scholarly journals 402 Compost and Solarization Affect Broccoli Head Weight, but Not Yield

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 462B-462
Author(s):  
Nancy Roe ◽  
Johnnie R. Schmidt ◽  
Tobin Fojtik
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Oleracea ◽  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Dairy Manure ◽  
Soil Microorganism ◽  
Soil Fumigation ◽  
Organic Farm ◽  
Manure Compost ◽  
Head Weight ◽  
Polyethylene Mulch

Some possible alternatives to soil fumigation with methyl bromide include soil solarization and the use of composts to modify soil microorganism populations. We tested combinations of solarization and compost on a broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.) crop on an organic farm. Treatments were: solarization with compost (SC); solarization without compost (SW); compost only (NC); and an untreated control (NW). Dairy manure compost was applied manually to compost plots at 22 Mg/ha, raised beds were constructed, and solarization plots were covered with clear polyethylene from 13 July to 26 Aug. Black polyethylene mulch was applied to all plots, covering the clear polyethylene. Broccoli, cv. Packman, transplants were planted into the beds and fertilized with fish emulsion fertilizer three times for a total of ≈22 kg/ha N. Broccoli heads were harvested on 1, 5, and 9 Dec., trimmed to 15 cm, weighed and counted. Marketable yields were 8704, 7117, 8169, and 8374 (kg/ha) and mean head weights were 353, 228, 286, 313 (g) for SC, SW, NC, and NW, respectively. Under these conditions, head weights were highest with compost and solarization, and marketable yields were similar.

scholarly journals Reduction of Phytophthora cactorum in Strawberry Fields by Trichoderma spp. and Soil Solarization

Plant Disease ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 91 (2) ◽  
pp. 142-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Porras ◽  
C. Barrau ◽  
F. T. Arroyo ◽  
B. Santos ◽  
C. Blanco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Control ◽  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Low Density Polyethylene ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Phytophthora Cactorum ◽  
Trichoderma Spp ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Polyethylene Mulch

Field experiments were conducted in southwest Spain for three consecutive years from 2000 to 2003 to evaluate the effectiveness of solarization and Trichoderma spp., alone and combined, in reducing Phytophthora cactorum soil populations and consequently leather rot on fruit of strawberry plants. Plots (12.5 by 3.3 m), never treated with methyl bromide, were naturally infested by P. cactorum. Solarization was conducted during the summer, using clear 50-µm low-density polyethylene mulch. Trichoderma spp. were applied via drip and dip, adding to the soil 7 days before planting (108 conidia/m2), and strawberry roots were dipped in a suspension of Trichoderma spp. (106 conidia/ml) prior to planting. Solarization reduced the soil P. cactorum population 100% in year 1, 47% in year 2, and 55% in year 3 relative to the untreated control. Trichoderma spp. applications reduced soil populations of P. cactorum and reduced leather rot incidence 76.6% in year 1 and 33.8% in year 2 compared with the untreated control. The combination of solarization and Trichoderma spp. reduced P. cactorum soil population the most each year, 88.9% in January 2001, 97.6% in 2002, and 99.0% in 2003. The very promising effect of Trichoderma spp. and solarization against P. cactorum indicates that there may be future alternatives to traditional chemicals for disease control.

scholarly journals 175 Synthetic Mulches Increase Strawberry Yields Compared with Organic Mulches

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 472C-472
Author(s):  
Nancy Roe ◽  
Toby Fojtik ◽  
Johnnie R. Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation System ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Dairy Manure ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Fragaria Ananassa ◽  
Recycled Paper ◽  
Manure Compost ◽  
Weed Growth ◽  
New Varieties ◽  
Polyethylene Mulch

Affluent “peri-urban” populations in some areas have created new markets for small specialized growers. Although intensive growing systems using drip irrigation and fertigation with new varieties can increase yields, there is also a desire to use systems that are viewed as more sustainable. One way to reduce the environmental impact of intensive systems is to use organic mulches that do not require disposal and can improve soil conditions. `Chandler' strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa Duch.) transplants were set in raised beds on 28 Oct. 1997. All plots received pre-plant P at 73 kg/ha. Treatments were: hay mulch (HY); a commercial, pelleted, recycled paper mulch (PA); polyethylene mulch (PL); or a woven weed-blocking (WB) fabric, with or without dairy manure compost (22% moisture) at 22 t/ha tilled in before bedding. A total of 184 kg/ha N was applied through the irrigation system in weekly applications during the growing season. The first bloom set was killed by cold on 9 Mar. 1998. Yields from the two synthetic mulch systems (PL = 5502 and WB = 4996 kg/ha) were significantly higher than those from the organic mulches (HY = 2824 and PA = 1735 kg/ha). Mean fruit weight was also higher with synthetic (PL = 10.6 and WB = 10.4g) than organic (HY = 9.5 and PA = 9.0 g) mulches. Factors such as increased weed growth in organic mulches and warmer temperatures in synthetic mulches contributed to increased yields from synthetically mulched plots.

Interaction of Meloidogyne hapla and Verticillium dahliae, and the chemical control of wilt in strawberry

1970 ◽  
Vol 10 (45) ◽  
pp. 493 ◽  
Author(s):  
JW Meagher ◽  
PT Jenkins
Keyword(s):  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Verticillium Dahliae ◽  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Chemical Control ◽  
Soil Fumigation ◽  
Meloidogyne Hapla ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Methyl Isothiocyanate ◽  
Severity Of Disease ◽  
Verticillium Dahliae Kleb

In a field experiment with strawberries, pre-plant treatments with broad-spectrum fumigants methyl bromide-chloropicrin (450 kg/ha) or methyl isothiocyanate-dichloropropene (500 l/ha) (and 300 l/ha) controlled wilt caused by Verticillium dahliae Kleb and resulted in increased yields. Soil fumigation with the nematicide ethylene dibromidz (105 l/ha) also improved yields. It controlled the root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne hapla Chitwood), delayed the onset of wilt symptoms and reduced the severity of disease. This indicated a nematode-fungus interaction and is the first report of a Meloidogyne-Verticillium interaction in strawberry.

Dairy Manure Compost Improves Soil and Increases Tall Wheatgrass Yield

2006 ◽  
Vol 98 (4) ◽  
pp. 1090-1096 ◽  
Author(s):  
Twain J. Butler ◽  
James P. Muir
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Manure ◽  
Manure Compost ◽  
Tall Wheatgrass

Evaluation of Oriental Mustard (Brassica juncea) Seed Meal for Weed Suppression in Turf

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 440-445 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel T. Earlywine ◽  
Reid J. Smeda ◽  
Travis C. Teuton ◽  
Carl E. Sams ◽  
Xi Xiong
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Seed Meal ◽  
Mustard Seed ◽  
Annual Bluegrass ◽  
Oriental Mustard ◽  
Large Crabgrass

Oriental mustard seed meal (MSM), a byproduct generated by pressing the seed for oil, exhibits herbicidal properties. In turfgrass, soil fumigants such as methyl bromide are used to control weeds prior to renovation of turf. Environmental concerns have resulted in deregistration of methyl bromide, prompting the need for alternatives. The objective of this research was to determine the effect of MSM on the establishment of selected turfgrass weeds as well as inhibitory effects on establishment of desirable turfgrasses. Greenhouse experiments were conducted in 2006 and 2007 at the University of Missouri. MSM was amended in soil at 0, 1,350 (low), 2,350 (medium), and 3,360 kg ha−1(high) concentrations. Weed species included annual bluegrass, large crabgrass, buckhorn plantain, white clover, and common chickweed. Turfgrass species included: Rembrandt tall fescue, Evening Shade perennial rye, and Riviera bermudagrass. All species were seeded into soil amended with MSM and either tarped or left untarped. All treatments were compared to dazomet (392 kg ha−1), a synthetic standard. Plant counts and biomass of all species were recorded 4 wk after seeding. Overall, tarped treatments suppressed weed emergence 27 to 50% more compared to untarped treatments, except for large crabgrass. High rates of MSM suppressed emergence of all weeds ≥ 63%. Compared to the untreated control, the density of buckhorn plantain, white clover, and common chickweed was reduced by ≥ 42% at low rates of MSM. Biomass of buckhorn plantain, annual bluegrass, common chickweed, white clover, and large crabgrass was reduced from 37 to 99% at high rates of MSM. MSM at high rates reduced stand counts of tall fescue and perennial ryegrass up to 81% and 77% respectively, compared to the untreated control. Regardless of MSM rates or tarping, suppression of common bermudagrass emergence did not exceed 30%; tarped treatments actually increased bermudagrass emergence by 22%. The biomass for tall fescue, perennial ryegrass, and bermudagrass was reduced by 85, 68, and 10%, respectively, at high rates of MSM. For tall fescue, MSM at all rates strongly suppressed seed germination by 7 d after planting (DAP) (up to 100%), with additional germination observed through 14 DAP, but not thereafter. In both trials, dazomet completely suppressed emergence of all weeds. MSM appears to suppress emergence and growth of a number of weeds common in turf, with potential selectivity for bermudagrass.

scholarly journals Multivariate analysis for head weight and yield performance of experimental cabbage hybrids (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.)

Genetika ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 259-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janko Cervenski ◽  
Jelica Gvozdanovic-Varga ◽  
Mirjana Vasic ◽  
Svetlana Glogovac
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Brassica Oleracea ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Commercial Production ◽  
Yield Performance ◽  
Head Weight ◽  
Pca Method ◽  
Scree Test

This paper reviews characters of 18 cabbage genotypes (9 experimental hybrids vs 4 cultivars and 5 hybrids from the domestic commercial production). The experimental genotypes differed in head weight, growing season and yield performance. The analysis of variability of the characters was performed by the PCA method. The two characters selected by the scree test accounted for 57.7% of the variability. Based on head weight and yield performance, the tested hybrids were classified into two clusters that differed quantitatively.

Differential Survival of Generic E. coli and Listeria spp. in Northeastern U.S. Soils Amended with Dairy Manure Compost, Poultry Litter Compost, and Heat-Treated Poultry Pellets and Fate in Raw Edible Radish Crops

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie Limoges ◽  
Deborah A. Neher ◽  
Thomas R. Weicht ◽  
Patricia D. Millner ◽  
Manan Sharma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Produce ◽  
Poultry Litter ◽  
Dairy Manure ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Manure Compost ◽  
Heat Treated

Composted or heat-treated Biological Soil Amendments of Animal Origin (BSAAO) can be added to soils to provide nutrients for fresh produce. These products lower the risk of pathogen contamination of fresh produce when compared with use of untreated BSAAO; however, meteorological conditions, geographic location, and soil properties can influence the presence of pathogenic bacteria, or their indicators (e.g., generic E. coli) and allow potential for produce contamination. Replicated field plots of loamy or sandy soils were tilled and amended with dairy manure compost (DMC), poultry litter compost (PLC), or no compost (NoC) over two different field seasons, and non-composted heat-treated poultry pellets (HTPP) during the second field season. Plots were inoculated with a three-strain cocktail of rifampicin-resistant E. coli (rE.coli) at levels of 8.7 log CFU/m2. Direct plating and most probable number (MPN) methods measured the persistence of rE.coli and Listeria spp. in plots through 104 days post-inoculation. Greater survival of rE. coli was observed in PLC plots in comparison to DMC plots and NoC plots during year 1 (P < 0.05). Similar trends were observed for year 2, where rE. coli survival was also greater in HTPP amended plots (P < 0.05). Survival of rE. coli was dependent on soil type, where water potential and temperature were significant covariables. Listeria spp. were found in NoC plots, but not in plots amended with HTPP, PLC or DMC. Radish data demonstrate that PLC treatment promoted the greatest level of rE.coli translocation when compared to DMC and NoC treatments (P  < 0.05). These results are consistent with findings from studies conducted in other regions of the US and informs Northeast produce growers that composted and non-composted poultry-based BSAAO supports greater survival of rE. coli in field soils. This result has the potential to impact the food safety risk of edible produce grown in BSAAO amended soils as a result of pathogen contamination.

Integration of Cool-Season Annual Legumes and Dairy Manure Compost with Switchgrass

Crop Science ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 1621-1628 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Randal Bow ◽  
James P. Muir ◽  
David C. Weindorf ◽  
Randy E. Rosiere ◽  
Twain J. Butler
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Manure ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Manure Compost ◽  
Annual Legumes

Effect of ryegrass root residues, knockdown herbicides, and fungicides on the emergence of barley in sandy soils

1987 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 785 ◽  
Author(s):  
WM Blowes
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Sandy Soils ◽  
Soil Fumigation ◽  
Soil Drench ◽  
Pot Experiments ◽  
Seed Dressing ◽  
Winter Crops ◽  
Possible Cause

Poor seedling emergence of 30 000 ha of winter crops occurred in Western Australia in 1984 after herbicides were used to kill weeds prior to sowing. In pot experiments to determine the possible cause(s), the emergence of barley seedlings was reduced by the presence of both herbicide treated and untreated ryegrass root residues in the soil. Fumigation of the soil with methy1 bromide or the application of a fungicide soil drench restored seedling emergence in the presence of ryegrass root residues, but benomyl drench was less effective than methyl bromide fumigant or furalaxyl soil drench. The effects of the residue, fumigant and furalaxyl were consistent in the 3 soils used but soif type affected the severity of the problem. In the presence of ryegrass root residues, Pythim species colonised the large roots and subsurface hypocotyl of barley seedlings. Metalaxyl seed dressing reduced the colonisation of barley seedlings by Pythim species and restored seedling emergence.

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