scholarly journals 368 Effects of Nitrogen Fertilization on Saw Palmetto (Serenoa repens)

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 455F-456
Author(s):  
Mary E. Carrington ◽  
Monica Ozores-Hampton ◽  
J. Jeffrey Mullahey
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
N Addition ◽  
Serenoa Repens ◽  
Size Category ◽  
Saw Palmetto ◽  
P Concentration ◽  
Palm Species ◽  
K Concentration ◽  
Leaf P ◽  
Leaf N

Saw palmetto (Serenoa repens), a palm species native to the Southeastern United States, is used in ornamental plantings and landscaping. From Mar. 1998 to Mar. 1999, we conducted an experiment to assess effects of different levels of nitrogen addition on three sizes of containerized saw palmettos in southwest Florida. Palmettos were in 26-L containers (plant height 30 to 50 cm, no above-ground rhizome), 38-L containers (plant height 50 to 80 cm, above-ground, prostrate rhizome), and 170-L containers (three erect above-ground rhizomes 1 to 2 m high). We applied granulated ammonium nitrate (34% N) to the soil surface four times during the year, at 6 yearly rates of N addition for each size category of palmettos (24 palmettos in each size category). We also applied granulated concentrated triple superphosphate (46% P2O5) and potassium chloride (60% K2O) at constant yearly rates for each size category. We measured height and width of plants and length and width of leaves at the beginning and end of the experiment. We quantified leaf N, P and K concentration two days after first fertilizer application, and at the end of the experiment. For 26-L plants, increasing rates of N addition were reflected in higher levels of leaf N concentration two days after the first application. Leaf growth was less, and leaf K concentration at the end of the experiment was lower with increasing rates of N addition. Leaf P concentration at the end of the experiment decreased, and then increased with increasing rates of N addition. Plant growth for 170-L plants decreased and then increased, and leaf P concentration at the end of the experiment decreased with increasing rates of N addition.

scholarly journals Mulch Improves Pecan Tree Growth during Orchard Establishment

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 192-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael W. Smith ◽  
Becky L. Carroll ◽  
Becky S. Cheary
Keyword(s):  
Tree Height ◽  
Carya Illinoinensis ◽  
Split Application ◽  
Single Application ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Leaf N Concentration ◽  
K Concentration ◽  
N Rates ◽  
Leaf P ◽  
Leaf N

`Giles' pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch] seedlings were either not mulched or mulched with wood chips arranged in a 1- or 2-m-wide square that was 30 cm deep. Mulch treatments were in factorial combination with two N rates applied as either a single application at budbreak or as a split application at budbreak and 3 weeks later. Tree height was positively related to mulch width each year of the 3-year study, and trunk diameter was positively related to mulch width during the second and third years of the experiment. Leaf P and K concentration during 2 years and leaf N during 1 year of the study were positively related to mulch width. Trees receiving the higher N rate were taller during 2 of 3 years, but leaf N concentration was not affected by N rate. No differences in the parameters measured were observed whether N was applied as a single or as a split application.

scholarly journals Solar radiation effects on leaf nitrogen and phosphorus stoichiometry of Chinese fir across subtropical China

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ran Tong ◽  
Yini Cao ◽  
Zhihong Zhu ◽  
Chenyang Lou ◽  
Benzhi Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Forest Ecosystems ◽  
Chinese Fir ◽  
Path Coefficient ◽  
Soil P ◽  
P Concentration ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
P Content ◽  
Leaf N Concentration ◽  
Leaf P ◽  
Leaf N

Abstract Background Solar radiation (SR) plays critical roles in plant physiological processes and ecosystems functions. However, the exploration of SR influences on the biogeochemical cycles of forest ecosystems is still in a slow progress, and has important implications for the understanding of plant adaption strategy under future environmental changes. Herein, this research was aimed to explore the influences of SR on plant nutrient characteristics, and provided theoretical basis for introducing SR into the establishment of biochemical models of forest ecosystems in the future researches. Methods We measured leaf nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) stoichiometry in 19 Chinese fir plantations across subtropical China by a field investigation. The direct and indirect effects of SR, including global radiation (Global R), direct radiation (Direct R) and diffuse radiation (Diffuse R) on the leaf N and P stoichiometry were investigated. Results The linear regression analysis showed that leaf N concentration had no association with SR, while leaf P concentration and N:P ratio were negatively and positively related to SR, respectively. Partial least squares path model (PLS-PM) demonstrated that SR (e.g. Direct R and Diffuse R), as a latent variable, exhibited direct correlations with leaf N and P stoichiometry as well as the indirect correlation mediated by soil P content. The direct associations (path coefficient = − 0.518) were markedly greater than indirect associations (path coefficient = − 0.087). The covariance-based structural equation modeling (CB-SEM) indicated that SR had direct effects on leaf P concentration (path coefficient = − 0.481), and weak effects on leaf N concentration. The high SR level elevated two temperature indexes (mean annual temperature, MAT; ≥ 10 °C annual accumulated temperature, ≥ 10 °C AAT) and one hydrological index (mean annual evapotranspiration, MAE), but lowered the soil P content. MAT, MAE and soil P content could affect the leaf P concentration, which cause the indirect effect of SR on leaf P concentration (path coefficient = 0.004). Soil N content had positive effect on the leaf N concentration, which was positively and negatively regulated by MAP and ≥ 10 °C AAT, respectively. Conclusions These results confirmed that SR had negatively direct and indirect impacts on plant nutrient status of Chinese fir based on a regional investigation, and the direct associations were greater than the indirect associations. Such findings shed light on the guideline of taking SR into account for the establishment of global biogeochemical models of forest ecosystems in the future studies.

scholarly journals Variations of leaf N, P concentrations in shrubland biomes across northern China: phylogeny, climate and soil

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (22) ◽  
pp. 18973-18998 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. Yang ◽  
X. Chi ◽  
C. Ji ◽  
H. Liu ◽  
W. Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Nutrient ◽  
Northern China ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Soil P ◽  
P Concentration ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Leaf N Concentration ◽  
Chemical Traits ◽  
Leaf P ◽  
Leaf N

Abstract. Concentrations of leaf nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are key leaf traits in ecosystem functioning and dynamics. Foliar stoichiometry varies remarkably among life forms. However, previous studies have focused on trees and grasses, leaving the knowledge gap for the stoichiometric patterns of shrubs. In this study, we explored the intra- and interspecific variations of leaf N and P concentration in relation to climate, soil property and evolutionary history based on 1486 samples composed of 163 shrub species from 361 shrubland sites in northern China expanding 46.1° (86.7–132.8° E) in longitude and 19.8° (32.6–52.4° N) in latitude. The results showed that leaf N concentration decreased with precipitation, leaf P concentration decreased with temperature and increased with precipitation and soil P concentration. Both leaf N and P concentrations were phylogenetically conserved, but leaf P concentration was less conserved than leaf N concentration. At community level, climates explained more interspecific, while soil nutrient explained more intraspecific, variation of leaf nutrient concentrations. These results suggested that leaf N and P concentrations responded to climate, soil, and phylogeny in different ways. Climate influenced the community chemical traits through the shift in species composition, whereas soil directly influenced the community chemical traits.

scholarly journals Correlations between Leaf Nutrient Content and the Production of Metabolites in Orange Jessamine (Murraya paniculata L. Jack) Fertilized with Chicken Manure

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siti Rahmah Karimuna ◽  
Sandra Arifin Aziz ◽  
Maya Melati
Keyword(s):  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Chicken Manure ◽  
Blood Cholesterol ◽  
Mature Leaves ◽  
P Concentration ◽  
Murraya Paniculata ◽  
K Concentration ◽  
Leaf P ◽  
Very High

Plant secondary metabolites are unique sources for pharmaceuticals and food additives. Orange jessamine (Murraya paniculata) contains secondary metabolite that is beneficial to human health including lowering blood cholesterol levels, anti-obesity, and has the antioxidant capacity. Leaves of orange jessamine have several chemical constituents including L-cadinene, methyl-anthranilate, bisabolene, β-caryophyllene, geraniol, Carene, 5-guaiazulene, osthole, paniculatin, tannins, eugenol, citronelled, coumurrayin and coumarin derivatives. This study aimed to determine the correlation between leaf concentrations of N, P and K with leaf bioactive compounds following chicken manure application to the plants. The experiment was conducted at IPB Experimental Station at Cikarawang, Bogor (6o30' - 6o45' S, 106o30'-106o45' E) from March to November 2014 (250 m above sea level). The study used a randomized block design (RBD) with rates of chicken manure as a treatment, i.e. 0, 2.5, 5 and 7.5 kg per plant. Chicken manure was applied at 30 months after planting (MAP). Leaves were harvested by pruning the plants to a height of 75 cm above the soil surface. The results showed that the optimum rates of chicken manure to produce maximum fresh and dry leaf weight were 3.1 kg and 6.5 kg per plant, respectively. This rate was sufficient for leaf production at the first harvest (34 MAP) but was insufficient for the second harvest (38 MAP). K concentration of the leaves from different positions within the plant and leaf age positively correlated with leaf dry weight (P <0.01), but negatively correlated with total flavonoid content (P <0.01). Leaf P concentration was negatively correlated with dry weight of the 5th young leaves, or mature leaves from all positions. Leaf K concentration was categorized very high (3.59-4.10%), whereas leaf P concentration was high (0.28-0.29%) to very high (0.33-0.35%). The 5th mature leaves determined plant K requirements.Keywords: antioxidant, bioactive compounds, leaf position, organic, NPK leaf concentrations

Crease (Albedo Breakdown) can be Predicted by Peel Thickness and Peel Nutrient Status as Early as the End of the Cell Division Stage of Fruit Development

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 498b-498
Author(s):  
Anwar Ali ◽  
Leslie Summers ◽  
Grant Klein ◽  
Carol Lovatt
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Fruit Development ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Threshold Values ◽  
Citrus Industry ◽  
P Concentration ◽  
K Concentration ◽  
Leaf N

Crease is a rind disorder of economic consequence to the citrus industry. The literature suggests crease is related to the thickness of the peel at maturity and nutrient status of the tree, especially N, P, and K, which are known to influence peel thickness. Our objective was to quantify the interrelationship between the degree of crease in an orchard at harvest and September leaf nutrient concentrations, as well as peel nutrient concentrations at maximum peel thickness. The 2-year experiment was conducted at seven California `Valencia' and navel orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) orchards with known differences in the incidence of crease. Maximum peel thickness, which occurs at the end of cell division during fruit development, was significantly negatively correlated with percent crease at harvest for all sites in both years. There was no significant correlation between leaf N, P, or K concentrations and maximum peel thickness or crease. There was a significant negative correlation between peel K concentration and percent crease for all sites in both years. There was a weak correlation between the incidence of crease and peel nitrogen content in both cultivars. Peel P concentration was not correlated to the incidence of crease in either cultivar. These data identified threshold values for maximum peel thickness and peel K concentration at maximum peel thickness below which the incidence of crease would be greater than 10% for both cultivars.

scholarly journals Leaf Nitrogen and Phosphorus Stoichiometry of Chinese fir Plantations across China: A Meta-Analysis

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 945 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ran Tong ◽  
Benzhi Zhou ◽  
Lina Jiang ◽  
Xiaogai Ge ◽  
Yonghui Cao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
N:P Ratio ◽  
Leaf Nitrogen ◽  
Chinese Fir ◽  
Stand Age ◽  
Mean Annual Temperature ◽  
P Concentration ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Leaf P ◽  
Leaf N

Leaf nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) stoichiometry at a large geographical scale is the result of long-term adaptation to the environment. Therefore, the patterns of leaf N and P spatial distributions and their controlling factors represent an important issue in current ecological research. To explore the leaf stoichiometry of Chinese fir at a national level, we conducted a meta-analysis based on the dataset of the leaf nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations and the N:P ratio from 28 study sites across China. For all of the age groups considered, the average concentrations of the leaf N and P concentrations and the N:P ratio were 11.94 mg g−1, 1.04 mg g−1, and 12.93, respectively. Significant differences were found in the leaf P concentration and N:P ratio between the five age groups, while the differences in the leaf N concentration between the groups were not significant. Linear fitting results indicated that the leaf P concentration decreased, and the leaf N:P ratio increased with the increase of the MAT (mean annual temperature) and soil N concentration. Redundancy analysis (RDA) revealed that the first axis, with an explanatory quantity of 0.350, indicated that the MAT (mean annual temperature), soil nitrogen concentration and stand age had a good relationship with the leaf P concentration and N:P ratio, while the second axis, with an explanatory quantity of 0.058, indicated that the leaf N concentration was less affected by the environmental factors. These results demonstrate that the leaf P concentration and N:P ratio are affected by the stand age, an uneven distribution of the heat and soil nutrient concentration status, and N, as the limiting element, remaining relatively stable. Overall, our findings revealed the response of leaf stoichiometric traits to environment change, which benefits the management of Chinese fir plantations.

scholarly journals Effects of Rhizosphere Carbon Dioxide on the Nutrition and Growth of Peach Trees

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (7) ◽  
pp. 1197-1199 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.M. Glenn ◽  
W.V. Welker
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
P Concentration ◽  
Leaf N Concentration ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Peach Trees ◽  
Leaf P ◽  
Reduced Water ◽  
Leaf N

Our objectives in this study were to measure the effects of low levels of root system carbon dioxide on peach tree growth (Prunus persica L. Batsch) and nutrient uptake. Using soil and hydroponic systems, we found that increased root CO2: 1) increased root growth without increasing shoot growth, 2) increased leaf P concentration, 3) decreased leaf N concentration, and 4) reduced water use relative to air injection or no treatment.

scholarly journals Potassium Nutrition Affects Leaf Growth, Anatomy, and Macroelements of Guzmania

HortScience ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 146-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao-Yi Lin ◽  
Der-Ming Yeh
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Storage Tissue ◽  
Potassium Nutrition ◽  
Coconut Husk ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Leaf N Concentration ◽  
K Concentration ◽  
Leaf P ◽  
Leaf N

Guzmania lingulata (L.) Mez. ‘Cherry’ plants were grown in coconut husk chips. All plants were given 8 mm nitrogen (N), 2 mm phosphorus (P), 4 mm calcium (Ca), and 1 mm magnesium (Mg) at each irrigation with potassium (K) concentration at 0, 2, 4, or 6 mm. After 9 months, K concentration did not alter the number of new leaves, and shoot and root dry weights. Increasing K concentration did not affect the length but increased the width of the most recently fully expanded leaves (the sixth leaves). Plants under 0 K exhibited yellow spots and irregular chlorosis on old leaves being more severe at the middle of the blade and leaf tip. Numbers of leaves with yellow spots or chlorosis decreased with increasing K concentration. Chlorenchyma thickness was unaffected by K concentration, whereas water storage tissue and total leaf thickness increased with increasing K concentration. Leaf N concentration in the sixth or 10th leaf was unaffected by solution K concentration. However, plants at 0 mm K had higher N concentration in the 14th leaf than those in sixth and 10th leaves. Leaf P, Ca, and Mg concentrations decreased with increasing solution K concentration. K concentrations were higher in the sixth leaf than the 14th leaf in plants at 0, 2, or 4 mm K, whereas leaf K concentration was 15 g·kg−1 on dry weight basis in the sixth, 10th, or 14th leaves in plants treated with 6 mm K.

scholarly journals Root-medium Nutrient Concentration and Growth of Poinsettia at Three Fertilizer Concentrations and Four Leaching Fractions

1993 ◽  
Vol 118 (6) ◽  
pp. 771-776 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark V. Yelanich ◽  
John A. Biernbaum
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Concentration ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Euphorbia Pulcherrima ◽  
Shoot Height ◽  
P Concentration ◽  
Leaf N Concentration ◽  
Leaf P ◽  
Phosphorous Concentration ◽  
Leaf N ◽  
Plant Dry Mass

`V-14 Glory' poinsettias (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzsch) were fertilized at every irrigation with solutions containing 7, 14, or 28 mol N/m3 at four leaching fractions (LFs) of 0, 0.1 to 0.2, 0.3 to 0.4, or 0.5 to 0.6 or with subirrigation. The N applied ranged from 44 to 464 mmol/pot applied over 12 to 25 irrigations. Medium NO3-N and K concentrations and electrical conductivity were highest at the highest fertilizer concentration and lowest LF throughout cropping. Phosphorous concentration in the medium declined until week 12, when phosphoric acid was added for pH adjustment. Subsequently, medium P concentration was highest in treatments with the highest LF. Final shoot height, plant dry mass, and leaf area decreased as fertilizer concentration increased. Highest fresh mass, bract area, and shoot: root ratio were obtained with 14 or 28 mol N/m3 and a 0.55 LF or with 7 mol N/m3 and a 0.15 LF. Leaf N concentration was lower with subirrigation than with surface application. Leaf P and Mg were lower at higher LFs or with subirrigation, but leaf K was not influenced by the treatments.

scholarly journals Mulches and Biosolids Affect Vigor, Yield and Leaf Nutrition of Fertigated High Density Apple

HortScience ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.H. Neilsen ◽  
E.J. Hogue ◽  
T. Forge ◽  
D. Neilsen
Keyword(s):  
Soil Management ◽  
High Density ◽  
First Year ◽  
Cumulative Yield ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
P Concentration ◽  
K Concentration ◽  
Biosolids Application ◽  
Leaf P ◽  
Leaf Nutrient Concentration

`Spartan' apple (Malus×domestica Borkh.) trees on M.9 (T337) rootstock were planted in April 1994 at 1.25 m × 3.5 m spacing. Seven soil management treatments were applied within a 2-m-wide strip centered on the tree row and arranged in a randomized complete-block experimental design. Treatments included a weed-free strip (check) maintained with four annual applications of glyphosate; surface application of 45 t·ha-1 of Greater Vancouver Regional District (GVRD) biosolids applied in 1994 and again in 1997; mulches of shredded office paper; alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) hay; black woven polypropylene; and shredded paper applied over 45 t·ha-1 GVRD-and Kelowna-biosolids applied in 1994 and 1997. All experimental trees were fertigated with phosphorus (P) in the first year and with nitrogen (N) annually. Cumulative yield for the first five harvests was higher for trees subjected to any soil management treatment relative to check trees. Maximum cumulative yield, exceeding check trees by 80%, was measured for trees grown with a shredded paper mulch with or without biosolids application. Trees from the three shredded paper treatments were the only ones significantly larger than check trees after six growing seasons. No increases in leaf nutrient concentration were consistently as sociated with improved tree performance. Notable effects included increased leaf P concentration associated with biosolids application, increased leaf K concentration after alfalfa mulch application and temporary increases in leaf Zn and Cu concentration associated with application of biosolids high in Zn and Cu. Use of both mulches and biosolids amendments benefits growth of trees in high density plantings despite daily drip irrigation and annual fertigation.

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