scholarly journals Evaluation of Cold Hardiness in Seven Iranian Commercial Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) Cultivars

HortScience ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 47 (12) ◽  
pp. 1821-1825 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Akbar Ghasemi Soloklui ◽  
Ahmad Ershadi ◽  
Esmaeil Fallahi
Keyword(s):  
Cold Tolerance ◽  
Freezing Tolerance ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Punica Granatum ◽  
Freezing Injury ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Leakage Measurement

Freezing injury is one of the most important limiting factors in commercial pomegranate production. The objectives of this study were to compare cold hardiness of seven Iranian pomegranate cultivars at three stages: November, January, and March, and to investigate the relationship between freezing tolerance and soluble carbohydrate and proline changes of shoots during acclimation and deacclimation. LT50 values, estimated by both electrolyte leakage measurement (EL LT50) and tetrazolium stain test (TST LT50), allowed us to discriminate between the cultivars in terms of freezing tolerance. Acclimation and deacclimation did not occur simultaneously in different cultivars, having a key role in cold tolerance of cultivars, especially in fall and late winter. Post Sefid Bafgh cultivar showed high cold tolerance early in fall, but it was susceptible to cold during winter. ‘Naderi’, ‘Yusef Khani’, ‘Malas Saveh’, and ‘Robab Neyriz’ had the highest midwinter cold hardiness; ‘Mahabadi’ showed an intermediate hardiness, whereas ‘Post Sefid Bafgh’ and ‘Shishe Kap’ were found to be cold-susceptible in this period. Freezing tolerance estimated by TST corresponded to those measured by the EL method in all cultivars, but in November and January, higher variation in freezing tolerance was observed among the cultivars through TST compared with EL measurement. However, LT50 values, estimated by EL measurement, were lower than those estimated through TST in November and March. Soluble carbohydrate concentrations of stem samples increased during cold acclimation from November to January; then it decreased in March. Proline had a narrow range of variation among the cultivars in November, but an increase in the amount of proline was observed during the period of hardening. In general, stronger correlations were observed between LT50 values and the amounts of soluble carbohydrates compared with proline, particularly from fall to midwinter.

scholarly journals Effects of Nitrogen and Potassium Fertilization on Perennial Ryegrass Cold Tolerance During Deacclimation in Late Winter and Early Spring

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 842-849 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.E. Webster ◽  
J.S. Ebdon
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Cold Tolerance ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Temperature Tolerance ◽  
Freezing Injury ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Exchangeable K

Turf loss from freezing injury results in costly re-establishment, especially with turfgrasses such as perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) having poor low-temperature hardiness. Studies are limited as to the influence of N and K on cold tolerance during dehardening periods in late winter when grasses are most susceptible to freezing injury. The objective of this study was to evaluate perennial ryegrass low temperature hardiness during deacclimation in response to N and K and associated effects on crown hydration, median killing temperature (LT50), shoot growth rate, tissue K concentration, soil exchangeable K, and low temperature disease. Treatments included five rate levels of N (49, 147, 245, 343, and 441 kg·ha-1·yr-1) in all factorial combinations with 3 rate levels of K (49, 245, and 441 kg·ha-1·yr-1). Low temperature tolerance was assessed using whole plant survival and electrolyte leakage (EL). Interactions between N and K were detected for all field measurements. The effects of N and K on survival LT50 were detected only during late winter periods in February 2004, N and K differences were lost by March. Late winter cold survival was negatively correlated with crown moisture, growth rate, and tissue K. Tissue K concentrations ranged from 28.6 to 35.9 g·kg–1 DM while soil K ranged from 121 to 261 mg·kg–1. Soil extractable K was not correlated with tissue K. Survival and EL LT50 were uncorrelated due to N and K interaction. Survival LT50 ranged from –9.0 to –13.6 °C. Maximum cold hardiness occurred when low to moderate N (49 to 147 kg·ha-1·yr-1) was applied with medium-high to high levels of K (245 to 441 kg·ha-1·yr-1), which corresponded to soil exchangeable K levels ranging from 200 to 260 mg·kg–1. Alternatively, similar K fertilization and soil K levels combined with high rates of N (343 and 441 kg·ha-1·yr-1) increased freeze stress and low temperature fungi (Typhula incarnata). At N rates routinely applied to perennial ryegrass, higher soil extractable K beyond those levels currently recommended for optimum shoot growth could provide some benefit in enhancing cold hardiness. Late fall applied N did not appear to increase the potential for winter injury.

scholarly journals PRUNING EFFECTS ON COLD HARDINESS OF TWO WOODY ORNAMENTAL PLANT TAXA

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1142f-1142
Author(s):  
C.L. Haynes ◽  
O. M. Lindstrom ◽  
M. A. Dirr
Keyword(s):  
Cold Tolerance ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Ornamental Plant ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Woody Ornamental Plant ◽  
Woody Ornamental ◽  
Cold Hardy

The effects of timing of pruning in relation to cold hardiness of X Cupressocyparis leylandii (A. B. Jacks. and Dallim.) Dallim. and A. B. Jacks. `Haggerston Grey' and Lagerstroemia L. `Natchez' were evaluated on 6 test dates from August 1989 to March 1990. Pruning treatments decreased the cold hardiness of both taxa compared to unpruned controls on 5 test dates. Cold tolerance of `Haggerston Grey' decreased for 4 to 5 months following the August and October pruning compared to the unpruned controls. `Haggerston Grey's cold tolerance were reduced by 6C in February. October and December pruning of `Natchez' reduced cold hardiness by 4C in January. However, cold hardiness of January and February pruning treatments was similar to unpruned controls. In general, the data indicated that plants of `Haggerston Grey' pruned in October through February were less cold hardy than plants pruned in August. Ideally, `Natchez' crape myrtle should be pruned in late winter.

An apparent relationship of soluble sugars with hardiness in winter wheat varieties

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (19) ◽  
pp. 2198-2201 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Green ◽  
C. D. Ratzlaff
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Cold Hardening ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Hardening Process ◽  
Winter Wheat Cultivars

Soluble carbohydrate patterns of two hardy winter wheat cultivars and two less hardy cultivars were compared during the cold-hardening process. Soluble carbohydrates increased in concentration as the seedlings developed and the cold-hardening process occurred. The largest soluble carbohydrate differentials between the hardy and less hardy winter wheat cultivars occurred in the sucrose and raffinose fractions. The accumulation of sucrose and raffinose in wheat growing at 7.2 °C–0.5 °C day–night was greater in the two less hardy winter wheat cultivars. An inverse relationship existed between soluble sugars and cold hardiness in the four cultivars studied.

Temperature-related shifts in soluble carbohydrate content during dormancy and cold acclimation in Populus tremuloides

2001 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 730-737 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel E Cox ◽  
Cecil Stushnoff
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Cold Acclimation ◽  
Populus Tremuloides ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Woody Species ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry

Changes in metabolism that accompany cold acclimation and deacclimation, such as increasing levels of raffinose family oligosacharides (RFO) during cold acclimation demonstrated in several woody species, are of interest in a search for genetic control of environmental adaptation by cold-hardy woody plants. This study examined the relationship of temperature to endodormancy and cold hardiness in trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) buds collected at 1560, 2250, and 2900 m elevation near Fort Collins, Colo. Buds from all sites tolerated at least –85°C in December, and buds from 2900 m, the highest elevation, hardened most quickly in fall and retained their hardiness the longest in late winter and early spring. Exposure to liquid nitrogen caused bud break in normally endodormant (15 November collection date) buds. RFO levels were highly correlated to low temperature during acclimation and to lowest survival temperatures. Endogenous raffinose and stachyose increased as temperatures dropped in early winter and diminished as temperatures rose in spring. Arrhenius plots showed that raffinose accumulation was strongly low-temperature dependent during acclimation. Its loss, while also temperature dependant in spring, was not as pronounced as during fall acclimation. Buds from all three sites survived cryopreservation at –196°C when first prefrozen at 5°C/h and stored >4 h at –20°C or colder. Differential scanning calorimetry data suggest that an aqueous component froze separately from tissues that underwent a glass transition in buds that survived cryopreservation. This study documents a complete dormant season hardiness profile of aspen linking hardiness with changes in endogenous soluble sugars.

Seasonal differences in freezing tolerance of yellow-cedar and western hemlock trees at a site affected by yellow-cedar decline

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (8) ◽  
pp. 2065-2070 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul G Schaberg ◽  
Paul E Hennon ◽  
David V D'Amore ◽  
Gary J Hawley ◽  
Catherine H Borer
Keyword(s):  
Freezing Tolerance ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Elevational Gradient ◽  
Tsuga Heterophylla ◽  
Freezing Injury ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Canopy Closure ◽  
Seasonal Differences ◽  
Closed Canopy ◽  
Species Specific

To assess whether inadequate cold hardiness could be a contributor to yellow-cedar (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach) decline, we measured the freezing tolerance of foliage from yellow-cedar trees in closed-canopy (nondeclining) and open-canopy (declining at elevations below 130 m) stands at three sites along an elevational gradient in the heart of the decline in southeastern Alaska. Foliar freezing tolerance was also assessed for sympatric nondeclining western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.). Measurements were made in the fall, winter, and spring to evaluate if seasonal differences in cold hardiness help explain species-specific injury. Significant differences in freezing tolerance attributable to site, canopy closure, species, and the interaction of canopy closure and species were each detected for at least one sample period. However, only two results were consistent with field reports of yellow-cedar decline: (1) between winter and spring measurements, yellow-cedar trees dehardened almost 13 °C more than western hemlock trees, so that yellow-cedar trees were more vulnerable to foliar freezing injury in spring than western hemlock; and (2) stands below 130 m appeared more vulnerable to freezing injury than stands above 130 m.

scholarly journals Bermudagrass Freezing Tolerance Associated with Abscisic Acid Metabolism and Dehydrin Expression during Cold Acclimation

2008 ◽  
Vol 133 (4) ◽  
pp. 542-550 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xunzhong Zhang ◽  
Kehua Wang ◽  
Erik H. Ervin
Keyword(s):  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Cold Acclimation ◽  
Freezing Tolerance ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Freezing Injury ◽  
Exogenous Aba ◽  
Aba Metabolism ◽  
Aba Content

Recent advances in bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. var. dactylon] breeding and cultural management practices have enabled its use as a sports surface in U.S. Department of Agriculture cold hardiness zones 5 and 6. Use of these more cold-hardy bermudagrass cultivars further into transition- and cool-season zones increases the probability of freezing injury and increases the need for an improved understanding of physiological responses to chilling and freezing temperatures. Abscisic acid (ABA) has been shown to increase during cold acclimation (CA) and play a role in dehydration tolerance. This study investigated changes in ABA metabolism and dehydrin expression during CA and their association with freezing tolerance in four bermudagrass cultivars. Two cold-tolerant (‘Patriot’ and ‘Riviera’) and two relatively cold-sensitive (‘Tifway’ and ‘Princess’) cultivars were either subjected to CA at 8 °C day/4 °C night with a light intensity of 250 μmol·m−2·s−1 over a 10-h photoperiod for 21 days or maintained at 28 °C day/24 °C night over a 12-h photoperiod. In a separate study, exogenous ABA at 0, 50, 100, and 150 μm was applied to ‘Patriot’ bermudagrass without CA. ABA content in leaf and stolon tissues increased substantially during the first week of CA and remained relatively stable thereafter. ‘Patriot’ and ‘Riviera’ had greater ABA content and less stolon electrolyte leakage (EL) relative to ‘Tifway’ and ‘Princess’. Expression of a 25 kDa dehydrin protein increased during CA in all four cultivars. A significant correlation was found between ABA content and freezing tolerance. Exogenously applying ABA to ‘Patriot’ at 50, 100, and 150 μm significantly increased endogenous ABA content and the 25 kDa dehydrin expression and reduced stolon EL. The results suggest that alteration of ABA metabolism during CA is closely associated with freezing tolerance. Selection and use of cultivars with substantial accumulation of ABA and certain dehydrins during CA or in response to exogenous ABA could improve bermudagrass persistence in transition zone climates.

scholarly journals The Expression of Nonacclimated Freezing Tolerance and Acclimation Capacity in Progeny Derived from Somatic Hybrids of Solanum tuberosum and S. commersonii

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 624d-624 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu-Kuang Chen ◽  
John B. Bamberg ◽  
Jiwan P. Palta
Keyword(s):  
Solanum Tuberosum ◽  
Cold Tolerance ◽  
Freezing Tolerance ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Somatic Hybrids ◽  
Breeding Line ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Cold Sensitive ◽  
Cultivated Potatoes

Tetraploid somatic hybrids between S. tuberosum (tbr) and S. commersonii (cmm) have been produced to incorporate desirable traits such as cold hardiness from cmm into cultivated potatoes. While nonacclimated freezing tolerance (NA) of these somatic hybrids were as low as tbr fusion parent, their acclimation capacity (ACC) approximated that of the parental mean. In order to further explore the potential of using these somatic hybrids in breeding programs and to examine the segregation of genes conferring NA and ACC in somatic hybrids, progenies have been developed from either selfing somatic hybrids or crossing them with a tuberosum breeding line, Wis 231. In total, 48 selfed and 6 backcross progenies were characterized for the expression of NA and ACC. The NA derived from cmm was still poorly recovered in both sets of progenies. However, ACC did show some variation ranging from the level of sensitive fusion parent to that of the selfed parent, HA 26-5. None of the progeny had ACC as high as their cmm parent. Our results suggest that the expression of NA was suppressed by the cold sensitive genome of tbr. Thus, ACC is the form of cold tolerance from cmm, which appears to be most easily accessed though these somatic hybrids.

CHEMICAL MODIFICATION OF COLD HARDINESS IN APPLE TREES IN EASTERN CANADA

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 969-975 ◽  
Author(s):  
WARREN K. COLEMAN ◽  
E. N. ESTABROOKS
Keyword(s):  
New Brunswick ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Freezing Injury ◽  
Historical Study ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Injury Patterns ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Shoot Damage

In conjunction with a brief historical study of probable timing and critical environmental factors associated with winter injury of apple trees in New Brunswick, we evaluated the effects of Alar-85® and Dupont surfactant WK® on seasonal changes in cold hardiness and dormancy intensity of Spur Mac/M.111. An examination of historical winter injury patterns in New Brunswick revealed that there was, on average, a severe occurrence once every 6 yr. These events appeared to be associated with late winter/early spring shoot damage when the shoots are non-dormant and deacclimating. Alar-85® and Dupont surfactant WK® reduced freezing injury although these effects were not consistent from year to year.Key words: Malus × domestica, apple, cold hardiness, Alar-85®, surfactant WK®

Cold hardiness in coastal, montane, and inland populations of Populus trichocarpa

2000 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thaddeus McCamant ◽  
R Alan Black
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Freezing Tolerance ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Populus Trichocarpa ◽  
Hybrid Poplar ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Freezing Injury ◽  
Black Cottonwood

Freezing tolerance was studied in laboratory and field tests using black cottonwood, Populus trichocarpa Torr. & Gray, clones collected from eight populations within the coastal, montane, and inland regions of the Pacific Northwest. Freezing tolerance varied among different populations and was dependent on growing environment. Clones from coastal populations grown in a coastal common garden (Puyallup, Wash.) had 50% less injury in laboratory tests compared with the same clones grown in an inland common garden (Pullman, Wash.). In contrast, clones from inland populations grown in an inland common garden had 50% less injury in laboratory tests compared with the same clones grown in a coastal common garden. Freezing tolerance also varied between coastal populations. In field tests at the inland common garden, clones from inland and montane populations had less freezing injury compared with clones from coastal populations. Leaves on 50% of the clones with coastal origins were killed by the first fall frosts compared with 25% for clones with inland origins. Subsequently, 50% of the coastal clones exhibited winter injury following the winters of 1993-1994 and 1994-1995 at the inland common garden. Clones from inland populations exhibited little or no winter injury. The specific tissues injured during freezing tests varied among clones. Populus trichocarpa is a species offering considerable variation for selection to local environments, and therefore, the source of material should be an important consideration in hybrid poplar breeding programs.

scholarly journals Soluble Carbohydrates in Two Buffalograss Cultivars with Contrasting Freezing Tolerance

2002 ◽  
Vol 127 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Ball ◽  
Y.L. Qian ◽  
C. Stushnoff
Keyword(s):  
Cold Acclimation ◽  
Freezing Tolerance ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Buchloe Dactyloides ◽  
Carbohydrate Accumulation ◽  
Fort Collins ◽  
Sampling Intervals

No information is available regarding endogenous soluble carbohydrate accumulation in buffalograss [Buchloe dactyloides (Nutt.) Engelm.] during cold acclimation. The objective of this study was to determine composition of soluble carbohydrates and their relationship to freezing tolerance in two buffalograss cultivars, 609 and NE 91-118, with different freezing tolerances. The experiment was conducted under natural cold acclimation conditions in two consecutive years in Fort Collins, Colo. Based upon average LT50 (subfreezing temperature resulting in 50% mortality) from seven sampling intervals in 1998-99 and six sampling intervals in 1999-2000, `NE 91-118' survived 4.5 °C and 4.9 °C colder temperatures than `609', during the 1998-1999 and 1999-2000 winter seasons, respectively. Glucose, fructose, sucrose, and raffinose were found in both cultivars in both years, and were generally higher in acclimated than pre- and post-acclimated stolons. Stachyose was not present in sufficient quantities for quantification. Cultivar NE 91-118 contained 63% to 77% more glucose and 41% to 51% more raffinose than `609' in the 1998-99 and 1999-2000 winter seasons, respectively. In 1999-2000, fructose content in `NE 91-118' was significantly higher than that of `609'. A significant negative correlation was found between LT50 vs. all carbohydrates in 1999-2000, and LT50 vs. sucrose and raffinose in 1998-99. Results suggest that soluble carbohydrates are important in freezing tolerance of buffalograss.

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