scholarly journals Phases of Development to Flowering in Opium Poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) under Various Inductive Photoperiods

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 999-1002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhongchun Wang ◽  
Mary C. Acock ◽  
Basil Acock
Keyword(s):  
Floral Development ◽  
Floral Induction ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Papaver Somniferum ◽  
Opium Poppy ◽  
Final Phase ◽  
Juvenile Phase ◽  
Phases Of Development ◽  
Growth Chambers ◽  
Photoperiod Sensitive

Four phases of development from emergence to anthesis of the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) are recognized based on transfer studies using 9- and 16-hour photoperiods: a photoperiod-insensitive juvenile phase (JP), a photoperiod-sensitive inductive phase (PSP), a photoperiod-sensitive postinductive phase (PSPP), and a photoperiod-insensitive postinductive phase (PIPP). The objective of this experiment was to determine how the durations of the photoperiod-sensitive phases changed when the plants were exposed to different photoperiods. Plants were grown in lamplit growth chambers with a 12-hour thermoperiod of 25 °C day/20 °C night. They were transferred from a noninductive 9-h to an inductive 12-, 14-, or 16-hour photoperiod or vice versa at 1- to 4-day intervals to determine the durations of the four phases. The average number of days to flower by plants grown continuously in a 16-hour photoperiod was 32 days. Days to flower were delayed by 10 days in the 14-hour photoperiod and by 36 days in the 12-hour photoperiod. The durations of the four phases were not equally affected by photoperiod. The first three phases were photoperiod-dependent, the photoperiod effect being nonlinear. The durations of JP, PSP, and PSPP were 3, 5, and 17 days in the 16-hour; 4, 8, and 23 days in the 14-hour; and 7, 14, and 40 days in the 12-hour photoperiod, respectively. The final phase was not sensitive to photoperiod (i.e., PIPP lasted 7 days regardless of photoperiod). Based on these results, we conclude that the so-called juvenile phase cannot be regarded as photoperiod-insensitive. To model the development of opium poppy under field conditions, a knowledge of daylength as early as seedling emergence may be necessary. The number of inductive cycles needed for floral induction and the rate of floral development largely depend on the photoperiod experienced.

scholarly journals Phases of Flower Development in Opium Poppy under Various Temperatures

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 466F-466
Author(s):  
Z. Wang ◽  
M.C. Acock ◽  
B. Acock
Keyword(s):  
Flower Development ◽  
Papaver Somniferum ◽  
Opium Poppy ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Maximum Difference ◽  
Inductive Phase ◽  
Know How ◽  
Growth Chambers ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Photoperiod Sensitive

Flower development in opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) has been divided into four phases from emergence to anthesis, which mark changes in its sensitivity to photoperiod: a photoperiod-insensitive juvenile phase (JP), a photoperiod-sensitive inductive phase (PSP), a photoperiod-sensitive post-inductive phase (PSPP), and a photoperiod-insensitive post-inductive phase (PIPP). To predict flowering time under field conditions, it is essential to know how these phases are affected by temperature. Plants were grown in artificially lit growth chambers and received three temperature treatments: 15/10, 20/15, and 25/20°C in a 12-hr thermoperiod. Plants were transferred within each temperature regime from a non-inductive 9-hr to an inductive 16-h photoperiod or vice versa at 1- to 4-day intervals to determine the durations of the four phases. Temperature did not affect the durations of the first two phases (i.e., JP lasted 3 to 4 days and PSP required 4 to 5 days). The most significant effect of temperature was on the duration of PSPP, which lasted 28, 20, and 17 days at 15/10, 20/15, and 25/20°C, respectively. The temperature effect on PIPP was small (maximum difference of 3 days for treatments) and the data too variable to indicate a significant trend. Our results indicate that PSPP is the only phase that clearly exhibits sensitivity to temperature.

scholarly journals Photoperiod Sensitivity during Flower Development of Opium Poppy (Papaver somniferum L.)

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 681d-681
Author(s):  
Z. Wang ◽  
M.C. Acock ◽  
B. Acock
Keyword(s):  
Flowering Time ◽  
Flower Development ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Papaver Somniferum ◽  
Photoperiod Sensitivity ◽  
Opium Poppy ◽  
Developmental Changes ◽  
Inductive Phase ◽  
Growth Chambers ◽  
Photoperiod Sensitive

Flower development in opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L. `album DC') is enhanced by long photoperiods (PP ≥ 16-hours). Predicting time to flower in field-grown opium poppy requires knowledge of which developmental stages are sensitive to PP and how the rate of flower development is changed by changes in PP. The objective of this work was to determine when poppy plants first demonstrated developmental changes in response to PP and how long PP continued to influence the time to first flower under consistent temperature conditions. Plants were grown in artificially lit growth chambers with either a 16- (inductive) or a 9-hour PP (noninductive). Plants were transferred at 1 to 3-day intervals from a 16- to a 9-hour PP and vice versa. All chambers were maintained at a 12-hour thermoperiod of 25/20°C. Poppy plants demonstrated developmental changes in response to PP four days after emergence and required a minimum of four inductive cycles before the plant flowered. Additional inductive cycles, up to of a maximum of nine, hastened flowering. After 13 inductive cycles, flowering time was no longer influenced by PP. These results indicate four phases between emergence and first flower: 1) a photoperiod-insensitive juvenile phase (JP); 2) a photoperiod-sensitive inductive phase (PSP); 3) a photoperiod-sensitive post-inductive phase (PSPP); and 4) a photoperiod-insensitive post-inductive phase (PIPP). The minimum durations (days) of these phases under the conditions of our experiment were JP = 4, PSP = 4, PSPP = 9, and PIPP = 14.

Growth, Opium Gum Yield, and Photoperiod Response in Five Opium Poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) Cultivars

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 481d-481
Author(s):  
Z. Wang ◽  
M.C. Acock ◽  
B. Acock
Keyword(s):  
Flowering Time ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Papaver Somniferum ◽  
Opium Poppy ◽  
Photoperiod Response ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Critical Photoperiod ◽  
Growth Chambers ◽  
Positive Correlations

To develop models for estimating growth, flowering time and gum yield of opium poppy, we compared variability among five cultivars (T, L, B1, B2, B3) from different latitudes in three Southeast Asian countries. Variability in the relationships between gum yield, capsule volume, and dry weight was also examined. Plants were grown in six growth chambers at a 11-, 12-, 13-, 14-, 15-, or 16-h photoperiod (PP) with a 12-h 25/20 °C thermoperiod. The main capsule was lanced for opium gum at 10, 13, and 16 d after flowering (DAF). Plants were harvested at 21 DAF and separated into leaves, stems, and capsules. Flowering time for B2 was affected least by PP and B1 the most. Flowering times for B3, L, and T were similar across the range of PPs. All cultivars showed a significant increase in flowering time from 14 to 13 h PP. Cultivars that flowered late (such as B1) had greater biomass than those that flowered earlier. However, cultivars that flowered earlier (such as L) had more dry matter partitioned into capsule than late-flowering ones. B2, B3, and L had the highest gum yields while B1 had the lowest. Positive correlations were found between gum dry weight and capsule volume (or dry weight) for T and L, but no correlations were observed between these variables for B1, B2, and B3. Our results indicated that plant dry weight varied as much as 77% and flowering time varied up to 40% even though the critical photoperiod was the same for all cultivars. The ratio of gum yield to capsule dry weight were significantly different between B1 and T.

scholarly journals Determination of Photoperiod-sensitive Stages of Development of the Short-day Plant Celosia

HortScience ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 328-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan M. Warner
Keyword(s):  
Floral Induction ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Short Day ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Bedding Plant ◽  
Photoperiod Sensitive ◽  
Short Days

Celosia argentea L. var. plumosa Voss. (celosia) is a bedding plant crop that often exhibits premature flowering during commercial production, resulting in plants of unacceptable quality. Celosia is a facultative short-day plant. Understanding the photoperiod-sensitive stages of development is critical for management of photoperiodic crops. Limited inductive photoperiod experiments, in which photoperiodic plants are moved from noninductive to inductive conditions for flowering at varying stages of development and for varying durations before returning to noninductive conditions, were conducted to determine when celosia becomes sensitive to floral-inducing short days and how many photoinductive cycles are necessary for floral induction. Plants became receptive to short days ≈9 to 12 days after seedling emergence (DAE). Between six and nine short photoperiods beginning 9 DAE were sufficient to commit plants to flowering, depending on the cultivar evaluated. Early flowering was highly correlated with reductions in plant quality parameters, including the number of inflorescences produced, the number of lateral branches, and shoot dry weight. By the time plants had developed five nodes, photoperiod no longer impacted time to flower, indicating that celosia remains photoperiod-sensitive for floral induction only from ≈9 to 45 DAE at 20 °C.

COMBINING ABILITY FOR INHERITANCE OF ECONOMIC TRAITS IN OPIUM POPPY (Papaver somniferum L.)

2011 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 01-08
Author(s):  
B. Kumar ◽  
N. K. Patra
Keyword(s):  
Combining Ability ◽  
Diallel Cross ◽  
Papaver Somniferum ◽  
Opium Poppy ◽  
Economic Traits ◽  
Degree Of Dominance ◽  
Parental Material ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Important Medicinal Plant

Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) is an important medicinal plant produces more than 80 alkaloids obtained from the capsules and straw of the plant. The estimate of combining ability gives an indication of the genetic behaviour of the parental material. It is therefore, desirable to select the parents for hybridization on the basis of their per se performance and combining ability effects. The F1, F2 and their reciprocals of an eight parent diallel cross in opium poppy were studied for combining ability of seven economic traits. The mean sum of squares due to GCA, SCA and reciprocals were significant for all the traits. The magnitude of GCA variances were invariably higher than those of SCA and thus indicating the preponderance of non-additive genetic variances, which was further affirmed by the measure of average degree of dominance i.e. ?(?2s/? 2g).  Among the parents VN35I for plant height, Sanchita and VG26 for capsules per plant, VN23, VN35I and Vivek for capsule index, VG26 and Sanchita for seed and straw yield per plant, and VN35I and VG20 for morphine content were found good general combiners. Earliness being a desired trait, parent VG20 having significant negative GCA estimates coupled with per se performance can be considered as good general combiner for early flowering. Inclusion of good general combiners in a multiple crossing program or an inter-mating population involving all possible crosses among them subjected to bi-parental mating may be expected to offer maximum promise in breeding for economic traits.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjpbg.v24i2.17000

Impact of mutagenesis on cytological behavior in relation to specific alkaloids in Opium Poppy (Papaver somniferum L.)

Caryologia ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chatterjee Avijeet ◽  
Sudhir Shukla ◽  
Anu Rastogi ◽  
Brij K. Mishra ◽  
D. Ohri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Papaver Somniferum ◽  
Opium Poppy

scholarly journals Discriminant function analysis for opium and seed yield in opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.)

Genetika ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-120
Author(s):  
H.K. Yadav ◽  
S. Shukla ◽  
S.P. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Function Analysis ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Papaver Somniferum ◽  
Yield Component ◽  
Opium Poppy ◽  
Dual Purpose ◽  
Single Character ◽  
Selection Indices

Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) is an important medicinal plant of pharmacopoel uses. Opium latex and its derivatives are used in different medicines as analgesic, narcotic, sedative, sudorific, hyponitic, antispasmodic, ant diarrhea and cough etc. Genetic improvement in opium and seed yield, component breeding is important and selection based on multiple characters is more beneficial in developing desired plant types. Therefore the present study was made on group of 22 strains of opium poppy to find out variability and suitable selection indices for opium and seed yield. Heritability in broad sense was high for capsule weight/plant, plant height, capsule length, stem diameter and opium yield. The discriminant functions based on single character were less efficient while on the basis of combination it was in general more efficient. The comparison of different functions revealed that capsule weight/plant, capsule length, plant height are major yield component and thus practicing selection for attainment of high opium and seed yield lines, maximum weight age could be given to these characters. The positive association of opium yield and seed yield suggested that by adopting suitable component breeding and selection, a dual-purpose variety (opium and seed yield) may be developed.

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