations productivity is its comprehensive intensification. Its main link is the type of an orchard, and components – cultivar, rootstock, planting plan and the crown formation methods. In this relation, the major elements of the modern sweet cherry industrial cultivation technologies concerning these components were developed the place of the new inland developments being determined. The analysis of the approaches to the modern intense sweet cherry plantations creation has shown that they do not always correspond to this crop biological characteristics and sometimes are usual adoptions from the similar developments for apple. At the same time the development of the basic elements of the sweet cherry rootstocks and cvs growing intensification lag behing the requirements significantly and cannot be used in apple super-dense orchards. The Institute of Horticulture of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences (NAAS) of Ukraine for the first time recommended for the Lisosteppe in of Ukraine three new types of orchards on vigorous, medium-sized and semi-dwarf rootstocks with the tree density placement from 417 to 1250 trees/ha in order to ensure the efficient industrial production of sweet cherries in particular, for the export purposes. These orchards are based mainly on using inland high-productive cvs, rootstocks and crown formation methods. The density of the trees placement in such orchards has been optimized by applying the mathematical modeling and tested in long-term field experiments. That enables to utilize effectively these orchards productivity potential. Their advantage as compared to foreign ones is that these plantations construction takes into account both the rootstocks vigour and the variety biological peculiarities. That is the basis for their application in the technologies for growing valuable sweet cherry cultivars which possess the increased consumers demand. The intensification of the sweet cherry growing should be based mostly on the creation of optimally dense plantations that meet the biological peculiarities of a concrete rootstock-cultivar combination

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