scholarly journals Photoperiod Sensitivity during Flower Development of Opium Poppy (Papaver somniferum L.)

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 681d-681
Author(s):  
Z. Wang ◽  
M.C. Acock ◽  
B. Acock
Keyword(s):  
Flowering Time ◽  
Flower Development ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Papaver Somniferum ◽  
Photoperiod Sensitivity ◽  
Opium Poppy ◽  
Developmental Changes ◽  
Inductive Phase ◽  
Growth Chambers ◽  
Photoperiod Sensitive

Flower development in opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L. `album DC') is enhanced by long photoperiods (PP ≥ 16-hours). Predicting time to flower in field-grown opium poppy requires knowledge of which developmental stages are sensitive to PP and how the rate of flower development is changed by changes in PP. The objective of this work was to determine when poppy plants first demonstrated developmental changes in response to PP and how long PP continued to influence the time to first flower under consistent temperature conditions. Plants were grown in artificially lit growth chambers with either a 16- (inductive) or a 9-hour PP (noninductive). Plants were transferred at 1 to 3-day intervals from a 16- to a 9-hour PP and vice versa. All chambers were maintained at a 12-hour thermoperiod of 25/20°C. Poppy plants demonstrated developmental changes in response to PP four days after emergence and required a minimum of four inductive cycles before the plant flowered. Additional inductive cycles, up to of a maximum of nine, hastened flowering. After 13 inductive cycles, flowering time was no longer influenced by PP. These results indicate four phases between emergence and first flower: 1) a photoperiod-insensitive juvenile phase (JP); 2) a photoperiod-sensitive inductive phase (PSP); 3) a photoperiod-sensitive post-inductive phase (PSPP); and 4) a photoperiod-insensitive post-inductive phase (PIPP). The minimum durations (days) of these phases under the conditions of our experiment were JP = 4, PSP = 4, PSPP = 9, and PIPP = 14.

scholarly journals Phases of Flower Development in Opium Poppy under Various Temperatures

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 466F-466
Author(s):  
Z. Wang ◽  
M.C. Acock ◽  
B. Acock
Keyword(s):  
Flower Development ◽  
Papaver Somniferum ◽  
Opium Poppy ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Maximum Difference ◽  
Inductive Phase ◽  
Know How ◽  
Growth Chambers ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Photoperiod Sensitive

Flower development in opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) has been divided into four phases from emergence to anthesis, which mark changes in its sensitivity to photoperiod: a photoperiod-insensitive juvenile phase (JP), a photoperiod-sensitive inductive phase (PSP), a photoperiod-sensitive post-inductive phase (PSPP), and a photoperiod-insensitive post-inductive phase (PIPP). To predict flowering time under field conditions, it is essential to know how these phases are affected by temperature. Plants were grown in artificially lit growth chambers and received three temperature treatments: 15/10, 20/15, and 25/20°C in a 12-hr thermoperiod. Plants were transferred within each temperature regime from a non-inductive 9-hr to an inductive 16-h photoperiod or vice versa at 1- to 4-day intervals to determine the durations of the four phases. Temperature did not affect the durations of the first two phases (i.e., JP lasted 3 to 4 days and PSP required 4 to 5 days). The most significant effect of temperature was on the duration of PSPP, which lasted 28, 20, and 17 days at 15/10, 20/15, and 25/20°C, respectively. The temperature effect on PIPP was small (maximum difference of 3 days for treatments) and the data too variable to indicate a significant trend. Our results indicate that PSPP is the only phase that clearly exhibits sensitivity to temperature.

Growth, Opium Gum Yield, and Photoperiod Response in Five Opium Poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) Cultivars

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 481d-481
Author(s):  
Z. Wang ◽  
M.C. Acock ◽  
B. Acock
Keyword(s):  
Flowering Time ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Papaver Somniferum ◽  
Opium Poppy ◽  
Photoperiod Response ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Critical Photoperiod ◽  
Growth Chambers ◽  
Positive Correlations

To develop models for estimating growth, flowering time and gum yield of opium poppy, we compared variability among five cultivars (T, L, B1, B2, B3) from different latitudes in three Southeast Asian countries. Variability in the relationships between gum yield, capsule volume, and dry weight was also examined. Plants were grown in six growth chambers at a 11-, 12-, 13-, 14-, 15-, or 16-h photoperiod (PP) with a 12-h 25/20 °C thermoperiod. The main capsule was lanced for opium gum at 10, 13, and 16 d after flowering (DAF). Plants were harvested at 21 DAF and separated into leaves, stems, and capsules. Flowering time for B2 was affected least by PP and B1 the most. Flowering times for B3, L, and T were similar across the range of PPs. All cultivars showed a significant increase in flowering time from 14 to 13 h PP. Cultivars that flowered late (such as B1) had greater biomass than those that flowered earlier. However, cultivars that flowered earlier (such as L) had more dry matter partitioned into capsule than late-flowering ones. B2, B3, and L had the highest gum yields while B1 had the lowest. Positive correlations were found between gum dry weight and capsule volume (or dry weight) for T and L, but no correlations were observed between these variables for B1, B2, and B3. Our results indicated that plant dry weight varied as much as 77% and flowering time varied up to 40% even though the critical photoperiod was the same for all cultivars. The ratio of gum yield to capsule dry weight were significantly different between B1 and T.

scholarly journals Phases of Development to Flowering in Opium Poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) under Various Inductive Photoperiods

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 999-1002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhongchun Wang ◽  
Mary C. Acock ◽  
Basil Acock
Keyword(s):  
Floral Development ◽  
Floral Induction ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Papaver Somniferum ◽  
Opium Poppy ◽  
Final Phase ◽  
Juvenile Phase ◽  
Phases Of Development ◽  
Growth Chambers ◽  
Photoperiod Sensitive

Four phases of development from emergence to anthesis of the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) are recognized based on transfer studies using 9- and 16-hour photoperiods: a photoperiod-insensitive juvenile phase (JP), a photoperiod-sensitive inductive phase (PSP), a photoperiod-sensitive postinductive phase (PSPP), and a photoperiod-insensitive postinductive phase (PIPP). The objective of this experiment was to determine how the durations of the photoperiod-sensitive phases changed when the plants were exposed to different photoperiods. Plants were grown in lamplit growth chambers with a 12-hour thermoperiod of 25 °C day/20 °C night. They were transferred from a noninductive 9-h to an inductive 12-, 14-, or 16-hour photoperiod or vice versa at 1- to 4-day intervals to determine the durations of the four phases. The average number of days to flower by plants grown continuously in a 16-hour photoperiod was 32 days. Days to flower were delayed by 10 days in the 14-hour photoperiod and by 36 days in the 12-hour photoperiod. The durations of the four phases were not equally affected by photoperiod. The first three phases were photoperiod-dependent, the photoperiod effect being nonlinear. The durations of JP, PSP, and PSPP were 3, 5, and 17 days in the 16-hour; 4, 8, and 23 days in the 14-hour; and 7, 14, and 40 days in the 12-hour photoperiod, respectively. The final phase was not sensitive to photoperiod (i.e., PIPP lasted 7 days regardless of photoperiod). Based on these results, we conclude that the so-called juvenile phase cannot be regarded as photoperiod-insensitive. To model the development of opium poppy under field conditions, a knowledge of daylength as early as seedling emergence may be necessary. The number of inductive cycles needed for floral induction and the rate of floral development largely depend on the photoperiod experienced.

scholarly journals Quantitative Trait Loci and Candidate Genes Associated with Photoperiod Sensitivity in Lettuce (Lactuca spp.)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rongkui Han ◽  
Dean Lavelle ◽  
Maria José Truco ◽  
Richard Michelmore
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Trait Loci ◽  
Flowering Time ◽  
Quantitative Trait ◽  
Recombinant Inbred Lines ◽  
Photoperiod Sensitivity ◽  
Short Day ◽  
Lactuca Serriola ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Trait Loci ◽  
Photoperiod Sensitive

Abstract Key message A population of lettuce that segregated for photoperiod sensitivity was planted under long-day and short-day conditions. Genetic mapping revealed two distinct sets of QTLs controlling daylength-independent and photoperiod-sensitive flowering time. Abstract The molecular mechanism of flowering time regulation in lettuce is of interest to both geneticists and breeders because of the extensive impact of this trait on agricultural production. Lettuce is a facultative long-day plant which changes in flowering time in response to photoperiod. Variations exist in both flowering time and the degree of photoperiod sensitivity among accessions of wild (Lactuca serriola) and cultivated (L. sativa) lettuce. An F6 population of 236 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) was previously developed from a cross between a late-flowering, photoperiod-sensitive L. serriola accession and an early-flowering, photoperiod-insensitive L. sativa accession. This population was planted under long-day (LD) and short-day (SD) conditions in a total of four field and screenhouse trials; the developmental phenotype was scored weekly in each trial. Using genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) data of the RILs, quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping revealed five flowering time QTLs that together explained more than 20% of the variation in flowering time under LD conditions. Using two independent statistical models to extract the photoperiod sensitivity phenotype from the LD and SD flowering time data, we identified an additional five QTLs that together explained more than 30% of the variation in photoperiod sensitivity in the population. Orthology and sequence analysis of genes within the nine QTLs revealed potential functional equivalents in the lettuce genome to the key regulators of flowering time and photoperiodism, FD and CONSTANS, respectively, in Arabidopsis.

scholarly journals Genome and transcriptome of Papaver somniferum Chinese landrace CHM indicates that massive genome expansion contributes to high benzylisoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Pei ◽  
Baishi Wang ◽  
Jian Ye ◽  
Xiaodi Hu ◽  
Lihong Fu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Genomic Analysis ◽  
Gene Families ◽  
Papaver Somniferum ◽  
Opium Poppy ◽  
Structural Variations ◽  
Multiple Organs ◽  
Genome Expansion ◽  
Chinese Landrace

AbstractOpium poppy (Papaver somniferum) is a source of morphine, codeine, and semisynthetic derivatives, including oxycodone and naltrexone. Here, we report the de novo assembly and genomic analysis of P. somniferum traditional landrace ‘Chinese Herbal Medicine’. Variations between the 2.62 Gb CHM genome and that of the previously sequenced high noscapine 1 (HN1) variety were also explored. Among 79,668 protein-coding genes, we functionally annotated 88.9%, compared to 68.8% reported in the HN1 genome. Gene family and 4DTv comparative analyses with three other Papaveraceae species revealed that opium poppy underwent two whole-genome duplication (WGD) events. The first of these, in ancestral Ranunculales, expanded gene families related to characteristic secondary metabolite production and disease resistance. The more recent species-specific WGD mediated by transposable elements resulted in massive genome expansion. Genes carrying structural variations and large-effect variants associated with agronomically different phenotypes between CHM and HN1 that were identified through our transcriptomic comparison of multiple organs and developmental stages can enable the development of new varieties. These genomic and transcriptomic analyses will provide a valuable resource that informs future basic and agricultural studies of the opium poppy.

COMBINING ABILITY FOR INHERITANCE OF ECONOMIC TRAITS IN OPIUM POPPY (Papaver somniferum L.)

2011 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 01-08
Author(s):  
B. Kumar ◽  
N. K. Patra
Keyword(s):  
Combining Ability ◽  
Diallel Cross ◽  
Papaver Somniferum ◽  
Opium Poppy ◽  
Economic Traits ◽  
Degree Of Dominance ◽  
Parental Material ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Important Medicinal Plant

Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) is an important medicinal plant produces more than 80 alkaloids obtained from the capsules and straw of the plant. The estimate of combining ability gives an indication of the genetic behaviour of the parental material. It is therefore, desirable to select the parents for hybridization on the basis of their per se performance and combining ability effects. The F1, F2 and their reciprocals of an eight parent diallel cross in opium poppy were studied for combining ability of seven economic traits. The mean sum of squares due to GCA, SCA and reciprocals were significant for all the traits. The magnitude of GCA variances were invariably higher than those of SCA and thus indicating the preponderance of non-additive genetic variances, which was further affirmed by the measure of average degree of dominance i.e. ?(?2s/? 2g).  Among the parents VN35I for plant height, Sanchita and VG26 for capsules per plant, VN23, VN35I and Vivek for capsule index, VG26 and Sanchita for seed and straw yield per plant, and VN35I and VG20 for morphine content were found good general combiners. Earliness being a desired trait, parent VG20 having significant negative GCA estimates coupled with per se performance can be considered as good general combiner for early flowering. Inclusion of good general combiners in a multiple crossing program or an inter-mating population involving all possible crosses among them subjected to bi-parental mating may be expected to offer maximum promise in breeding for economic traits.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjpbg.v24i2.17000

Reproductive Responses of Capsicum annuum to High Temperatures

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 543c-543
Author(s):  
Ami N. Erickson ◽  
Albert H. Markhart
Keyword(s):  
Capsicum Annuum ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Fruit Development ◽  
Flower Development ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Bud Size ◽  
Growth Chambers ◽  
Constant Growth

Fruit yield reduction due to high temperatures has been widely observed in Solanaceous crops. Our past experiments have demonstrated that Capsicum annuum cultivars Ace and Bell Boy completely fail to produce fruit when grown at constant 33 °C. However, flowers are produced, continually. To determine which stages of flower development are sensitive to high temperatures, pepper buds, ranging in size from 1 mm to anthesis, were exposed to high temperatures for 6 hr, 48 hr, 5 days, or for the duration of the experiment. Fruit set for each bud size was determined. Exposure to high temperatures at anthesis and at the 2-mm size stage for 2 or more days significantly reduced fruit production. To determine whether inhibition of pollination, inhibition of fertilization, and/or injury to the female or male structures prevents fruit production at high temperatures, flowers from pepper cultivars Ace and Bell Boy were grown until flowers on the 8th or 9th node were 11 mm in length. Plants were divided between 25 °C and 33 °C constant growth chambers for 2 to 4 days until anthesis. At anthesis, flowers from both treatments were cross-pollinated in all combination, and crosses were equally divided between 33 or 25 °C growth chambers until fruit set or flowers abscised. All flower crosses resulted in 80% to 100% fruit set when post-pollination temperatures were 25 °C. However, post-pollination temperatures of 33 °C significantly reduced fruit production. Reduced fruit set by flowers exposed to high temperatures during anthesis and pollination is not a result of inviable pollen or ovule, but an inhibition of fertilization or initial fruit development.

scholarly journals Profiles of Secondary Metabolites (Phenolic Acids, Carotenoids, Anthocyanins, and Galantamine) and Primary Metabolites (Carbohydrates, Amino Acids, and Organic Acids) during Flower Development in Lycoris radiata

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 248
Author(s):  
Chang Ha Park ◽  
Hyeon Ji Yeo ◽  
Ye Jin Kim ◽  
Bao Van Nguyen ◽  
Ye Eun Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Phenolic Acids ◽  
Flower Development ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Tca Cycle ◽  
Primary And Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Hydrophilic Compounds ◽  
Tca Cycle Intermediates

This study aimed to elucidate the variations in primary and secondary metabolites during Lycorisradiata flower development using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOFMS). The result showed that seven carotenoids, seven phenolic acids, three anthocyanins, and galantamine were identified in the L. radiata flowers. Most secondary metabolite levels gradually decreased according to the flower developmental stages. A total of 51 metabolites, including amines, sugars, sugar intermediates, sugar alcohols, amino acids, organic acids, phenolic acids, and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates, were identified and quantified using GC-TOFMS. Among the hydrophilic compounds, most amino acids increased during flower development; in contrast, TCA cycle intermediates and sugars decreased. In particular, glutamine, asparagine, glutamic acid, and aspartic acid, which represent the main inter- and intracellular nitrogen carriers, were positively correlated with the other amino acids and were negatively correlated with the TCA cycle intermediates. Furthermore, quantitation data of the 51 hydrophilic compounds were subjected to partial least-squares discriminant analyses (PLS-DA) to assess significant differences in the metabolites of L. radiata flowers from stages 1 to 4. Therefore, this study will serve as the foundation for a biochemical approach to understand both primary and secondary metabolism in L. radiata flower development.

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