scholarly journals (173) Monolithic Slag as a Substrate for Rooting and Production of Bare-root Cuttings

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 1052A-1052
Author(s):  
Eugene K. Blythe ◽  
Jeff L. Sibley ◽  
Ken M. Tilt
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
The Other ◽  
Pine Bark ◽  
Stem Cuttings ◽  
Rooted Cutting ◽  
Solenostemon Scutellarioides ◽  
Primary Roots ◽  
Bare Root ◽  
Almost All

Stem cuttings of Hydrangea paniculata Sieb., Rosa L. `Red Cascade', Salvia leucantha Cav., and Solenostemon scutellarioides (L.) Codd `Roseo' were inserted into six rooting substrates: monolithic slag [(MgFe)2Al4Si5O18], sand, perlite, vermiculite, Fafard 3B, or fine pine bark. Rooting, initial shoot growth, and ease of dislodging substrate particles from root systems upon bare-rooting by shaking and washing cuttings rooted in monolithic slag were compared to cuttings rooted in the five other substrates. Rooting percentage, number of primary roots per rooted cutting, and total root length per rooted cutting for cuttings rooted in monolithic slag were generally similar to the five other substrates. Particles of monolithic slag were dislodged more readily from root systems by shaking than were the other substrates. Gentle washing removed almost all particles of monolithic slag and sand from the root systems of all taxa and removed almost all particles of pine bark from all taxa except S. scutellarioides `Roseo'. Monolithic slag had a bulk density similar to sand, retained less water than the other substrates, and was similar to perlite, vermiculite, and pine bark in particle size distribution. Our studies indicate that monolithic slag, where regionally available, could provide a viable material for producing bare-root cuttings.

scholarly journals Monolithic Slag as a Substrate for Rooting and Bare- Rooting Stem Cuttings

2005 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-71
Author(s):  
Eugene K. Blythe ◽  
Jeff L. Sibley ◽  
Ken M. Tilt ◽  
Bertram Zinner
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
The Other ◽  
Pine Bark ◽  
Stem Cuttings ◽  
Total Root Length ◽  
Rooted Cutting ◽  
Solenostemon Scutellarioides ◽  
Primary Roots ◽  
Almost All

Abstract Stem cuttings of Hydrangea paniculata Sieb., Rosa L. ‘Red Cascade’, Salvia leucantha Cav., and Solenostemon scutellarioides (L.) Codd ‘Roseo’ were inserted into six rooting substrates: monolithic slag, sand, perlite, vermiculite, Fafard 3B, or fine pine bark. Rooting, initial shoot growth, and ease of dislodging substrate particles from root systems upon bare-rooting by shaking and washing cuttings rooted in monolithic slag were compared to cuttings rooted in the five other substrates. Rooting percentage, number of primary roots per rooted cutting, and total root length per rooted cutting for cuttings rooted in monolithic slag were generally similar to the five other substrates. Particles of monolithic slag were dislodged more readily from root systems by shaking than were the other substrates. Gentle washing removed almost all particles of monolithic slag and sand from the root systems of all taxa and removed almost all particles of pine bark from all taxa except S. scutellarioides ‘Roseo’. Monolithic slag had a bulk density similar to sand, retained less water than the other substrates, and was similar to perlite, vermiculite, and pine bark in particle size distribution.

scholarly journals Testing of microbial additives in the rooting of Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) stem cuttings

2011 ◽  
Vol 57 (No. 12) ◽  
pp. 555-564 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Repáč ◽  
J. Vencurik ◽  
M. Balanda
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Alginate Bead ◽  
Block Design ◽  
The Other ◽  
Stem Cuttings ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Ecm Fungi

&nbsp;Laboratory-produced alginate-bead inoculum of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi Cortinarius sp. and&nbsp;Gomphidius glutinosus, fungal commercial products ECtovit<sup>&reg; </sup>and Trichomil<sup>&reg;</sup>, bacterial commercial product BactoFil&nbsp;B<sup>&reg;</sup>, and commercial rooting stimulator Vetozen<sup>&reg;</sup> were applied to a peat-perlite (1:2, v:v) rooting substrate of Norway spruce stem cuttings collected from 4-year-old nursery-grown seedlings immediately before the insertion of cuttings into the substrate. The application of beads free of fungi and the substrate without an additive were the other treatments. The cuttings were rooted in vessels (60 cuttings per vessel, 180 per treatment) placed in a glasshouse and arranged in a randomized complete block design. The cuttings were estimated for one growing season (approximately for 26 weeks) after their insertion into the rooting substrate. Rooting % of the cuttings ranged from 45 (mycelium-free beads) to 75 (control) according to treatments, 64 on average. No significant differences among treatments were found in % of ECM morphotypes, total ECM colonization of roots (%), and growth parameters of shoots and roots of the cuttings. The applied microbial additives were not sufficiently efficient to form treatment-related ectomycorrhizas that were formed by naturally occurring ECM fungi. Inoculation by the ECM fungus Cortinarius sp. and application of Trichomil had a partial stimulative effect on the shoot growth of cuttings. Shoot and root growth parameters were not significantly correlated with total ECM colonization, except for a negative dependence of the root number in Trichomil treatment. A higher concentration of K but lower concentrations of Ca and Mg in Ectovit treatment than in the other treatments were detected.&nbsp; &nbsp;

scholarly journals Species and Their Relationships with Air and Soil Temperatures

1999 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 131
Author(s):  
Timothy K. Broschat
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Cocos Nucifera ◽  
Primary Root ◽  
The Other ◽  
Date Palms ◽  
Primary Roots ◽  
Root And Shoot Growth ◽  
Soil Temperatures

Royal palms [Roystonea regia (HBK.) O.F. Cook], coconut palms (Cocos nucifera L. `Malayan Dwarf'), queen palms [Syagrus romanzoffiana (Chamisso) Glassman], and pygmy date palms (Phoenix roebelenii O'Brien) were grown in a rhizotron to determine the patterns of root and shoot growth over a 2-year period. Roots and shoots of all four species of palms grew throughout the year, but both root and shoot growth rates were positively correlated with air and soil temperature for all but the pygmy date palms. Growth of primary roots in all four species was finite for these juvenile palms and lasted for only 5 weeks in royal palms, but ≈7 weeks in the other three species. Elongation of secondary roots lasted for only 9 weeks for coconut palms and less than half of that time for the other three species. Primary root growth rate varied from 16 mm·week-1 for coconut and pygmy date palms to 31 mm·week-1 for royal palms, while secondary root growth rates were close to 10 mm·week-1 for all species. About 25% of the total number of primary roots in these palms grew in contact with the rhizotron window, allowing the prediction of the total root number and length from the sample of roots visible in the rhizotron. Results indicated that there is no obvious season when palms should not be transplanted in southern Florida because of root inactivity.

scholarly journals Auxin Application to Stem Cuttings of Selected Woody Landscape Plants by Incorporation Into a Stabilized Organic Rooting Substrate

2004 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 63-70
Author(s):  
Eugene K. Blythe ◽  
Jeff L. Sibley ◽  
Ken M. Tilt ◽  
John M. Ruter
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Polymer Binder ◽  
Shoot Length ◽  
Stem Cuttings ◽  
Total Root Length ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Rooted Cuttings ◽  
Rooted Cutting ◽  
Landscape Plants ◽  
Ilex Vomitoria

Abstract Stem cuttings of Buxus sinica var. insularis ‘Wintergreen’, Elaeagnus x ebbingei, Ficus benjamina, Gardenia augusta ‘Radicans’, Ilex glabra ‘Nigra’, Ilex vomitoria ‘Nana’, Juniperus conferta ‘Blue Pacific’, Ternstroemia gymnanthera, and Trachelospermum asiaticum were inserted into a stabilized organic rooting substrate (plugs comprised of peat and a polymer binder) that had been soaked in water, aqueous solutions of K-IBA (15 to 75 ppm), or K-IBA + K-NAA (15 ppm + 7.5 ppm to 60 ppm + 30 ppm). Rooting and initial shoot growth responses were compared with cuttings receiving a basal quick-dip in K-IBA (1000 ppm) or K-IBA + K-NAA (1000 ppm + 500 ppm). Rooting percentage, number of roots per rooted cutting, and total root length per rooted cutting for cuttings rooted in auxin-treated plugs were similar to or greater than cuttings receiving a basal quick-dip; lesser results were obtained in a few cases with K-IBA + K-NAA. Percent of rooted cuttings with new shoots and shoot length per rooted cutting for cuttings rooted in plugs treated with K-IBA were mostly similar to cuttings receiving a basal quick-dip in K-IBA, while cuttings rooted in plugs treated with K-IBA + K-NAA exhibited similar or lesser results compared to cuttings receiving a basal quick-dip in K-IBA + K-NAA.

scholarly journals Rooting and Subsequent Overwinter Survival of Stem Cuttings of Stewartia ovata

1996 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 163-166
Author(s):  
David L. Curtis ◽  
Thomas G. Ranney ◽  
Frank A. Blazich ◽  
Everett P. Whitman
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Isopropyl Alcohol ◽  
System Size ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Pine Bark ◽  
Stem Cuttings ◽  
Indolebutyric Acid ◽  
Overwinter Survival ◽  
Overwintering Survival ◽  
Complete Fertilizer

Abstract Three experiments were conducted using stem cuttings of Stewartia ovata (Cav.) Weatherby to evaluate: 1) effects of indolebutyric acid (IBA) concentration on percent rooting and rooting index (root system size), 2) influence of N rate and medium amendments (dolomitic lime and/or complete fertilizer) on budbreak prior to overwintering and survival and shoot growth of cuttings following overwintering, and 3) effects of chilling duration on overwinter survival and subsequent shoot growth. Softwood cuttings of S. ovata were taken on June 19 and July 23, 1992, and treated with 0, 1000, 2000, 4000, or 8000 ppm IBA in 50% isopropyl alcohol. Rooting percentages and rooting index were highest for cuttings taken in June and treated with 2000 or 4000 ppm IBA. In the second experiment, cuttings were rooted in pine bark containing three different amendment combinations, and fertilized weekly with either 0, 50, 100, or 200 ppm N following root initiation. Overwinter survival was higher for cuttings rooted in pine bark or pine bark amended with lime, but decreased for cuttings in pine bark amended with lime and a complete fertilizer. Increasing N fertilization up to 200 ppm weekly stimulated budbreak prior to overwintering, resulted in greater shoot growth following overwintering, but had no effect on overwintering survival. In the third experiment, rooted cuttings were subjected to 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, or 10 weeks chilling at 6C (43F). Cuttings chilled for 10 weeks had the highest percent budbreak (survival) and greater overall shoot growth over a 12 week forcing period.

scholarly journals CUTTING PROPAGATION WITH AUXIN APPLIED VIA THE ROOTING SUBSTRATE

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 884d-884
Author(s):  
Eugene K. Blythe ◽  
Jeff L. Sibley ◽  
John M. Ruter
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Butyric Acid ◽  
Potassium Salt ◽  
Organic Substrate ◽  
The Other ◽  
Species Number ◽  
Stem Cuttings ◽  
Rooted Cutting ◽  
Auxin Concentration ◽  
Euonymus Japonicus

Stem cuttings of golden euonymus (Euonymus japonicus `Aureo-marginatus'), shore juniper (Juniperus conferta `Blue Pacific'), white indian hawthorn (Rhaphiolepis indica `Alba'), and `Red Cascade' miniature rose (Rosa `Red Cascade') were successfully rooted in plugs of a stabilized organic substrate that had been soaked in aqueous solutions of the potassium salt of indole-3-butyric acid (K-IBA) at 0 to 75 mg·L–1 before inserting the cuttings. Cuttings were rooted under intermittent mist in polyethylene-covered greenhouses with rooting periods appropriate for each species. Rooting percentages showed some increase with increasing auxin concentration with juniper cuttings, but were similar among treatments for the other three species. Number of roots per rooted cutting increased with increasing auxin concentration with cuttings of juniper, Indian hawthorn, and rose, and was greatest using around 60 mg·L-1 K-IBA for cuttings of juniper and Indian hawthorn and 30 to 45 mg·L-1 K-IBA for cuttings of rose.

scholarly journals IBA, Juvenility, and Position on Ortets Influence Propagation of Carolina Buckthorn from Softwood Cuttings

2002 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
William R. Graves
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Stem Cuttings ◽  
Indolebutyric Acid ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Influence Propagation ◽  
Primary Roots ◽  
Foliar Traits ◽  
Juvenile Plants

Abstract Carolina buckthorn (Rhamnus caroliniana Walt.) has horticultural potential but is not often propagated or grown as a nursery crop. My objective was to determine how three concentrations of indolebutyric acid (IBA) affect foliar quality of cuttings, callus development, and rooting of terminal and subtending softwood cuttings from both juvenile and mature stock plants (ortets). Twelve cuttings were assigned to each of 12 factorial treatment combinations and held under intermittent mist for five weeks. Fewer than 10% of cuttings not treated with IBA rooted. Rooting ≥75% resulted when IBA at 3 or 8 g/kg (3000 or 8000 ppm) was applied unless the cuttings were from terminal positions on mature ortets. High quality and dry weight of leaves were associated with subtending cuttings that were juvenile and with terminal cuttings that were mature, but these foliar traits did not lead to particularly high rooting percentages. Juvenile cuttings with IBA at 8 g/kg (8000 ppm) formed the most primary roots and developed root systems with the greatest weight, and dry weight of roots on juvenile cuttings that were subtending (25.6 mg) was about four times that ofjuvenile, terminal cuttings (6.5 mg). The longest individual roots were on juvenile cuttings with IBA at 3 or 8 g/kg (3000 or 8000 ppm). Frequency of callus on the cut end of stems decreased as IBA concentration increased and was 94 and 75%, respectively, for cuttings from juvenile and mature ortets. Nearly all cuttings with IBA at 3 or 8 g/kg (3000 or 8000 ppm) developed callus on wounds that had been made along the sides of their stems. The frequency of side callus was greater for juvenile, subtending cuttings than for juvenile, terminal cuttings; the opposite was true for mature cuttings. These results confirm the sensitivity of stem cuttings of Carolina buckthorn to IBA. The data also demonstrate that use of subtending wood will improve rooting percentages of cuttings from mature ortets, and that use of subtending cuttings from juvenile plants and of IBA at 8 g/kg (8000 ppm) will increase the number and dry weight of roots.

scholarly journals (105) Holding Bareroot Colorado Spruce Trees in a Gravel Bed

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 1049D-1049
Author(s):  
Robert R. Tripepi ◽  
Mary W. George ◽  
John E. Lloyd
Keyword(s):  
Root Systems ◽  
Lateral Branch ◽  
The Other ◽  
Pine Bark ◽  
Silica Sand ◽  
Gravel Bed ◽  
Gravel Beds ◽  
Picea Pungens ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Production Losses

Field-grown conifers are usually discarded if their root balls break during digging, but using an alternative holding system until the root systems recover could reduce production losses. The objective of this study was to determine if a gravel bed could be used as a holding treatment for 1.5- to 1.8-m-tall Colorado spruce (Picea pungens) trees that had soil removed from their root systems in the spring. Root systems from 12 trees were washed free from pine bark mulch and soil before the trees were randomly assigned to a gravel bed. One bed held a mixture of 88% pea gravel (1-cm minus), 2% Turface®, and 10% silica sand (by volume). The other bed contained a mixture of 90% basalt gravel (1.2-cm) and 10% sand. Trees were grown in the gravel beds for 5 or 6 months before height increases were determined. If the terminal leader died on the tree, the next highest lateral branch was measured for its increase in length. All trees survived and actually grew a little during the summer after removing all the soil from their root systems. Several trees suffered slight needle burning at the ends of random branches, but the damage appeared minimal. Tips of several small branches randomly located around the canopies on several trees died back, and up to 10 cm of the terminal leaders on about half the trees died back. Height increases were similar among the different trees grown in the two types of gravel, with the mean increase in height being 8.9 cm. The trees regenerated many roots in both types of gravel. In fact, new roots formed all over the root systems and encased large amounts of gravel, making its removal difficult. This study demonstrated that gravel beds can be used to help 1.8-m tall Colorado spruce trees recover from severe root losses.

scholarly journals Root and Shoot Growth Patterns in Four Palm Species and Their Relationships with Air and Soil Temperatures

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 995-998 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy K. Broschat
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Cocos Nucifera ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
The Other ◽  
Date Palms ◽  
Primary Roots ◽  
Palm Species ◽  
Root And Shoot Growth

Royal palms [Roystonea regia (HBK.) O.F. Cook], coconut palms (Cocos nucifera L. `Malayan Dwarf'), queen palms [Syagrus romanzoffiana (Chamisso) Glassman], and pygmy date palms (Phoenix roebelenii O'Brien) were grown in a rhizotron to determine the patterns of root and shoot growth over a 2-year period. Roots and shoots of all four species of palms grew throughout the year, but both root and shoot growth rates were positively correlated with air and soil temperature for all but the pygmy date palms. Growth of primary roots in all four species was finite for these juvenile palms and lasted for only 5 weeks in royal palms, but ≈7 weeks in the other three species. Elongation of secondary roots lasted for only 9 weeks for coconut palms and less than half of that time for the other three species. Primary root growth rate varied from 16 mm·week-1 for coconut and pygmy date palms to 31 mm·week-1 for royal palms, while secondary root growth rates were close to 10 mm·week-1 for all species. About 25% of the total number of primary roots in these palms grew in contact with the rhizotron window, allowing the prediction of the total root number and length from the sample of roots visible in the rhizotron. Results indicated that there is no obvious season when palms should not be transplanted in southern Florida because of root inactivity.

scholarly journals Rooting of ‘Brown Velvet’ Southern Magnolia Stem Cuttings as Influenced by Medium and Auxin Treatment

1996 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 158-159
Author(s):  
T. Patrick McCracken ◽  
Christopher J. Catanzaro ◽  
Ted E. Bilderback
Keyword(s):  
Pine Bark ◽  
Naphthaleneacetic Acid ◽  
Stem Cuttings ◽  
Magnolia Grandiflora ◽  
Auxin Treatment ◽  
Primary Roots ◽  
Intermediate Response ◽  
Bottom Heat ◽  
Medium Selection ◽  
Secondary Roots

Abstract Terminal stem cuttings of ‘Brown Velvet’ Southern magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora L. ‘Brown Velvet’) were treated with 0.3% indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) in talc, or 0.5% naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) quick dip + 0.3% IBA in talc, or 0.5% NAA + 1.0% IB A quick dip. Rooting media included pine bark, perlite, or combinations of bark and perlite at the following ratios: 3:1, 1:1, 1:3 (by vol). Cuttings were rooted in a greenhouse mist bed supplied with bottom heat. Rooting percentage was unaffected by media with the exception of a decreased response in perlite. Root length and secondary root formation was greater with pine bark than with perlite, while the bark/perlite blends provided an intermediate response. Increased auxin concentrations produced more primary roots but reduced formation of secondary roots. However, rooting percentage was not affected by auxin treatment. Results suggest that medium selection is more important than auxin source or delivery method in the rooting of ‘Brown Velvet’ Southern magnolia.

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