Growth of Turfgrasses under Different Levels of Shading

Turfgrass is grown under a wide range of environmental conditions, especially light conditions. In residential and commercial applications, selecting the appropriate turfgrass depends, in part, upon its performance under differing light conditions. This study was conducted to determine the growth habits of four turfgrasses under different shade treatments. `Common Bermuda', `Tif dwarf Bermuda', `Seashore Paspalum', and `Z-3' were grown outdoors in pots. `Z-3' is an attractive new variety of turfgrass for residential lawns. Benches were covered with shade cloth to provide different shade conditions (0%, 30%, and 50% shading). Clippings were taken every 2 weeks and dried to determine growth. Turfgrass growth under the three shade treatments were significantly different. In the 0% and 30% shade treatments, `Common Bermuda' and `Seashore Paspalum' had similar growth with their dry weights being greater than that of `Tif dwarf Bermuda' and `Z-3'. Under 50% shade, `Seashore Paspalum' grew significantly greater than the other turfgrasses. `Common Bermuda' grew significantly less under 50% shade than under 0% and 30% shade. `Common Bermuda' does well on golf courses because of its fast growth and attractiveness. With its vigorous growth and shade tolerance, `Seashore Paspalum' can be used for residential lawns. `Z-3' turfgrass, a relatively new variety for residential lawns, shows slow growth but is desirable because of its tolerance to different shade conditions.

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Effect of Shade on the Growth of Four Turfgrasses

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.31.4.649d ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 31 (4) ◽

pp. 649d-649

Author(s):

Guofan Liu ◽

Kent D. Kobayashi

Keyword(s):

Shade Tolerance ◽

Slow Growth ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Fast Growth ◽

Golf Courses ◽

New Variety ◽

Seashore Paspalum ◽

Vigorous Growth ◽

Home Lawns ◽

Good For

Four turfgrasses (Z-3, Seashore Paspalum, Common Bermuda, and Tif dwarf Bermuda) were grown outdoors in pots under different shade conditions (0%, 30%, and 50% shade) from August to December 1995. Dry weight of clippings taken every two weeks was determined. Turfgrass growth in the three shade treatments were significantly different, and the growth of the turfgrasses were highly significantly different. In the 0% and 30% shade treatments, Common Bermuda and Seashore Paspalum grew similarly, and their dry weights were significantly greater than those of Z-3 and Tif dwarf Bermuda. However, under 50% shade, only Seashore Paspalum grew significantly greater than the others. Comparing growth among the shade treatments for each turfgrass, we found no significantly differences. Only Common Bermuda grew significantly less under 50% shade than under 0% and 30% shade. Common Bermuda is good for golf courses because of its fast growth and attractiveness. Seashore Paspalum can be used for home lawns because of its vigorous growth and shade tolerance. Z-3 turfgrass, an attractive new variety for home lawns, despite its slow growth, is tolerant of different shade conditions.

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The Effect of Slow-release Polymeric Derivatives of Auxins (NAA and 2,4-D) on Regeneration of Achimenes in Vitro

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.30.4.802d ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 30 (4) ◽

pp. 802D-802

Author(s):

J.C. Vlahos ◽

M. Dragassaki ◽

A. Vasilaki ◽

I. Assargiotaki ◽

A.M. Tsatsakis

Keyword(s):

Slow Release ◽

Callus Formation ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Inhibitory Effects ◽

Prolonged Action ◽

Wide Range ◽

Vigorous Growth ◽

Derivatives Of ◽

Different Levels

Polymeric formulations of plant growth regulators (PGR) are high-molecular weight systems in which the PGR unit can be slowly released providing prolonged action and effectiveness in a wide range of concentrations. In this study, Achimene explants were used for testing the biological activity of polymeric derivatives of NAA and 2,4-D. Shoots of Achimenes `Bella', obtained from leaf segments cultured in vitro, were transferred for 8 weeks on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with different levels of conventional or polymeric NAA (0, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 mg·liter–1) and 2.4-D (0, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 mg·liter–1), each combined with three levels of BAP (0, 0.1, 0.5 mg·liter–1). Compared to conventional NAA, twice as many shoots proliferated with higher dry weight, at 0.5 0.1, 1.0, or 1.5 mg·liter–1 polymeric NAA with 0.5 mg·liter–1 BAP. In another trial, the combination of 0.05 or 0.1 mg·liter–1 polymeric 2,4-D with 0.1 BAP gave more shoot and vigorous growth without callus formation, compared to conventional 2.4-D These results suggest that the polymeric derivatives of auxins used in this study enhance regeneration and growth of Achimenes in vitro more effectively than conventional formulations, at greater concentrations, without causing toxic or inhibitory effects.

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Psychology, Meaning Making, and the Study of Worldviews

10.31234/osf.io/nbuz5 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Ann Taves ◽

Egil Asprem ◽

Elliott Daniel Ihm

Keyword(s):

Meaning Making ◽

Sense Making ◽

Evolutionary Perspective ◽

Cognitive Level ◽

Multidisciplinary Study ◽

Human Ability ◽

Wide Range ◽

Object Of Study ◽

Different Levels ◽

Ways Of Life

To get beyond the solely negative identities signaled by atheism and agnosticism, we have to conceptualize an object of study that includes religions and non-religions. We advocate a shift from “religions” to “worldviews” and define worldviews in terms of the human ability to ask and reflect on “big questions” ([BQs], e.g., what exists? how should we live?). From a worldviews perspective, atheism, agnosticism, and theism are competing claims about one feature of reality and can be combined with various answers to the BQs to generate a wide range of worldviews. To lay a foundation for the multidisciplinary study of worldviews that includes psychology and other sciences, we ground them in humans’ evolved world-making capacities. Conceptualizing worldviews in this way allows us to identify, refine, and connect concepts that are appropriate to different levels of analysis. We argue that the language of enacted and articulated worldviews (for humans) and world-making and ways of life (for humans and other animals) is appropriate at the level of persons or organisms and the language of sense making, schemas, and meaning frameworks is appropriate at the cognitive level (for humans and other animals). Viewing the meaning making processes that enable humans to generate worldviews from an evolutionary perspective allows us to raise news questions for psychology with particular relevance for the study of nonreligious worldviews.

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Stomatal Development During Leaf Expansion in Tobacco and Sunflower

Australian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1071/bt9750253 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 23 (2) ◽

pp. 253 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

HM Rawson ◽

CL Craven

Keyword(s):

Leaf Area ◽

Stomatal Density ◽

Stomatal Development ◽

Developmental Patterns ◽

Full Size ◽

Unit Leaf Area ◽

Unit Leaf ◽

Wide Range ◽

Young Leaves ◽

Different Levels

Changes in stomatal density and size were followed in tobacco and sunflower leaves expanding from 10% of final area (10% Amax) to Amax under different levels of radiation. Lower radiation increased final leaf area, reduced stomatal densities, and increased area per stoma but had little effect on stomatal area per unit leaf area at Amax. In very young leaves (20% Amax) there was a wide range in the sizes of individual stomata, some stomata being close to full size, but by Amax differences were small. The possible relationship between the developmental patterns described and photosynthesis is briefly discussed.

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Bacterial extracellular polysaccharides

Canadian Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1139/m88-073 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 34 (4) ◽

pp. 415-420 ◽

Cited By ~ 134

Author(s):

Chris Whitfield

Keyword(s):

Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Structural Information ◽

Extracellular Polysaccharides ◽

Natural Environments ◽

Chemical Structures ◽

Technological Advances ◽

Wide Range ◽

Surface Polysaccharides ◽

Surface Location ◽

Commercial Applications

The synthesis of extracellular polysaccharides has been recognized in certain bacterial cultures since the 1880s. It is now apparent that a wide range of bacteria produce these polymers and an equally wide range of chemical structures are possible. Their surface location, together with the range of available monosaccharide combinations, noncarbohydrate substituents, and linkage types, make extracellular polysaccharides excellent agents of diversity. As a result, much effort has been directed towards elucidating their structure in pathogenic bacteria and in enteric organisms in particular. Commercial applications of microbial polysaccharides have now broadened the scope of structural information. Most recently, technological advances in molecular biology have created the possibility of manipulating desired polymer characteristics, and with these advances, our knowledge of the mechanisms of synthesis and regulation of cell surface polysaccharides has improved. Ultimately more information regarding the function of extracellular polysaccharides in natural environments may result.

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Determination of Cardinal Temperatures of Flax-leaf Alyssum (Alyssum linifolium) in Response to Salinity, pH, and Drought Stress

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/wsc.2018.19 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 66 (4) ◽

pp. 470-476 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Ahmadreza Mobli ◽

Ali Ghanbari ◽

Mehdi Rastgoo

Keyword(s):

Germination Rate ◽

Farming Systems ◽

Quadratic Polynomial ◽

Polynomial Model ◽

Weed Species ◽

Wide Range ◽

Species Specific ◽

Cardinal Temperatures ◽

Different Levels

AbstractFlax-leaf alyssum (Alyssum linifoliumSteph. ex. Willd.) is a winter weed species in irrigated and dryland farming systems of Iran. Experiments were conducted to compare the cardinal temperatures ofA. linifoliumat different levels of drought, salt concentration, and pH. In all experiments, the dent-like model showed a better fit than the quadratic polynomial model.Alyssum linifoliumproduced the highest germination rates at pH 7 and a temperature of 20C in nonstress treatment. Minimum, optimum, and ceiling temperatures in the dent-like model were 4.1 (upper=26.8, lower=10.0) and 35C, and in the quadratic polynomial model were 3.3, 19.1, and 35.0C, respectively. At increased salinity and drought potential levels, the minimum temperature increased, while optimum and ceiling temperatures decreased. Seeds could germinate at up to 20 dS m−1and −1 MPa, respectively, but germination rate and percentage significantly decreased. The seeds of this weed germinated across a wide range of pH values (4≤pH≥8), but the temperature range at which seeds could germinate was reduced. These data serve as guidelines for species-specific propagation protocols and agricultural decision support systems.

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Super Nutritive Marine Astaxanthin, an Effectual Dietary Carotenoid for Neurodegenerative Diseases

International Research Journal of Multidisciplinary Technovation ◽

10.34256/irjmtcon14 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 115-124 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Kumaresan Kowsalya ◽

Nandakumar Vidya ◽

Vijayraj Vijayalakshmi ◽

Muthukrishnan Arun

Keyword(s):

Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽

Cell Membranes ◽

Uv Light ◽

Coenzyme Q ◽

Skin Pigmentation ◽

Beta Carotene ◽

Wide Range ◽

Commercial Applications ◽

Dietary Carotenoid ◽

Single Oxygen

The red-pigmented astaxanthin (3,-3’-dihydroxy-?,?-carotene-4,4’-dione) were commonly found in marine algae and aquatic animals such as shrimp, lobster, and trout. These pigments are produced as secondary metabolites which fall in arytenoids under class xanthophylls. Synthetic astaxanthin has a wide range of commercial applications such as color additives, usage in cosmetics and immune-boosters. In aquaculture, supplementing synthetic astaxanthin as feed, enhances skin pigmentation which possesses commercial importance. However, synthetic astaxanthin is not highly efficient compared to naturally derived counter forms. On the other hand, humans should only depend on microbial and aquatic sources for their dietary intake of natural astaxanthin. Being a powerful antioxidant, natural astaxanthin is called as king of antioxidants which has scavenging activity 6000 times stronger than vitamin C and 50 times more powerful than vitamin E in protecting cell membranes. It also has a single oxygen quenching activity up to 800 times stronger than coenzyme Q, 550 times more powerful than green tea catechins, 4.9 times stronger than beta-carotene and three times stronger than lute in. Furthermore, researchers revealed that this carotenoid has the capacity to alleviate tumor activity, protecting against lipid per oxidation, free radicals, oxidative damage to LDL-cholesterol and UV light affects on cell membranes and tissues. Also, it is mainly recommended for curing the macular degeneration of cataracts. Anti-aging properties of astaxanthin improve skin health by reducing wrinkles and repairs the UV-induced DNA damage in human cells. Interestingly, the ability of astaxanthin in crossing the blood-brain barrier has brought this compound to limelight as a potential target in treating neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease. Hence, in this review, we are mainly focusing on the therapeutic usage of astaxanthin in neurodegenerative diseases.

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Impact of Climate Change on Tourism

10.4018/978-1-6684-3686-8.ch075 ◽

2022 ◽

pp. 1519-1534

Author(s):

Samreen Siddiqui ◽

Muhammad Imran

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Tourism Industry ◽

Global Perspective ◽

Climate Indices ◽

Impact Of Climate Change ◽

Industry Type ◽

Wide Range ◽

The Impact ◽

Geographical Locations ◽

Different Levels

Climate change is an influencing phenomenon in present global perspective having a wide range of impacts at different levels within the society and industries. This chapter introduces the climate change basics and its major impacts on the global environment. Further, it describes the tourism industry and identifies its relationship with climate change. Scientists take different approaches to deal with climate indices and their application to identify the impact of climate change on the tourism industry. This chapter classifies the tourism industry into different industry type based on the regional characteristics links with the geographical locations. Climate effects have been discussed with different case studies and regions. Then the chapter has been concluded with the major overall impact of climate change in terms of temperature rise, sea level rise (SLR), change in precipitation and extreme events in some cases, on the tourism industry, and next steps to be taken towards sustainable tourism industry.

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Time-Based QoS Prediction and Rank Aggregation of Web Services

International Journal of Information Technology and Web Engineering ◽

10.4018/ijitwe.2019100105 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 14 (4) ◽

pp. 79-100

Author(s):

V. Mareeswari ◽

E. Sathiyamoorthy

Keyword(s):

Web Services ◽

Web Applications ◽

Cloud Model ◽

Health Care Systems ◽

Rank Aggregation ◽

Qos Prediction ◽

Short Time Span ◽

Wide Range ◽

Care Systems ◽

Commercial Applications

Everyday activities are equipped with smart intellectual possessions in the modern Internet domain for which a wide range of web services are deployed in business, health-care systems, and environmental solutions. Entire services are accessed through web applications or hand-held computing devices. The recommender system is more prevalent in commercial applications. This research predicts the preference of consumers and lists the recommended services in order of ranking for consumers to choose services in a short time span. This proposed approach aims to offer the exact prediction of missing QoS (quality of service) value of web services at a specified time slice. The uncertainty of QoS value has been predicted using the cloud model theory. The focus is to give the global ranking using the aggregated ranking of the consumer's ranking list, which has been obtained through the Kemeny optimal aggregation algorithm. In this work, multidimensional QoS data of web services have experimented and given an accurate prediction and ranking in the web environment.

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Emerging Technologies Based on Artificial Intelligence to Assess the Quality and Consumer Preference of Beverages

Beverages ◽

10.3390/beverages5040062 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 5 (4) ◽

pp. 62 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Claudia Gonzalez Viejo ◽

Damir D. Torrico ◽

Frank R. Dunshea ◽

Sigfredo Fuentes

Keyword(s):

Artificial Intelligence ◽

Machine Learning ◽

Food Industry ◽

Emerging Technologies ◽

Low Cost ◽

Consumer Preference ◽

Beverage Industry ◽

Wide Range ◽

Alcoholic Drinks ◽

Different Levels

Beverages is a broad and important category within the food industry, which is comprised of a wide range of sub-categories and types of drinks with different levels of complexity for their manufacturing and quality assessment. Traditional methods to evaluate the quality traits of beverages consist of tedious, time-consuming, and costly techniques, which do not allow researchers to procure results in real-time. Therefore, there is a need to test and implement emerging technologies in order to automate and facilitate those analyses within this industry. This paper aimed to present the most recent publications and trends regarding the use of low-cost, reliable, and accurate, remote or non-contact techniques using robotics, machine learning, computer vision, biometrics and the application of artificial intelligence, as well as to identify the research gaps within the beverage industry. It was found that there is a wide opportunity in the development and use of robotics and biometrics for all types of beverages, but especially for hot and non-alcoholic drinks. Furthermore, there is a lack of knowledge and clarity within the industry, and research about the concepts of artificial intelligence and machine learning, as well as that concerning the correct design and interpretation of modeling related to the lack of inclusion of relevant data, additional to presenting over- or under-fitted models.

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