scholarly journals Effects of Nitrogen and Potassium Fertilization on Perennial Ryegrass Cold Tolerance During Deacclimation in Late Winter and Early Spring

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 842-849 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.E. Webster ◽  
J.S. Ebdon
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Cold Tolerance ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Temperature Tolerance ◽  
Freezing Injury ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Exchangeable K

Turf loss from freezing injury results in costly re-establishment, especially with turfgrasses such as perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) having poor low-temperature hardiness. Studies are limited as to the influence of N and K on cold tolerance during dehardening periods in late winter when grasses are most susceptible to freezing injury. The objective of this study was to evaluate perennial ryegrass low temperature hardiness during deacclimation in response to N and K and associated effects on crown hydration, median killing temperature (LT50), shoot growth rate, tissue K concentration, soil exchangeable K, and low temperature disease. Treatments included five rate levels of N (49, 147, 245, 343, and 441 kg·ha-1·yr-1) in all factorial combinations with 3 rate levels of K (49, 245, and 441 kg·ha-1·yr-1). Low temperature tolerance was assessed using whole plant survival and electrolyte leakage (EL). Interactions between N and K were detected for all field measurements. The effects of N and K on survival LT50 were detected only during late winter periods in February 2004, N and K differences were lost by March. Late winter cold survival was negatively correlated with crown moisture, growth rate, and tissue K. Tissue K concentrations ranged from 28.6 to 35.9 g·kg–1 DM while soil K ranged from 121 to 261 mg·kg–1. Soil extractable K was not correlated with tissue K. Survival and EL LT50 were uncorrelated due to N and K interaction. Survival LT50 ranged from –9.0 to –13.6 °C. Maximum cold hardiness occurred when low to moderate N (49 to 147 kg·ha-1·yr-1) was applied with medium-high to high levels of K (245 to 441 kg·ha-1·yr-1), which corresponded to soil exchangeable K levels ranging from 200 to 260 mg·kg–1. Alternatively, similar K fertilization and soil K levels combined with high rates of N (343 and 441 kg·ha-1·yr-1) increased freeze stress and low temperature fungi (Typhula incarnata). At N rates routinely applied to perennial ryegrass, higher soil extractable K beyond those levels currently recommended for optimum shoot growth could provide some benefit in enhancing cold hardiness. Late fall applied N did not appear to increase the potential for winter injury.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Cold Hardiness in Seven Iranian Commercial Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) Cultivars

HortScience ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 47 (12) ◽  
pp. 1821-1825 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Akbar Ghasemi Soloklui ◽  
Ahmad Ershadi ◽  
Esmaeil Fallahi
Keyword(s):  
Cold Tolerance ◽  
Freezing Tolerance ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Punica Granatum ◽  
Freezing Injury ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Leakage Measurement

Freezing injury is one of the most important limiting factors in commercial pomegranate production. The objectives of this study were to compare cold hardiness of seven Iranian pomegranate cultivars at three stages: November, January, and March, and to investigate the relationship between freezing tolerance and soluble carbohydrate and proline changes of shoots during acclimation and deacclimation. LT50 values, estimated by both electrolyte leakage measurement (EL LT50) and tetrazolium stain test (TST LT50), allowed us to discriminate between the cultivars in terms of freezing tolerance. Acclimation and deacclimation did not occur simultaneously in different cultivars, having a key role in cold tolerance of cultivars, especially in fall and late winter. Post Sefid Bafgh cultivar showed high cold tolerance early in fall, but it was susceptible to cold during winter. ‘Naderi’, ‘Yusef Khani’, ‘Malas Saveh’, and ‘Robab Neyriz’ had the highest midwinter cold hardiness; ‘Mahabadi’ showed an intermediate hardiness, whereas ‘Post Sefid Bafgh’ and ‘Shishe Kap’ were found to be cold-susceptible in this period. Freezing tolerance estimated by TST corresponded to those measured by the EL method in all cultivars, but in November and January, higher variation in freezing tolerance was observed among the cultivars through TST compared with EL measurement. However, LT50 values, estimated by EL measurement, were lower than those estimated through TST in November and March. Soluble carbohydrate concentrations of stem samples increased during cold acclimation from November to January; then it decreased in March. Proline had a narrow range of variation among the cultivars in November, but an increase in the amount of proline was observed during the period of hardening. In general, stronger correlations were observed between LT50 values and the amounts of soluble carbohydrates compared with proline, particularly from fall to midwinter.

scholarly journals Cold Hardiness of Weigela Cultivars

1998 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 238-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve McNamara ◽  
Harold Pellett
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Temperature Tolerance ◽  
Cold Injury ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Freeze Thaw ◽  
Lethal Temperatures ◽  
Low Temperature Tolerance ◽  
Temperature Controlled ◽  
Cold Hardy

Abstract Laboratory freezing tests of stem hardiness were conducted to develop cold hardiness profiles for 18 weigela (Weigela sp.) cultivars during the fall and winter of 1994–95. Tests were performed on containerized plants held in a temperature-controlled greenhouse to prevent exposure to potentially lethal temperatures. No cultivar survived below −6C (21F) in the October 3 test. Subsequent differences in rates of acclimation resulted in cultivars differing in hardiness by as much as 13C (23F) on November 14. Taxa also differed greatly in their maximum midwinter low temperature tolerance with ‘Centennial’ and ‘Eva Supreme’ hardy to −44C (−47F) and −28C (−18F) in mid-January, respectively. None of the cultivars deacclimated substantially in response to a week of artificially-imposed diurnal freeze/thaw cycles in early February. Taxa with the greatest midwinter hardiness also maintained the greatest hardiness in early March. Overall, ‘Centennial’, ‘Java Red’, and ‘Samba’ were the most cold hardy cultivars tested, while ‘Boskoop Glory’, ‘Bristol Snowflake’, and ‘Variegata’ were the least hardy. Cold injury of susceptible weigela cultivars appears to be a consequence of late hardening and/or insufficient midwinter hardiness rather than rapid deacclimation in response to periods of warm temperatures in mid-to late-winter.

Leaf tissue remaining after cutting and regrowth in perennial ryegrass

1974 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison Davies
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Appearance Rate ◽  
Leaf Appearance Rate ◽  
Leaf Appearance ◽  
Increased Activity

SUMMARYWhen one or two leaves were removed out of the three or sometimes four present on each tiller of five genotypes of perennial ryegrass grown in nutrient solution, it was found that the relative growth rate (RGR) was not much less than that of untreated plants. The removal of lower leaves had no effect on RGR. Removal of all leaf blades depressed RGR. It is suggested that the results obtained indicate that the plant has the capacity to compensate for loss of leaf tissue by increased activity in the remaining leaves. Leaf appearance rate and tiller production were found to be the attributes most sensitive to the defoliation treatments imposed, and the degree to which leaf appearance rates were affected by defoliation was found to be a good indicator of the regrowth capacity of the different genotypes. Evidence was obtained linking high regrowth potential with high relative increases in the proportion of plant material allocated to new shoot growth.

Low temperature emergence potential of short season corn hybrids grown under controlled environment and plot conditions

1992 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. J. Hope ◽  
R. Maamari ◽  
S. Séguin ◽  
R. I. Hamilton ◽  
L. M. Dwyer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Laboratory Test ◽  
Cold Tolerance ◽  
Temperature Tolerance ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Corn Hybrids ◽  
Low Temperature Tolerance ◽  
Screening Parameter ◽  
Field Emergence ◽  
Low Temperature Emergence

One important reason for limited progress in selecting corn (Zea mays L.) with superior cold tolerance during germination and early growth is the unpredictable occurrence of cold, wet test springs. Breeders need an efficient laboratory test paralleling field emergence under such climatic conditions. Laboratory screening data from 30 corn hybrids with under 2400 corn heat unit ratings were compared to field emergence data in Atlantic Canada to evaluate the usefulness of a laboratory test as an indicator of cold tolerance. Hybrids were ranked by mean percent emergence using 1985–1989 field data collected from seven locations in the Atlantic region. From daily observations on seed germinated in a germinator at 11 °C, mean times to 50% root and coleoptile initiation, and 1-cm coleoptile were calculated using probit analyses. Field emergence ranked from 1 (highest percent) to 30 was compared to ranking of time to 50% 1-cm coleoptile in the laboratory (one represented most rapid growth). Of the top 15 hybrids (by 1-cm coleoptile), 11 fell in the top half of the hybrids ranked by field emergence. Removal of hybrids with low numbers of field observations, all made during the unusually warm spring of 1989, improved the comparison. These results indicate that time to 50% production of a 1-cm coleoptile is a useful screening parameter to select corn hybrids with superior cold tolerance during germination and early growth.Key words: Corn, maize, low temperature tolerance, emergence

Cold tolerance in rice varieties at different growth stages

2009 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 328 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Ye ◽  
S. Fukai ◽  
I. Godwin ◽  
R. Reinke ◽  
P. Snell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Cold Tolerance ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Temperature Tolerance ◽  
Seedling Stage ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Low Temperature Tolerance ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Different Growth Stages

Low temperature is a common production constraint in rice cultivation in temperate zones and high-elevation environments, with the potential to affect growth and development from germination to grain filling. There is a wide range of genotype-based differences in cold tolerance among rice varieties, these differences often reflecting growth conditions in the place of origin, as well as breeding history. However, improving low temperature tolerance of varieties has been difficult, due to a lack of clarity of the genetic basis to low temperature tolerance for different growth stages of the rice plant. Seeds or plants of 17 rice varieties of different origins were exposed to low temperature during germination (15°C), seedling, booting, and flowering stages (18.5°C), to assess their cold tolerance at different growth stages. Low temperature at the germination stage reduced both the percentage and speed of germination. Varieties from China (B55, Banjiemang, and Lijianghegu) and Hungary (HSC55) were more tolerant of low temperature than other varieties. Most of the varieties showed moderate levels of low temperature tolerance during the seedling stage, the exceptions being some varieties from Australia (Pelde, YRL39, and YRM64) and Africa (WAB160 and WAB38), which were susceptible to low temperature at the seedling stage. Low temperature at booting and flowering stages reduced plant growth and caused a significant decline in spikelet fertility. Some varieties from China (B55, Bangjiemang, Lijiangheigu), Japan (Jyoudeki), the USA (M103, M104), and Australia (Quest) were tolerant or moderately tolerant, while the remaining varieties were susceptible or moderately susceptible to low temperature at booting and flowering stages. Three varieties from China (B55, Lijianghegu, Banjiemang) and one from Hungary (HSC55) showed consistent tolerance to low temperature at all growth stages. These varieties are potentially important gene donors for breeding and genetic studies. The cold tolerance of the 17 rice varieties assessed at different growth stages was correlated. Screening for cold tolerance during early growth stages can therefore potentially be an effective way for assessing cold tolerance in breeding programs.

scholarly journals Tetraploidy  enhances the cold-resistance in yellow kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yipei Li ◽  
Xiaozhen Liu ◽  
Zhou Wei ◽  
Zhimin Zhang ◽  
Wen Bian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Cold Tolerance ◽  
Regulatory Networks ◽  
Temperature Tolerance ◽  
Temperature Treatment ◽  
Actinidia Chinensis ◽  
Low Temperature Tolerance ◽  
Low Temperature Treatment ◽  
Cold Tolerant

Abstract Yellow kiwifruit ( Actinidia chinensis ) is highly susceptible to severe weather, such as low temperature and frost, which may affect the production in the coming year. And the cold-resistant mechanism of kiwifruit associated with gene regulation is poorly investigated. To botain cold-resistant germplam, to provide insight into the causes of differences in low temperature tolerance due to ploidy and to better understand cold-adaptive mechanisms in tetraploid kiwifruit, the diploid yellow kiwifruit ‘SWFU03’ and its tetraploid plantlets were subjected to cold-tolerant screening with L-hydroxyproline (L-Hyp) and low temperature, the selected ones were then analyzed by transcriptome data and confirmed by RT-qPCR. The results showed that the survival rate of tetraploid plants was 62.22% when treated with 8 mmol/L L-Hyp for 30 days, while all the diploid ones died. After treated with 0°C for 12 h, then at room temperature for seven days, the survival rate of tetraploid plantlets was 42.22%, while all diploidy died. Hence, cold tolerance of the tetraploid plantlets was stronger than that of the diploid genotypes. Using these two screening systems, 126 cold-resistant tetraploid tissue culture plantlets were obtained. A total of 1630 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, of which 619 were up-regulated and 1011 were down-regulated in the low temperature treatment goup. The DEGs enriched in the cold-tolerance related pathways mainly included plant hormone signal transduction, and starch and sucrose metabolism pathway. RT-qPCR analysis confirmed the expression levels of eight up-regulated genes in these pathways in the cold-resistant mutants. In conclusion, this study has identified cold-resistant yellow kiwifruit plantlets and cold-tolerance related genes. Moreover, the dataset got in this study advances our knowledge of the cold-adaptive genes in the regulatory networks and leads to understand the cold tolerance mechanisms in the tetraploid yellow kiwifruit.

scholarly journals PRUNING EFFECTS ON COLD HARDINESS OF TWO WOODY ORNAMENTAL PLANT TAXA

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1142f-1142
Author(s):  
C.L. Haynes ◽  
O. M. Lindstrom ◽  
M. A. Dirr
Keyword(s):  
Cold Tolerance ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Ornamental Plant ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Woody Ornamental Plant ◽  
Woody Ornamental ◽  
Cold Hardy

The effects of timing of pruning in relation to cold hardiness of X Cupressocyparis leylandii (A. B. Jacks. and Dallim.) Dallim. and A. B. Jacks. `Haggerston Grey' and Lagerstroemia L. `Natchez' were evaluated on 6 test dates from August 1989 to March 1990. Pruning treatments decreased the cold hardiness of both taxa compared to unpruned controls on 5 test dates. Cold tolerance of `Haggerston Grey' decreased for 4 to 5 months following the August and October pruning compared to the unpruned controls. `Haggerston Grey's cold tolerance were reduced by 6C in February. October and December pruning of `Natchez' reduced cold hardiness by 4C in January. However, cold hardiness of January and February pruning treatments was similar to unpruned controls. In general, the data indicated that plants of `Haggerston Grey' pruned in October through February were less cold hardy than plants pruned in August. Ideally, `Natchez' crape myrtle should be pruned in late winter.

scholarly journals Comparative Cold Tolerance in Diverse Turf Quality Genotypes of Perennial Ryegrass

HortScience ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 826-830 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.S. Ebdon ◽  
R.A. Gagne ◽  
R.C. Manley
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Temperature Tolerance ◽  
Low Temperature Tolerance ◽  
Turf Quality ◽  
Freeze Stress ◽  
Turfgrass Quality ◽  
Low Performance

Turf loss from freezing injury results in costly reestablishment, especially with turfgrasses such as perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) having poor low-temperature tolerance. However, no studies have been conducted to investigate the relative importance of low-temperature tolerance and its contribution to turfgrass quality (performance) in northern climates. The objective of this research was to compare critical freezing thresholds (LT50) of 10 perennial ryegrass cultivars representing contrasting turf-quality types (five high- and five low-performance cultivars). Cultivar selection was based on turfgrass quality ranking (top and bottom five) from the 1997 National Turfgrass Evaluation Program (NTEP) trial conducted at the Maine (Orono) location. Ten freeze-stress temperatures (-3 to -21 °C) and a nonfrozen control (5 °C) were applied to 5-month-old plants. Acclimated (AC) plant material maintained in an unheated polyhouse during the fall and winter in Massachusetts was compared to nonacclimated (NA) plant material (grown at 18 °C minimum in a greenhouse). Low-temperature tolerance was assessed using whole-plant survival and electrolyte leakage (EL). Estimates of LT50 were derived from fitted EL and survival curves using nonlinear regression. High-performance cultivars were able to tolerate significantly lower freeze-stress temperatures indicated by less EL and greater survival compared to low-performance cultivars. The EL method had good predictive capability for low-temperature survival. Acclimated tissues and high-performance cultivars had significantly flatter EL curves and lower mortality rates. These results underscore the importance of selecting cold-tolerant perennial ryegrass genotypes for adaptation to northern climates.

Temperature-related shifts in soluble carbohydrate content during dormancy and cold acclimation in Populus tremuloides

2001 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 730-737 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel E Cox ◽  
Cecil Stushnoff
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Cold Acclimation ◽  
Populus Tremuloides ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Woody Species ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry

Changes in metabolism that accompany cold acclimation and deacclimation, such as increasing levels of raffinose family oligosacharides (RFO) during cold acclimation demonstrated in several woody species, are of interest in a search for genetic control of environmental adaptation by cold-hardy woody plants. This study examined the relationship of temperature to endodormancy and cold hardiness in trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) buds collected at 1560, 2250, and 2900 m elevation near Fort Collins, Colo. Buds from all sites tolerated at least –85°C in December, and buds from 2900 m, the highest elevation, hardened most quickly in fall and retained their hardiness the longest in late winter and early spring. Exposure to liquid nitrogen caused bud break in normally endodormant (15 November collection date) buds. RFO levels were highly correlated to low temperature during acclimation and to lowest survival temperatures. Endogenous raffinose and stachyose increased as temperatures dropped in early winter and diminished as temperatures rose in spring. Arrhenius plots showed that raffinose accumulation was strongly low-temperature dependent during acclimation. Its loss, while also temperature dependant in spring, was not as pronounced as during fall acclimation. Buds from all three sites survived cryopreservation at –196°C when first prefrozen at 5°C/h and stored >4 h at –20°C or colder. Differential scanning calorimetry data suggest that an aqueous component froze separately from tissues that underwent a glass transition in buds that survived cryopreservation. This study documents a complete dormant season hardiness profile of aspen linking hardiness with changes in endogenous soluble sugars.

CHEMICAL MODIFICATION OF COLD HARDINESS IN APPLE TREES IN EASTERN CANADA

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 969-975 ◽  
Author(s):  
WARREN K. COLEMAN ◽  
E. N. ESTABROOKS
Keyword(s):  
New Brunswick ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Freezing Injury ◽  
Historical Study ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Injury Patterns ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Shoot Damage

In conjunction with a brief historical study of probable timing and critical environmental factors associated with winter injury of apple trees in New Brunswick, we evaluated the effects of Alar-85® and Dupont surfactant WK® on seasonal changes in cold hardiness and dormancy intensity of Spur Mac/M.111. An examination of historical winter injury patterns in New Brunswick revealed that there was, on average, a severe occurrence once every 6 yr. These events appeared to be associated with late winter/early spring shoot damage when the shoots are non-dormant and deacclimating. Alar-85® and Dupont surfactant WK® reduced freezing injury although these effects were not consistent from year to year.Key words: Malus × domestica, apple, cold hardiness, Alar-85®, surfactant WK®

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