scholarly journals Determination of Optimum Fertilizer Concentration and Corresponding Substrate Electrical Conductivity for Ten Taxa of Herbaceous Perennials

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 1504-1506
Author(s):  
Holly L. Scoggins
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
Greenhouse Production ◽  
Herbaceous Perennials ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Deep Blue ◽  
Quality Ratings ◽  
Nutritional Needs

Little taxa-specific information is available regarding the nutrition needs of container-grown herbaceous perennials. The goal was to determine optimum fertilizer concentrations and corresponding substrate testing values for greenhouse production of 10 taxa. Astilbe chinensis (Maxim.) Franch. & Savat.`Purpurkerze', Campanula carpatica Jacq. `Deep Blue Clips', Coreopsis verticillata L.`Golden Gain', Gaura lindheimeri Engelm. & Gray, `Siskiyou Pink', Heucherasanguinea Engelm. `Mt St. Helens', Lamium maculatum L. `White Nancy', Penstemon ×hybridus Hort. `Sour Grapes', Perovskia atriplicifolia Benth. `Longin', Salvia nemerosa L. `Blue Hill', and Veronica × Hort. `Goodness Grows' were grown for 10 weeks with 15N–7P–14K at four rates (50, 150, 250, and 350 mg·L–1 N) of constant liquid feed. Substrate pH and soluble salts levels were measured weekly using the pour-through extraction method. In analysis of all taxa, most effects [quality, shoot dry weight, pH and electrical conductivity (EC)] varied by rate × taxa. Though higher levels of fertilizer produced the largest plants in some cases, satisfactory quality was also attained with a lower rate. Quality and pH were negatively correlated for a few genera but most showed no relationship. Results of this study indicate not all taxa tolerate increased fertilizer levels and that the herbaceous perennials studied could be grouped by nutritional needs. Furthermore, target ranges for EC can be developed based on dry mass and quality ratings.

scholarly journals Influence of Moisture on Cold Hardiness of Six Container-Grown Herbaceous Perennials

2015 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 97-102
Author(s):  
S.L. Kingsley-Richards ◽  
L.P. Perry
Keyword(s):  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Moisture Level ◽  
Visual Rating ◽  
Herbaceous Perennials ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Quality Ratings ◽  
Visual Rating Scale ◽  
Growth Quality

Overwintering container-grown plants is often necessary during production. Plants maintained in pots at growing medium moisture levels above (‘wet’) and below (‘dry’) 10% volumetric water content were exposed to −2, −5, −8, −11, and −14 C (28, 23, 18, 12, 7 F) in January, then returned to a greenhouse kept at 3 to 5 C (37 to 41 F). In June, plants were assessed using a visual rating scale (1 = dead, 3 to 5 = increasing quality) and shoot dry weight of new foliage growth. Quality rating and shoot dry weight of Coreopsis L. ‘Tequila Sunrise’ and Carex morrowii Boott. ‘Ice Dance’ were not affected by moisture level. Quality ratings were higher for Geranium × cantabrigiense L. ‘Cambridge’ ‘wet’ plants than for ‘dry’ plants and for Heuchera L. ‘Plum Pudding’ ‘dry’ plants than for ‘wet’ plants. Shoot dry weight was higher for ‘dry’ plants of Carex laxiculmis Schwein. ‘Hobb’ (Bunny Blue™) and Carex oshimensis L. ‘Evergold’ exposed to most temperatures. Of the cultivars studied, effects of moisture level on overwintering container-grown plant growth and quality are cultivar-specific and a universal effect could not be established.

scholarly journals Use of Pulp Mill Ash as a Substrate Component for Greenhouse Production of Marigold

HortScience ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 183-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guihong Bi ◽  
Williams B. Evans ◽  
Glenn B. Fain
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Pulp Mill ◽  
Growth Index ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Tagetes Patula ◽  
Greenhouse Production ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Quality Ratings ◽  
Substrate Ph ◽  
Root Quality

Pulp mill ash was evaluated as a substrate component in the production of greenhouse-grown French marigold (Tagetes patula L. ‘Janie Deep Orange’). Peat-based substrates (75:10:15 by volume blend of peatmoss, vermiculite, and perlite) amended with 0% to 50% (by volume) pulp mill ash were compared with a standard commercially available substrate. With the exception of an unfertilized control, each substrate blend contained 5.93 kg·m−3 14N–6.2P–11.6K (3- to 4-month release) and 0.89 kg·m−3 Micromax. Substrates containing higher volumes of ash had finer particles, less air space, and more waterholding capacity than the commercial substrate. Bulk density increased with increasing ash volume, and substrate containing 50% ash had 120% greater bulk density than the commercial substrate. Substrates containing ash generally had higher pH and electrical conductivity (EC) than the commercial substrate with substrate pH and EC increasing with increasing ash volume. In general, marigold plants grown in peat-based substrates with the addition of 0% to 50% ash had similar growth indices, flower dry weights, numbers of flowers, and SPAD values as plants grown in commercial substrate; however, plants grown in substrates containing 30% to 50% ash had lower shoot dry weights or root quality ratings than plants grown in commercial substrate. Plant growth index, shoot dry weight, and root quality rating decreased with increasing ash volume.

scholarly journals AVOCADO SEEDLINGS MULTIPLE STEMS PRODUCTION

2016 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
MARCUS VINICIUS SANDOVAL PAIXÃO ◽  
JOSÉ CARLOS LOPES ◽  
EDILSON ROMAIS SCHMILDT ◽  
RODRIGO SOBREIRA ALEXANDRE ◽  
CAROLINE MERLO MENEGHELLI
Keyword(s):  
Root Length ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Adventitious Rooting ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Shoot Height ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Federal Institute ◽  
Multiple Stems

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the potential of multi-stems in avocado seeds according to their mass as well as the adventitious rooting of multi-stem budding with or without the use of auxin. The research was carried out at the Vegetation House of Federal Institute of Espírito Santo, Campus Santa Teresa -ES, with seeds of different masses: <60 g, 61 to 80 g, 81 to 100 g and >100 g, in which each experimental unit was made of five seeds, distributed within five repetitions, under a completely randomized design. The seeds were put to germinate and the percentage number of emergence and multiple stems were evaluated. After 150 days, the following evaluations were carried out: survival of rooted cuttings; number of leaves; stem diameter; root length; root volume; root and shoot fresh mass; root and shoot dry mass; shoot height; absolute growth and shoot growth rate; shoot dry weight/root dry mass ratio; shoot height/stem diameter ratio; shoot height/root length and Dickson's quality index ratio. Avocado seeds with mass over 100 g and between 81-100 g presented higher percentage of multiple stems. Rods over 20 cm that were not treated with IBA (indole-3-butyric acid) resulted on avocado plants of better quality. The use of IBA (2000 mg L-1) does not affect the rooting and growth of avocado's multi-stem plants.

scholarly journals LIME AND GYPSUM APPLICATIONS ON SOIL CHEMICAL ATTRIBUTES AND INITIAL GROWTH OF EUCALYPTUS

FLORESTA ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 573 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camila Adaime Gabriel ◽  
Paulo Cezar Cassol ◽  
Marcia Aparecida Simonete ◽  
Letícia Moro ◽  
Priscylla Pfleger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Initial Growth ◽  
Soil Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Eucalyptus Dunnii ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Chemical Attributes

Eucalyptus crops in Southern Brazil are generally conducted in acidic soils, thus their yield can be increased by lime and gypsum applications. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of lime and gypsum applications on soil chemical attributes and initial growth of Eucalyptus benthamii and Eucalyptus dunnii in a Humic Cambisol (Inceptisol). The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, with seedlings of both species of eucalyptus grown in soil treated with different rates of lime (0, 3, 6, and 12 Mg ha-1), and gypsum (0, 6, 3, 12.6, and 25.2 Mg ha-1). At 90 days after application of the treatments, the soil chemical attributes and growth components of eucalyptus seedlings. The lime increased the production shoot dry weight, however, the response to gypsum was negative. The lime increased the soil pH, exchangeable calcium (Ca), base saturation (V %), and slightly the soil electrical conductivity, decreased the soil aluminium saturation (m %), and promoted little reduction in the exchangeable potassium (K) and magnesium (Mg) contents. The gypsum didn't alter the soil pH, but decreased the m%, increased soil phosphorus (P) contents, and expressively increased the electrical conductivity, which may have had a negative effect on the eucalyptus growth. In conclusion, the addition of limestone decreases the soil acidity and benefits the growth of eucalyptus seedlings. However, the addition of gypsum has no expressive effects upon those variables, but it can decrease the growth of seedlings when the rates are excessive.

scholarly journals Influence of nitrogen form on growth of invasive species Acer negundo L. and Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) swingle

2012 ◽  
pp. 61-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matilda Djukic ◽  
Danijela Djunisijevic-Bojovic ◽  
Mihailo Grbic ◽  
Dragana Skocajic ◽  
Dragica Obratov-Petkovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Species ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Nitrogen Nutrition ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Ailanthus Altissima ◽  
Acer Negundo ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Aerial Parts ◽  
The Impact

Relative amounts of nutrients, especially nitrogen, the most abundant macro-element, and also the distribution of ammonium ions in relation to nitrate ions, in the soils of different ecosystems, are determined by many factors. The most important are: temperature, pH of substrate, accumulation of organic matter, presence of allelopathic compounds, degree of oxygenation, etc. The ability of plants to adapt to these variations influences their production of bio-mass, the rate of expansion in different habitats, and the impact on ecosystem and biodiversity. This paper analyzes the impact of different forms of nitrogen (NO3 - and NH4 +) on the growth of seedlings of invasive species Acer negundo L. and Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle. The results show that nitrogen nutrition only in the form of NH4 + ions significantly affects the reduction in shoot dry weight. Compared to the nutrition with both forms of nitrogen together, aerial parts of Ailanthus altissima were reduced by 62.5%, and leaf area by 66.7%, while Acer negundo seedlings had reduction in dry mass of aboveground part by 89.5%, root by 81.2% and leaf area by 85.8%. Nutrition with nitrate form of nitrogen led to a proportionally small, but statistically significant decrease in dry mass of aboveground parts and roots as well as leaf area of Acer negundo, while in Ailanthus altissima seedlings, it was only the mass reduction of aboveground parts that was significantly influenced, so it can be assumed that this species is more resistant to the lack of both forms of nitrogen. The fact that both species produced significantly more biomass when nitrogen was present in both forms may be important in controlling the spread of alien species, or in their potential use in phytoremediation.

scholarly journals Papaya seedlings growth using a low-cost, automatic watering controller

2013 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 527-535
Author(s):  
Gustavo Cardoso de Oliveira Dias ◽  
Leonardo Oliveira Medici ◽  
Marco Antonio da Silva Vasconcellos ◽  
Daniel Fonseca de Carvalho ◽  
Carlos Pimentel
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Nutrient Deficiency ◽  
Soil Nutrient ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Nutrient Loss ◽  
Low Flow ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight

The study assessed growth and physiological parameters of 'Sunrise Golden' and 'Tainung 01' papaya seedlings grown in 280mL plastic tubes and watered using a low-cost automatic irrigation system adjusted to operate at substrate water tension for starting irrigation (STI) of 3.0, 6.0 or 9.0 kPa. The water depths applied by the dripping system and drainage were monitored during germination and seedling growth. Germination, emergence velocity index (EVI), leaf area, plant height, shoot and root dry weight, stomatal conductance, relative water content (RWC) and relative chlorophyll content (RCC) were evaluated. Soil nutrient levels were determined by electrical conductivity (EC). Water use efficiency (WUE) corresponded to the ratio of plant dry mass to depth of water applied. STI settings did not affect papaya germination or EVI. System configuration to 3.0 and 6.0 kPa STI exhibited the highest drainage and lowest EC and RCC, indicating soil nutrient loss and plant nutrient deficiency. Drainage was greater in tubes planted with the 'Tainung 01' variety, which developed smaller root systems and lower stomatal conductance than 'Sunrise Golden' seedlings. The highest values for shoot dry weight and WEU were obtained at 6.0 kPa STI for 'Sunrise Golden' (0.62 g and 0.69 g L-1) and at 9.0 kPa in 'Tainung 01' (0.35 g and 0.82 g L-1). RWC at 9.0 kPa STI was lower than at 3.0 kPa in both varieties. The results indicate that the low-cost technology developed for irrigation automation is promising. Even so, new studies are needed to evaluate low-flow irrigation systems as well as the nutrient and water needs of different papaya varieties.

scholarly journals Use of Alternative Containers for Long- and Short-term Greenhouse Crop Production

2015 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renee Conneway ◽  
Sven Verlinden ◽  
Andrew K. Koeser ◽  
Michael Evans ◽  
Rebecca Schnelle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Algal Growth ◽  
Consumer Preference ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Greenhouse Production ◽  
Greenhouse Crops ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Puncture Strength

While research on the use of alternative containers for greenhouse production is growing, most studies have focused on a limited number of types of alternative containers and primarily on short-term greenhouse crops. With the recent release of several new bioplastic alternatives, comparisons to established alternative containers and production of longer rotation ornamental crops should be investigated. Our work, therefore, investigates the performance of ten commercially available alternative containers and their effects on both a short-term ‘Sunpatiens Compacta’ impatiens (Impatiens ×hybrida) and a long-term greenhouse crop ‘Elegans Ice’ lavender (Lavendula angustifolia) at four different locations. Results indicated that plant growth in terms of dry weight differed by container at most locations. Combined analysis of all locations showed that only straw and a bioplastic sleeve outperformed plastic pots in terms of shoot dry weight and then only after 12 weeks of production. Leachate pH, but not electrical conductivity (EC), varied by container in both the short- and long-term crop with alternative containers made from composted cow manure and peat showing consistently higher and lower pH readings, respectively. Postharvest container strength varied significantly by container, with the plastic control maintaining the highest puncture resistance after both 6 and 12 weeks, in some instances matched by the puncture strength of coconut fiber pots. Some alternative containers, in particular, wood, manure, and peat showed algal growth after 6 and 12 weeks of greenhouse production. We conclude that while some alternative containers were linked to increased growth, most showed growth equal to the plastic control, and could therefore make appropriate alternatives to plastic pots. However, changes in pH, low puncture strengths after production, higher denesting times, and algal growth on manure, wood, and peat may make these pots less desirable alternatives than other pots under investigation. However, other factors not studied here, such as compostability, biodegradability in the landscape, water use, consumer preference, aesthetics, compatibility with mechanized operations, and cost may also need to be taken into account when deciding on an appropriate container for greenhouse production.

scholarly journals Development of pre-sprouted seedlings (PSS) of sugarcane under different amounts of filter cake and application modes

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 1899 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gisele Silva de Aquino ◽  
João Gilberto Sampaio dos Santos ◽  
Tayna Gomes Diniz ◽  
Cristiane De Conti Medina ◽  
Raffaella Rosseto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Filter Cake ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
High Standard ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Stalk Diameter ◽  
Red Latosol

The sugarcane pre-sprouted seedlings (PSS) system is a new multiplication technology that contributes to the rapid production of seedlings and is associated with a high standard of vegetal health, vigour and uniformity of planting, as well as a drastic reduction in the use of seedlings per area. Due to the high moisture required during the initial period of growth, the filter cake can be an ally in the development of this technology. Thus, this work aimed to evaluate the development of sugarcane PSS, under different amounts of filter cake and application modes. The treatments included five doses of filter cake at 0, 7.5, 15, 30, and 45 t ha-1 and two forms of application: depth (0.30 m) and surface. Once formed, the sugarcane PPS were planted in Eutroferric Red Latosol, with due treatments. For aerial development analyses, leaf area, stem length and diameter and shoot dry mass were evaluated at 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 days after planting. The filter cake positively influenced the development of pre-sprouted seedlings, promoting greater leaf area and stalk diameter when applied on the surface. The dose of 30 t ha-1 to the surface, provided 54% higher shoot dry weight and 56% more dry weight of roots compared to cultivation without its application, demonstrating its usefulness to improve the development of pre-sprouted seedlings.

scholarly journals Teste de condutividade elétrica em sementes de feijão miúdo (Vigna unguiculata)

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 204
Author(s):  
Fernanda Da Motta Xavier ◽  
Paulo Eduardo Rocha Eberhartd ◽  
Andréia Da Silva Almeida ◽  
Andréa Bicca Noguez Martins ◽  
Ireni Leitzke Carvalho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Vigna Unguiculata ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Accelerated Aging ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Good Choice ◽  
Green Fodder ◽  
Soil Recovery

<p>O feijão-miúdo (<em>Vigna unguiculata</em>) apresenta multiplicidade de usos, que o torna boa opção para os agricultores, podendo ser utilizado além de recuperador de solos, como forragem verde, na alimentação animal e destaque na consorciação com gramíneas de alto potencial de produção. Objetivou-se adequar o teste de condutividade elétrica para avaliação do vigor de lotes de sementes de feijão miúdo. Foram utilizados três lotes de sementes da variedade Amendoim e da variedade Mosqueado. Para avaliar a qualidade fisiológica foram conduzidos os seguintes testes: germinação, envelhecimento acelerado, massa seca de plântula, área foliar, emergência e índice de velocidade de emergência. O teste de condutividade elétrica foi realizado com 25 e 50 sementes embebidas em 75 mL e 200 mL de água destilada, a 20º C, por 2, 4, 6, 8, e 24 horas e o delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado com 4 repetições. As demais variáveis: germinação, índice de velocidade de emergência, envelhecimento acelerado, massa seca de plântulas, área foliar e emergência, não permitiram diferenciar os lotes, sendo que o teste de envelhecimento acelerado e massa seca mostraram-se contraditórios. O teste de condutividade elétrica não foi eficiente na diferenciação dos lotes analisados.</p><p align="center"><strong><em>Conductivity test power in cowpea bean seeds </em></strong><em>(Vigna unguiculata)</em><strong><em></em></strong></p><p><strong>Abstract</strong><strong>: </strong>The cowpea bean (<em>Vigna unguiculata</em>) shows multiple uses, which makes it good choice for farmers and can be used in addition to soil recovery, as green fodder in animal feed and featured in intercropping with high production potential grasses. The objective of this work was to adjust the electrical conductivity test to evaluate the effect of lots of cowpea bean seeds. Three lots of seeds of two varieties mosqueado and amendoin were used.nTo evaluate the physiological quality, the following tests were conducted: germination accelerated aging, dry weight of seedling, leaf area and emergency and emergency speed index. The conductivity test was carried out with 25 and 50 seeds soaked in 75 mL and 200 mL of distilled water at 20 ° C for 2, 4, 6, 8, and 24 hours and the experimental design was completely randomized with four replications. The other variables: germination, emergence speed index, accelerated aging, seedling dry mass, leaf area and emergence did not vary between lots, and the accelerated aging test and dry mass proved to be contradictory. The electrical conductivity test was not effective in differentiating lots analyzed.</p>

scholarly journals Growth, Quality, and Economic Value Responses of Bedding Plants to Reduced Water Usage

HortScience ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 856-864 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanjun Guo ◽  
Terri Starman ◽  
Charles Hall
Keyword(s):  
Economic Value ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Flower Number ◽  
Greenhouse Production ◽  
Bedding Plants ◽  
French Quarter ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Bedding Plant ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Dry Down

This study analyzed the effects of two ranges of drying down of substrate moisture content (SMC) before re-watering on plant growth and development, postproduction quality, and economic value of bedding plants grown in 1.67-L containers during greenhouse production. The two SMC treatments were wide-range (WR) SMC (WR-SMC) for dry-down from container capacity (CC) of 54% SMC dried down to 20% SMC or narrow-range (NR) SMC (NR-SMC) for dry-down from CC of 54% SMC dried down to 40% SMC. Six bedding plant cultivars were used [Solenostemon scutellarioides ‘French Quarter’ (coleus); Petunia ×hybrida ‘Colorworks Pink Radiance’ (petunia); Lantana camara ‘Lucky Flame’ (lantana); Impatiens ×hybrida ‘Sunpatiens Compact Hot Coral’ (SCC); ‘Sunpatiens Spreading Lavender’ (SSL) (impatiens); and Salvia splendens ‘Red Hot Sally II’ (salvia)]. Shoot dry weight was reduced with WR-SMC on petunia, lantana, impatiens SCC, and salvia at the end of production. With WR-SMC, the petunia and impatiens SCC root ball coverage percentages were greater on the bottom of the container, whereas those of impatiens SSL and salvia were reduced. The WR-SMC increased petunia postproduction quality by increasing the flower number. Lantana and impatiens SCC inflorescence/flower and/or bud number were reduced with WR-SMC. The impatiens SSL flower number was unaffected by SMC treatment. Salvia grown with WR-SMC had increased postproduction quality. WR-SMC reduced postproduction water potential in petunia, lantana, and coleus, suggesting that plants with WR-SMC during production were acclimated to reduced irrigation administered during postproduction. WR-SMC saved labor due to less frequent watering and overhead-associated costs due to reduced bench space, with the exception of coleus and impatiens SSL, which used the same bench space as NR-SMC. Considering production and/or postproduction quality, using WR-SMC during greenhouse production is beneficial as an irrigation method for coleus, petunia, impatiens SSL, and salvia, but not for impatiens SCC or lantana grown in 1.67-L containers.

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