Toxicity, Uptake, and Distribution of Simazine in Canna hybrida `King Humbert': Implications for Phytoremediation

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 484e-485
Author(s):  
Patrick C. Wilson ◽  
Ted Whitwell ◽  
Steven J. Klaine

This research focuses on the potential use of Canna hybrida `King Humbert' for removing simazine from contaminated water generated at golf courses and ornamental nurseries. Because of simazine's herbicidal activity, it is important for levels in solution not to exceed plant tolerance levels. Tolerance levels for C. hybrida were determined by dosing plants for 7 d with 0, 0.01, 0.03, 0.1, 0.3, 1.0, or 3.0 mg simazine/L nutrient media. Measurements of 7-d fresh mass production and photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm) were taken. Simazine uptake and distribution within the plant was determined by dosing plants with 2.03 mCi 14C-simazine (0.243 mg/L) for 1, 3, 5, or 7 d. Plant tissues were analyzed by combustion and liquid scintillation counting. Fresh mass production was reduced 66% and 78% for plants exposed to 1.0 and 3.0 mg/L, respectively. Likewise, photosynthetic efficiency was reduced to 66% and 40% of the controls at the same respective concentrations. Plant uptake of simazine accounted for 13%, 34%, 48%, and 65% of the original simazine in the dosing solution after 1-, 3-, 5-, and 7-d exposure, respectively. This simazine was distributed primarily between roots and leaves.

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 463C-463 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Wilson ◽  
S. Klaine ◽  
T. Whitwell

This research focused on the potential use of common cattails (Typha latifolia) for removing metalaxyl and simazine residues from contaminated water. Specifically, it established toxicity thresholds to the herbicide simazine and characterized the uptake and distribution of simazine and metalaxyl by the plants. Simazine tolerance levels were determined by exposing plants to a series of six concentrations (0 to 3.0 mg/L) in aqueous nutrient media for 7 days. Metalaxyl toxicity was not evaluated because other studies indicated it was relatively non-toxic to plants. Toxicity endpoints measured included fresh mass production after 7 days exposure and 7 days post-exposure. Pesticide uptake and distribution were determined by growing plants in nutrient media amended with C-14-ring-labeled metalaxyl (0.909 mg/L) or simazine (0.242 mg/L) for 1, 3, 5, or 7 days. Plants were dissected and tissues were combusted and analyzed by liquid scintillation counting. Cattail fresh mass production was reduced 84% and 117% at 1.0 and 3.0 mg/L simazine, respectively, after 7 days of exposure. Metalaxyl and simazine activity in solution was reduced 34% and 65%, respectively, after 7 days. By day 7, activity from both pesticides was detected predominantly in the leaves. Uptake of each pesticide was correlated with water uptake throughout the 7 days. These results suggest that the common cattail may be a good candidate for incorporation into a phytoremediation scheme for metalaxyl and simazine.


2021 ◽  
Vol 221 ◽  
pp. 197-206
Author(s):  
Cuixia Yan ◽  
Tao Sun ◽  
Hongtao Jia ◽  
Yingming Xu ◽  
Yuebing Sun

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 37-45
Author(s):  
Arshad Javaid ◽  
Iqra Haider Khan

This study aimed to assess a brassicaceous weed Coronopus didymus (L.) Sm. as a source of potential natural herbicides for management of an alien weed parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus L.). Initially, the effect of aqueous leaf, stem, root and flower extracts (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0%) of the weed was checked on germination and growth of the target weed. Leaf and stem extracts showed the best herbicidal activity and a 2.5% extract of the each plant part completely inhibited germination of parthenium seeds. The lowest extract concentration (0.5%) of leaf and stem reduced germination by 56 and 46%, shoot length by 43 and 12%, root length by 59 and 62%, and biomass of whole plant by 44 and 15%, respectively. Root and flower extracts were less herbicidal and reduced parthenium germination by 23–52% and 33–56%, respectively. In a pot experiment, soil was incorporated with 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 0.10, 1.2% (w/w) crushed dry biomass of C. didymus, parthenium seeds were sown after one week and the effect of amendment on germination and plant growth was recorded after 45 days of sowing. All the doses of soil amendment significantly suppressed root length by 21–48% over control. A 1.2% soil amendment significantly reduced biomass of parthenium seedlings by 23%. This study concludes that leaf and stem extracts of parthenium possess potent herbicidal potential for control of parthenium.


2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 584-592 ◽  
Author(s):  
MAURO SERGIO TEODORO ◽  
KARINA NEOOB DE CARVALHO CASTRO ◽  
JOÃO AVELAR MAGALHÃES

ABSTRACT Green manure may lead to physical, chemical, and biological improvements to the soil. However, the information on its use in the Brazilian Northeast is scarce. The aim of this study was to assess the phenological cycle and phytomass productivity of seven legume species. This study was conducted in the second semester of 2015 in a completely randomized design with seven treatments and four replications. Plant height, fresh mass of shoot (FMS), dry mass of shoot (DMS), fresh mass of root (FMR), and dry mass of root (DMR) were determined at 100 days after sowing. Germination, flowering, and pod maturation were also assessed. The highest averages of FMS were observed in Crotalaria breviflora and Crotalaria mucronata, followed by Canavalia ensiformis, whereas the highest averages of DMS were observed in C. breviflora, C. ensiformis, C. mucronata, and Cajanus cajan cv. IAPAR 43. The highest averages of FMR were obtained by C. breviflora and C. mucronata, followed by C. cajan cv. Fava Larga. The species C. mucronata, C. cajan cv. IAPAR 43, and C. breviflora presented the highest averages of DMR. In addition, C. juncea, C. ensiformis, and C. cajan cv. IAPAR 43 were the earlier species regarding flowering, while C. cajan cv. Fava Larga was the later species. C. juncea was the earliest among all studied species regarding pod maturation. The tested legume species obtained promising initial results during the assessment period, being able to meet the expectations of biomass production and contributing to soil sustainability in this region.


2022 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-56
Author(s):  
Agáta Fargašová ◽  
Katarína Szárazová

The dry and fresh biomass and metal concentration (Cr, Ni) in roots and shoots of mustard (S. alba L.) seedlings was evaluated in laboratory experiments with three types of washing waste-waters from cutlery production line. All tested washing waters reduced root dry mass, where-as the dry mass of shoots was either not affected or it increased. The effect of tested washing waters was stronger on fresh mass production than on dry mass production. This indicates problems in water reception and translocation. While the accumulation of Cr was higher in the roots, Ni was distributed equally through the whole plant seedling. Cr uptake in the roots and shoots was in average about 1.7 and 7.3 times, respectively, lower than that of Ni. Ni percentage uptake from washing waters in the roots and shoots was nearly equal and range from 10.2 to 15.8%.


2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vinay Kumar Chintalapudi ◽  
Ramya Krishna S.L. Kanamarlapudi ◽  
Useni Reddy Mallu ◽  
Sudhamani Muddada

AbstractThe research study investigated the biosorption behavior of Pb(II) ions by treated and untreated biomass of B. subtilis. At initial biosorption conditions, the biosorption efficiency was found to be 36.75%. At the optimized experimental conditions, control biomass showed maximum biosorption efficiency of 58.04% where the biomass was treated with different chemicals. The biomass treated with formaldehyde showed the highest efficiency of 80.9% which was further optimized and attained maximum efficiency of 89.8% for Pb(II) ions. SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) and EDX (Energy dispersive X- ray) analysis evaluates the structural and elemental changes that occurred as a result of biosorption. Functional groups that are involved in biosorption were revealed by FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy). Kinetic data showed the best fit with the pseudo second-order model. Effective removal of lead ions from industrial contaminated water sources by pretreatment biomass of B. subtilis elucidates its potential use as biosorbent for metal remediation..


2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Reet Aus ◽  
Harri Moora ◽  
Markus Vihma ◽  
Reimo Unt ◽  
Marko Kiisa ◽  
...  

AbstractThis paper summarises the results of a more than 5-year practice-led study on the use of upcycling design and production methods in garment mass production. The efficiency of upcycling design approach is described by analysing the generation and potential use of various types of fabric leftovers from garment manufacturing. The results of this research show that depending on the size of the factory the fabric leftovers and textile waste generated in garment production ranges from 25–40% of the total fabric used. Experiments show that 50% of that material can be upcycled into new garments and for some types of leftover—mainly spreading loss and excess fabric—it can even be up to 80%. Implementing upcycling on the industrial level requires transparency to understand the waste created in garment production and create designs that suite the production system. It is important to consider that the upcycling design process differs from regular design—a garment is designed based on the parameters of the waste materials.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (13) ◽  
pp. 5820
Author(s):  
Chen-Yu Kao ◽  
Huynh-Quang-Dieu Nguyen ◽  
Yu-Chuan Weng ◽  
Yu-Han Hung ◽  
Chun-Min Lo

Porcine urinary bladder is one of the most used organs to fabricate extracellular matrix (ECM) hydrogel. Although there are two different ECM types inside a bladder, i.e., urinary bladder matrix (UBM) and a subtype ECM (sECM), most studies have only employed UBM for hydrogel fabrication, and overlooked the potential use of sECM. In another aspect, the delamination of UBM from bladders is a time-consuming process; consequently, the use of the whole bladder (WB) will likely increase production yield. Therefore, the objective of this study was to fabricate hydrogels from sECM and WB and compare them to UBM. The results indicated that different layers of the bladder shared almost the same biochemical composition. In terms of gelation kinetics, rheology and morphology, although hydrogels from UBM and sECM exhibited some discrepancies, those from UBM and WB interestingly possessed almost the same characteristics. In in vitro studies, all the hydrogels possessed nearly the same biochemical effects towards L929 viability and C2C12 differentiation. These results could preliminarily indicate that the use of sECM should no longer be ignored, and WB could be a promising substitution for UBM hydrogels, eliminating the need for time-consuming delamination processes, as well as increasing the possibility of mass production.


HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (7) ◽  
pp. 1169-1173 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.N. De Silva ◽  
D.S. Tustin ◽  
W.M. Cashmore ◽  
C.J. Stanley ◽  
G. Lupton ◽  
...  

A number of mass—diameter equations were compared for their potential use in indirect measurement of fruit masses of `Royal Gala' apple (Malus ×domestica). The fruit fresh-mass—diameter relationship changed with time during the season, hence no single function fitted the data well. Smooth piecewise functions that assume different relationships for intervening segments of a curve bounded by knots on the x-axis are particularly useful for modeling such data. The curve is said to be smooth because the first derivative of the function is continuous on the interval, including the knots. Two such equations, a three-parameter piecewise power function and a five-parameter spline exponential function, provided good fits to data. For both equations, the estimated mean bias on individual fruit predictions was within 5% of predicted mass over the two validating data sets. As for the precision conditional on no bias, a sample size of 20 fruit gave standard errors within 2.5% of mean predicted mass. These precisions are adequate to meet the industry requirements for monitoring fruit mass through the growing season. There was evidence of a seasonal difference in the estimated bias, but we were unable to confirm that this variation resulted from seasonal differences in fruit shape. Application of these two equations to data from other regions suggested that divergence from the estimated functional form may in fact be greater under increasingly different climatic conditions. Hence, further investigations to identify possible sources of these differences are necessary before the proposed equations can be applied across climatically different regions.


Author(s):  
Rudinei Girardello ◽  
Danni Maisa da Silva ◽  
Divanilde Guerra ◽  
Mastrângello Enívar Lanzanova ◽  
Eduardo Lorensi de Souza

<p>Sistemas de produção em transição agroecológica, especialmente em propriedades agrícolas familiares, podem ser considerados como um importante passo para o alcance de um novo modelo de desenvolvimento baseado na Agroecologia. Nesta perspectiva, é de fundamental importância o uso de práticas de manejo ecologicamente adequadas que visem à conservação do solo e dos recursos naturais. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar a influência da prática da adubação verde e a produção de massa verde de leguminosas e gramíneas, bem como de seus consórcios em sistema de plantio direto na produção de massa fresca e na altura da cultura da alface (<em>Lactuca sativa</em>) em sistema de transição agroecológico, em uma propriedade rural familiar, no município de Alpestre no Rio Grande do Sul. Os tratamentos foram compostos pelo cultivo de leguminosas e gramíneas em solteiro e consórcio para uso como adubação verde, sendo testada aveia preta (<em>Avena strigosa</em>), ervilhaca comum (<em>Vicia sativa</em>), tremoço branco (<em>Lupinus albus</em>), consórcio aveia preta + ervilhaca comum, consórcio aveia preta + tremoço branco e testemunha (pousio). Como resultados, em relação à produção de massa verde todas as espécies de adubação verde estudadas foram superiores em relação à testemunha (pousio).  A maior produção de massa fresca da cultura da alface em plantio direto ocorreu sobre o consórcio aveia preta + ervilhaca, em relação à testemunha. A maior altura das plantas de alface foi obtida nos tratamentos ervilhaca comum, aveia preta + ervilhaca e aveia preta + tremoço branco, em relação à testemunha. Portanto, o uso de plantas de adubação verde contribuem para a produção de massa fresca e altura da cultura da alface em sistema de transição agroecológica.</p><p align="center"><strong><em>Lettuce production under plantation direct in agroecological transition system</em></strong><strong><em></em></strong></p><pre><strong>Abstract: </strong>Agroecological transition production systems, especially on family farms, can be considered as an important step towards the achievement of a new development model based on Agroecology. In this perspective, it is of fundamental importance the use of ecologically appropriate management practices that aim at the conservation of soil and natural resources. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of the practice of green manuring and of green mass production of legumes and grasses, as well as their consortia in no-tillage system in fresh mass production and at the time of lettuce cultivation (Lactuca sativa) in an agroecological transition system in a family farm in the municipality of Alpestre in Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil). The treatments were composed by the cultivation of legumes and grasses in single and consortium for use as green manure, being tested black oats (Avena strigosa), common vetch (Vicia sativa), white lupine (Lupinus albus), black oat consortium + common vetch, consortium oats black + white lupine and control (fallow).  As results, in relation to the production of green mass, all species of green manure studied were superior to the control (fallow). The highest fresh mass production of lettuce under no-tillage occurred on the black oat + vetch consortium in relation to the control. The highest height of the lettuce plants was obtained in the treatments common vetch, black oat + vetch and black oat + white lupine, in relation to the control. Therefore, the use of green manuring plants contribute to the production of fresh mass and height of the lettuce crop under no-tillage system.</pre>


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