scholarly journals Vegetative Growth and Flowering of Primocane Raspberry ‘Ariadne’ as Affected by Prohexadione–calcium Treatments

HortScience ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 529-531 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pauliina Palonen ◽  
Katriina Mouhu
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Growth Regulation ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
Growth Reduction ◽  
Node Number ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Prohexadione Calcium

Maintaining an appropriate balance between vegetative and generative growth is a prerequisite for profitable raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) production. The objective of our study was to test the effect of prohexadione–calcium (ProCa) on vegetative growth and flowering of primocane fruiting red raspberry ‘Ariadne’ in greenhouse conditions. ProCa was applied either once or twice in a concentration of 100 ppm or 200 ppm. Double applications of ProCa reduced cane height by 33 cm (100 ppm) or by 46 cm (200 ppm). Growth reduction was the result of shortening of the internodes, because total node number in plants was unaffected. Furthermore, cane diameter was reduced in plants treated with 200 ppm ProCa. ProCa treatments reduced the total aboveground dry weight by 32% to 55% but did not affect the allocation of dry weight into different plant parts. All ProCa treatments reduced the number of flowers by 22% to 42%. In conclusion, ProCa proved effective in controlling vegetative growth of red raspberry. However, because the number of flowers was reduced, ProCa cannot be recommended for growth regulation of primocane fruiting raspberry without further studies.

scholarly journals Vegetative Growth and Fruit Yield of Three Types of Micropropagated `Redwing' Red Raspberry Nursery Stock

1994 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 359-361
Author(s):  
Chad Finn ◽  
Michele Warmund ◽  
Chris Starbuck
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Stage Iv ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Fruit Yield ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
Dormant Stage ◽  
Nursery Stock ◽  
Second Year

The vegetative growth and fruit yield of three types of micropropagated `Redwing' red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L. var. idaeus) nursery stock were compared. The three types of nursery material included: 1) stage IV (S-IV) actively growing plants; 2) dormant-stage IV (DS-IV) plants; and 3) nursery-matured (NM) S-IV plants, grown for 8 to 12 weeks in the field before harvest for cold storage. On 1 Apr. 1991, primocane-fruiting `Redwing' plants of each type were planted 0.6 m apart in ridged, drip-irrigated, and straw-mulched rows spaced 3 m apart in six, three-plant replications. In the establishment year, a small, but commercially viable, crop was harvested from 16 Aug. 1991 to 28 Oct. 1991. The S-IV and NM plants produced greater yields than DS-IV plants in the establishment year. However, by the end of the second year, the S-IV plants had the greatest fruit yield, followed by NM, with the DS-IV plants continuing to have the lowest yield. Fruit size of the S-IV plants was largest in both years. While there were differences in dry weight during the planting year, by the experiment's conclusion, the dry weights were similar among all nursery types. When planting `Redwing', the less-expensive, easier-to-handle, and higher-yielding S-IV plants would be recommended over the other nursery types.

Impact of an Open Trellis on Canopy Growth, Light Interception, Yield, and Leaf Physiology of Red Raspberry (Rubus idaeus)

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 468b-468
Author(s):  
Stephen F. Klauer ◽  
J. Scott Cameron ◽  
Chuhe Chen
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Light Interception ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Above Ground Biomass ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
Leaf Physiology ◽  
Total Dry Weight ◽  
Upper Third

After promising results were obtained with an open-style split trellis (two top wires) in its initial year, two new trials were established in 1997 in northwest (Lynden) and southwest (Woodland) Washington. For the split trellis, actual yields were 33% (machine-picked 1/2 season) and 17% (hand-picked) greater, respectively, for the two locations compared to the conventional trellis (one top wire). In Woodland, canes from the split trellis had 33% more berries, 55% more laterals, 69% more leaves, and 25% greater leaf area compared with the conventional trellis. Greatest enhancement of these components was in the upper third of the canopy. Laterals were also shorter in this area of the split canopy, but there was no difference in average total length of lateral/cane between trellis types. Total dry weight/cane was 22% greater in the split trellis, but component partitioning/cane was consistent between the two systems with fruit + laterals (43%) having the greatest above-ground biomass, followed by the stem (30% to 33%) and the leaves (21% to 22%). Measurement of canopy width, circumference, and light interception showed that the split-trellis canopy filled in more quickly, and was larger from preanthesis through postharvest. Light interception near the top of the split canopy was 30% greater 1 month before harvest with 98% interception near the top and middle of that canopy. There was no difference between the trellis types in leaf CO2 assimilation, spectra, or fluorescence through the fruiting season, or in total nitrogen of postharvest primocane leaves.

Controlled-temperature effects on cotton growth and development

1998 ◽  
Vol 130 (4) ◽  
pp. 451-462 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. ROUSSOPOULOS ◽  
A. LIAKATAS ◽  
W. J. WHITTINGTON
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Temperature Variation ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Node Number ◽  
Mean Temperature ◽  
Fruiting Branch ◽  
Threshold Temperatures

The growth and development of cotton was studied on cotton plants grown in pots in growth rooms under constant day/night temperature (C) and varying temperature regimes throughout the day and/or night (V) The V-treatments had a common mean temperature of 22°C. The objectives were to determine the thermal requirements of three cultivars and to observe the extent of genotype×thermal environment interactions throughout the entire growth period.Vegetative growth was found to be almost exclusively time and temperature dependent, varietal differences being largely insignificant. Plant material was found to accumulate four times faster under the warmest C-regime, which was 7°C warmer than the coolest. The C-treatments caused variation in the number and size of lateral shoots and leaves, causing leaf area to be larger at the squaring stage in cool environments but at maturity in warm regimes. Relatively cool nights lowered the position of the first floral or fruiting branch, whereas warm days shortened flowering intervals and thus promoted earliness. However, the effect of temperature in altering the position of the first floral branch seems to be less important than its effect on the shedding of early squares.The effects of fluctuating temperature (V) on vegetative growth and earliness were similar to those from constant temperature environments. Growth and development rates were low in the low minimum V-regimes, especially when the maximum temperature was also low. Temperature variation affected vegetative growth to a greater extent in the early than in the later stages of development. At squaring, leaf area and dry weight were lowest under the regime with the highest minimum and maximum temperatures. Later on, only leaf area at flowering and total dry weight at maturity significantly differed between treatments. High maximum or minimum temperatures produced effects similar to a higher or lower mean temperature, respectively. The low minimum raised the node number of the first floral or fruiting branch, whereas in the case of boll dry weight it acted in the same way as a further drop in temperature, decreasing the weight, regardless of the maximum temperature. Boll period was affected mainly by the temperature variation itself rather by than the type of variation.The inverse of time to a certain stage and the corresponding mean temperature were linearly related and allowed threshold temperatures (T0) and thermal time requirements to be estimated. T0=12°C, except for the initial stage, when it was lower. A cotton growing season cooler on average by only 1°C will considerably delay maturity.

Growing season changes in the concentration and distribution of macroelements in Willamette red raspberry plant parts

1994 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 833-839 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. G. Kowalenko
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Tissue Analysis ◽  
Plant Analysis ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Fertilizer Recommendations ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus ◽  
Key Words Nitrogen

Nitrogen, P, K, Ca, Mg and Na concentrations and accumulations in Willamette red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) plant parts were measured in a field study to identify a potential plant-analysis-based method for evaluating site-specific fertilizer requirements. Dry matter and macroelements accumulated steadily in new canes over the season, increased early to a stable amount in floricane laterals and ripe berries, increased and then decreased in leaves and remained stable in stems. Macroelement accumulation patterns were generally similar to dry matter accumulations. The amounts of N and K that accumulated in ripe berries were similar and about eight times greater than P, Ca and Mg. Macroelement concentrations of floricane stems, laterals and berries were more stable than in leaves, making them potentially more suitable than leaves for developing tissue analysis for fertilizer recommendations. Key words: Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sodium, Rubus idaeus

In vitro hardening of red raspberry through CO2 enrichment and relative humidity reduction on sugar-free medium

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 1105-1113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ribo Deng ◽  
Danielle J. Donnelly
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Co2 Enrichment ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Ex Vitro ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
Plantlet Growth ◽  
Murashige Skoog

Micropropagated shoots of red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L. ’Comet’) were rooted on modified Murashige-Skoog medium lacking sucrose, in specially constructed plexiglass chambers, under ambient (340 ± 20 ppm) or enriched (1500 ± 50 ppm) CO2 and ambient (ca. 100%) or reduced (90 ± 5%) relative humidity. Cultured plantlets were evaluated for their survival, rooting and relative vigor, leaf and root number, stem and root length, total leaf area, total fresh and dry weight, gas exchange rate, and stomatal features, prior to transplantation to soil and at intervals for 6 wk ex vitro. In vitro CO2 enrichment promoted plantlet growth, rooting and both the survival and early growth of transplants. CO2 enrichment increased stomatal aperture of plantlet leaves but did not apparently increase water stress at transplantation. Reduced in vitro RH did not affect plantlet growth but decreased stomatal apertures and stomatal index on leaves of cultured plantlets and promoted both the survival and early growth of transplants. In vitro CO2 and RH levels did not affect the photosynthetic rate of either plantlets or transplants. Only the stomata on leaves of plantlets from the ambient CO2 and reduced RH treatment were functional. Normal stomatal function was not observed in persistent leaves of transplants from the other treatments, even 2 wk after transplantation. In vitro CO2 enrichment acted synergistically with RH reduction in improving growth of plantlets both in vitro and ex vitro. Hardened red raspberry plantlets obtained through CO2 enrichment and RH reduction survived direct transfer to ambient greenhouse conditions without the necessity for specialized ex vitro acclimatization treatment. Key words: Acclimatization, growth analysis, photosynthesis, Rubus idaeus L., stomata, tissue culture

scholarly journals Impact of Repeated Yearly Applications of Prohexadione-Calcium On Vegetative and Reproductive Growth of ‘Golden Delicious’/M.9 Apple Trees

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Nilgün Atay ◽  
Fatma Koyuncu
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Reproductive Growth ◽  
Node Number ◽  
Golden Delicious ◽  
Vegetative And Reproductive Growth ◽  
Prohexadione Calcium

Abstract Growth retardants have great potential to balance between vegetative and reproductive growth. To assess the effects of prohexadione-calcium (Pro-Ca, Regalis) on reproductive and vegetative growth, return bloom, fruit set, and also fruit quality in ‘Golden Delicious’ apple grafted on M.9 rootstock, an experiment was performed during 2010-2012. The applications of 125 mg dm-3 Pro-Ca on the same trees in each year resulted in a 40-43% shoot length reducing. Internodes length decreased with Pro-Ca at about 30%, while total node number was unaffected. Results indicate that Pro-Ca applications have no effects on tree trunk growth, flowering, yield, fruit set and development. Pro-Ca also didn’t have any negative impact on fruit quality during the three consecutive years. Moreover, Pro-Ca resulted in higher fruit size compared to control in the third year of trial. The results of this experiment clearly suggest that fruit growers can use Pro- Ca for the control of vegetative growth without having any negative effects on fruit quality and yield parameters. Once a full canopy has been achieved, annual shoot growth can be suppressed in the range of 20 to 30 cm with 125 mg dm-3 Pro-Ca treatment in ‘Golden Delicious’ apple trees.

scholarly journals Uptake, Partitioning, and Storage of Fertilizer Nitrogen in Red Raspberry as Affected by Rate and Timing of Application

2004 ◽  
Vol 129 (3) ◽  
pp. 439-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannah G. Rempel ◽  
Bernadine C. Strik ◽  
Timothy L. Righetti
Keyword(s):  
N Uptake ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Split Application ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
N Content ◽  
Total N ◽  
N Treatment ◽  
Fruit Harvest

The effects of 15N-labeled fertilizer applied to mature summer-bearing red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L. `Meeker') plants were measured over 2 years. Four nitrogen (N) treatments were applied: singularly at 0, 40, or 80 kg·ha-1 of N in early spring (budbreak), or split with 40 kg·ha-1 of N (unlabeled) applied at budbreak and 40 kg·ha-1 of N (15N-depleted) applied eight weeks later. Plants were sampled six times per year to determine N and 15N content in the plant components throughout the growing season. Soil also was sampled seven times per year to determine inorganic N concentrations within the four treatments as well as in a bare soil plot. There was a tendency for the unfertilized treatment to have the lowest and for the split-N treatment to have the highest yield in both years. N application had no significant effect on plant dry weight or total N content in either year. Dry weight accumulation was 5.5 t·ha-1 and total N accumulation was 88 to 96 kg·ha-1 for aboveground biomass in the fertilized plots in 2001. Of the total N present, averaged over 2 years, 17% was removed in prunings, 12% was lost through primocane leaf senescence, 13% was removed through fruit harvest, 30% remained in the over-wintering plant, and 28% was considered lost or transported to the roots. Peak fertilizer N-uptake occurred by July for the single N applications and by September for the last application in the split-N treatment. This uptake accounted for 36% to 37% (single applications) and 24% (last half of split application) of the 15N applied. Plants receiving the highest single rate of fertilizer took up more fertilizer N while plants receiving the lower rate took up more N from the soil and from storage tissues. By midharvest, fertilizer N was found primarily in the fruit, fruiting laterals, and primocanes (94%) for all fertilized treatments; however, the majority of the fertilizer N applied in the last half of the split application was located in the primocanes (60%). Stored fertilizer N distribution was similar in all fertilized treatments. By the end of the second year, 5% to 12% of the fertilizer acquired in 2001 remained in the fertilized plants. Soil nitrate concentrations increased after fertilization to 78.5 g·m-3, and declined to an average of 35.6 g·m-3 by fruit harvest. Seasonal soil N decline was partially attributed to plant uptake; however, leaching and immobilization into the organic fraction may also have contributed to the decline.

scholarly journals Performance of Tissue-cultured Primocane-fruiting Red Raspberries Following Chilling

HortScience ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 590-592 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Pierre Privé ◽  
J. Alan Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Individual Component ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Area Ratio ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Total Plant

Growth rates for two types of tissue-cultured plant stock for `Heritage', `Ruby', and `Redwing' red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) were examined. Actively growing plantlets from the greenhouse (G) were compared to cold-treated (CT) plantlets from cold storage. The greatest differences between these two occurred during the first 6 weeks after planting. At 4 weeks, CT plants for all cultivars had longer canes and internodes, sometimes twice that of G plants. Although `Heritage' had greater total plant dry weights following chilling, `Ruby' and `Redwing' had less. Chilling had no effect on `Heritage' root growth but did reduce root dry weight for `Redwing' and `Ruby'. Relative growth rate (RGR) and leaf area ratio (L-AR) were more effective variables for analyzing growth as they considered differences in initial biomass and cane number and provided a better representation of the data during the initial 6 weeks of growth. All cultivars showed a greater total plant RGR and LAR for the CT plants at 6 weeks. During the first 4 weeks, the G plants were more efficient producers of root dry matter while the CT plants were more efficient producers of cane dry matter. By 6 weeks, the G plants had partitioned a greater percentage of their assimilates into cane growth while the leaves, canes, and roots of the CT plants contributed equally to total RGR. No difference in total or individual component RGR was observed after 6 weeks.

scholarly journals 171 GROUNDCOVER AND SUPPLEMENTARY IRRIGATION INFLUENCES THE ESTABLISHMENT OF PRIMOCANE-FRUITING RED RASPBERRIES

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 453d-453
Author(s):  
David C. Percival ◽  
John T. A. Proctor ◽  
J. Alan Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Plastic Film ◽  
Trickle Irrigation ◽  
Node Number ◽  
Foliar N ◽  
Supplementary Irrigation

A study examining the influence of trickle irrigation (TI), IRT-76 plastic film (PF) and straw mulch (SM) on the establishment of Rubus idaeus L. cv. `Heritage' micro-propagated raspberries was initiated at Cambridge, Ontario in 1993. Environmental, nutritional, vegetative and reproductive data were collected. Soil temperature and soil water status were greatly affected by TI, PF and SM. TI lowered soil NO3-N and increased soil NH4-N and Mg. PF increased soil NO3-N and NH4-N. Foliar N decreased by 10% with TI and increased by 8% with PF. Foliar P and Ca increased by 45 and 6% respectively, with TI. Node number was not influenced by TI, PF or SM. PF however, increased cane height, cane diameter, dry weight and leaf area by 14, 17, 77 and 11% respectively, and TI increased cane diameter by 13%. Although TI increased the number of fruiting laterals by 63%, there was no effect of TI, PF or SM on harvested berry number or weight.

scholarly journals Hot Water Treatment Released Endodormancy but Reduced Number of Flowers in Potted Red Raspberry Plants

HortScience ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 894-898 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marja Rantanen ◽  
Pauliina Palonen
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Bud Break ◽  
Hot Water Treatment ◽  
Dormancy Breaking ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
Hydrogen Cyanamide ◽  
Sublethal Stress

Partially released dormancy causes poor and uneven bud break in temperate plant species like red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.). Insufficient chilling may be a problem when raspberries are grown at southern latitudes and in year-round production. Dormancy may be released by sublethal stress in many species. We studied the effect of sublethal stress on endodormancy in red raspberry ‘Glen Ample’ and ‘Ottawa’. Canes growing in pots were treated with either hot water (45 °C, 1 h) or the dormancy-breaking chemical, hydrogen cyanamide (1.04%), after accumulation of 0, 240, 480, 720, 960, or 1200 h of chilling at 1 °C. Bud break, vegetative growth, and number of flowers were recorded during 12 weeks of greenhouse forcing after the treatments. Chilling increased bud break, growth, and dry weight of lateral shoots and number of flowers in both cultivars. During deepest endodormancy (0 and 240 h of chilling), treatment with either hot water or hydrogen cyanamide enhanced bud break and lateral shoot growth but could not completely replace chilling. In ‘Ottawa’, hydrogen cyanamide was more effective than hot water during deepest endodormancy, but hot water treatment broke dormancy effectively when 720 h of chilling had accumulated. For ‘Glen Ample’, hot water was as effective as hydrogen cyanamide in breaking endodormancy. Hot water treatment reduced the number of flowers in ‘Glen Ample’ during late endodormancy (720, 960, and 1200 h of chilling). The chilling requirement for ‘Ottawa’ was fulfilled between 720 and 960 h of chilling. However, in ‘Glen Ample’, 1200 h of chilling was not enough to fully release bud dormancy; bud break remained low and it was increased by dormancy-breaking treatments. Hot water treatment can be used to release endodormancy in raspberries, but treatment conditions need to be optimized to preserve crop potential. Chemical name used: hydrogen cyanamide (Dormex, Hi-Cane, Morgrapes).

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