scholarly journals Ethephon Substrate Drenches Inhibit Stem Extension of Floriculture Crops

HortScience ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 47 (9) ◽  
pp. 1312-1319 ◽  
Author(s):  
William B. Miller ◽  
Neil S. Mattson ◽  
Xiaorong Xie ◽  
Danghui Xu ◽  
Christopher J. Currey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Commercial Production ◽  
Bedding Plants ◽  
Bedding Plant ◽  
Ornamental Crops ◽  
Delayed Flowering

Ethephon [(2-chloroethyl) phosphonic acid] is a plant growth regulator that releases ethylene on application and can abort flowers, stimulate branching, and inhibit stem elongation. Although ethephon is used as a foliar spray during the commercial production of many ornamental crops, its effectiveness as a drench has not been widely investigated. We performed experiments to quantify the effects of an ethephon drench on growth and flowering of a range of bedding plant and Narcissus cultivars and to assess the effect of lime on ethylene release from a peat substrate. A substrate drench of 0, 100, 250, or 500 mg·L−1 ethephon was applied to 12 potted Narcissus cultivars at one location, and up to 200 mg·L−1 was applied to 24 cultivars of bedding plants at three locations. Compared with untreated controls, ethephon generally reduced plant height at flowering and the effect increased with increased concentration. For example, Narcissus treated with a 250 mg·L−1 ethephon drench had stems that were 20% to 40% shorter at the end of flowering than control plants. However, ethephon drenches generally caused a 2- to 3-day flowering delay, and two cultivars had a phytotoxic response. Among the bedding plants studied, a 100-mg·L−1 ethephon drench suppressed plant height at flowering by greater than 30% in Catharanthus, Celosia, Dianthus, and Verbena, but by only 10% to 15% in Lobelia, Lycopersicon, and Tagetes. The drenches also delayed flowering in 10 of the 16 crops measured and decreased dry mass accumulation in all of the crops measured. Ethephon release from peat substrate became maximal ≈120 h after application and was dramatically increased by incorporation of dolomitic lime up to a rate of 9.5 kg lime per m3 of peat. Collectively, these studies show that ethephon substrate drenches inhibit stem elongation in a broad range of floriculture crops, but can also delay flowering and reduce biomass accumulation.

Phosphorus Fertilization in Ebb and Flow Production of Bedding Plants

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 523b-523 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin James ◽  
Marc van Iersel
Keyword(s):  
Dry Mass ◽  
Plant Production ◽  
Phosphorus Fertilization ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Nutrient Runoff ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Bedding Plants ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
Bedding Plant ◽  
Ebb And Flow

The quantity and quality of available water in the Southeastern United States continues to decline as demands on limited resources increase. Growers will soon be forced to comply with legal limitations on water consumption and limits on nutrient runoff from their operations. A lack of information on standard growing practices using alternative irrigation systems such as ebb and flow is hindering their acceptance and implementation. We are currently conducting a series of experiments to establish basic growing guidelines for the use of ebb and flow in the greenhouse in bedding plant production. In the third of these experiments, Petunia × hybrida Hort. Vilm.-Andr. `Blue Frost' and Begonia × hiemalis Fotsch. `Ambassador Scarlet' were grown for 5 weeks on ebb and flow tables with fertigation solutions (225 ppm N) containing three different levels of phosphorus (0, 50, and 100 ppm). Three soilless media were also used, which varied in their percentage content of vermiculite, perlite, pine bark and coconut coir. For both the begonias and petunias dry mass of the shoot was greatest in plants grown with higher levels of phosphorus. In comparison to plants grown with 0 ppm phosphorous, petunias and begonias grown with 50 or 100 ppm P were 44% and 25% greater in mass, respectively. However, begonias had 38% more flowers when fertigated with the higher levels of phosphorous while petunias flowered earlier with 0 ppm P fertigation solution. The electrical conductivity of the media did not change significantly over the course of the growing period, but the pH dropped by an average of 1 over the same time interval.

scholarly journals Establishment and Growth of Begonias in the Landscape as Affected by Root Ball Condition at Transplanting

2006 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 213-217
Author(s):  
S.M. Scheiber ◽  
Richard C. Beeson
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
The Other ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Accumulation Rates ◽  
Bedding Plant ◽  
Canopy Size ◽  
Begonia Semperflorens

Abstract Begonias (Begonia semperflorens) were transplanted into an open-sided clear polyethylene covered shelter to evaluate the effect of root ball condition on establishment and growth. Three root ball classes were evaluated: non root-bound (NRB; 6 week old plants), root-bound (RB; 10 week old plants), and root-bound with the bottom 1 cm of the root ball removed (RBM). Non root-bound plants had greater growth rates for both height and faster rates of accumulation for cumulative root dry mass and new root dry mass relative to the other treatments tested. Cumulative shoot dry mass, new shoot dry mass, and total biomass accumulation rates were slower among RB plants compared to other rootball conditions. Mean canopy size, shoot dry mass, and biomass of NRB were significantly less at transplant; however all parameters were comparable among treatments 12 weeks later. Final mean shoot to root ratios were lower for the NRB treatment relative to RBM. Results indicate smaller, NRB transplants establish faster in the landscape. Furthermore, rootball manipulation is not recommended as it had no significant effect on root establishment or canopy growth of this annual bedding plant in the landscape.

scholarly journals Early Growth Control of Plants by Seed Soaking in Growth Regulator Solutions

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 757D-758
Author(s):  
Stanislav Magnitskiy* ◽  
Claudio Pasian ◽  
Mark Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Growth Regulator ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Growth Control ◽  
Plant Production ◽  
Soaking Time ◽  
Seed Soaking ◽  
Bedding Plants ◽  
Bedding Plant

Regulation of excessive vegetative growth is of importance in both field and bedding plant production. The goal of the study was to evaluate the effect of preplant seed soaking in growth regulators on the growth control of floricultural (verbena, salvia, pansy, marigold, celosia) and agronomic (cucumber, dill) crops. Seeds were soaked in water solutions of growth regulators of different concentrations ranging according to the crop from 50 to 1000 mg·L-1 for paclobutrazol, 1 to 10 mg·L-1 for uniconazole, 10 to 200 mg·L-1 for ancymidol, 100 to 5000 mg·L-1 for chlormequate chloride and dried at 20 °C for 24 h prior to sowing into plugs. In the first experiment, seeds of verbena, salvia, pansy, and dill soaked for 5 minutes in 50 mg·L-1 paclobutrazol solutions produced seedlings that were up to 43, 18, 30, and 22% shorter than the controls, respectively. Increased paclobutrazol concentrations and soaking time generally corresponded to a greater reduction of plant height, as well as delays and reduction in seedling emergence of all crops, except cucumber. In the second experiment, growth of marigold plugs from seeds soaked in 5 mg·L-1 uniconazole or 60 mg·L-1 ancymidol solutions during 45 min was associated with 23% or 6% plant height reduction, respectively. Soaking of marigold seeds in the solutions of chlormequate chloride did not significantly affect seedling growth. Increasing time of seed soaking in growth regulator solutions did not influence emergence of marigold seedlings. The height of celosia seedlings was only slightly reduced by soaking seeds in the solutions of all studied growth regulators. Results indicate that seed treatments with growth regulators might be useful in growth control of selected bedding plants.

scholarly journals Morphological Performance of Onion under Exogenous Treatments of GA3

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-37
Author(s):  
Md.Dulal SARKAR ◽  
Mohammad SHAHJAHAN ◽  
Khairul KABIR ◽  
Abu Yousuf SHIHAB ◽  
A.N.M. SAYEM
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Root Biomass ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Growth Promoter ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Morphological Response ◽  
Fresh Biomass

The present study was conducted to assess the morphological response of onion plants to different GA3 levels (0, 20, 40 and 60 ppm). The factor levels of GA3 were applied during transplanting by root soaking and foliar spray at 30 and 60 days after transplanting. The gibberellic acid had a great effect on increasing plant height (46.50 cm), shoot biomass (641.67 g m-2), bulb biomass (1125.00 g m-2) and also dry matter accumulation in onion plants under the effect of 60 ppm compared to control. Plants grown up without GA3 application were shorter than those grown with GA3 spray where the lowest plant height (34.67 cm) was remarked. The leaf number (11.43) was considerably increased when 60 ppm GA3 was used as the growth promoter factor in comparison to control. The plants attain minimum fresh biomass at harvesting time in the shoot (441.67 g m-2) and bulb (641.67 g m-2) grown in control plot. Considerably (41.63%) more dry shoot biomass accumulation was recorded in 60 ppm GA3 treated plants in comparison with the control at harvesting stages. Insignificant effect by all concentration of GA3 was found in bulb length, fresh root biomass and dry root biomass. Thus, the use of 60 ppm GA3 can be recommend for onion production due to the significantly increased of the fresh bulb biomass with about 42.96% over control.

scholarly journals Dissecting and modelling the comparative adaptation to water limitation of sorghum and maize: role of transpiration efficiency, transpiration rate and height

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
E J van Oosterom ◽  
M R D L Kulathunga ◽  
K S Deifel ◽  
G B McLean ◽  
C Barrasso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Simulation Study ◽  
Transpiration Rate ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Transpiration Efficiency ◽  
Water Limitation ◽  
Drought Tolerant ◽  
Sorghum Genotypes

Abstract Maize is considered less drought-tolerant than sorghum, but sorghum is commonly grown as a short triple dwarf (3dwarf) type, so difference in plant height confounds the species comparison. The objectives of this study were to experimentally determine effects of species and plant height differences on transpiration efficiency (TE) and transpiration rate per unit green leaf area (TGLA) and use findings to explain input parameters in a simulation study on the comparative adaptation of 3dwarf sorghum and maize in environments with contrasting water availability. Maize, tall double dwarf (2dwarf) and short 3dwarf sorghum genotypes were grown in two lysimeter experiments in 2011 in SE Queensland, Australia. Each plant was harvested after anthesis and total transpiration, shoot and root dry mass were measured to estimate TE. Daily TGLA was used to compare transpiration rates. Species and height had limited effect on TE, but significantly affected TGLA. This was associated with differences in biomass allocation. The similar TE but higher TGLA in maize compared with 3dwarf sorghum meant it potentially produces more biomass, consistent with published differences in biomass accumulation and radiation use efficiency (RUE). The simulation study, which used similar TE for maize and 3dwarf sorghum, but captured differences in TGLA through differences in RUE, predicted crossover interactions for grain yield between species and total water use. The greater TGLA of maize decreased grain yield in water-limited environments, but increased yields in well-watered situations. Results highlight that similarity in TE and differences in TGLA can influence comparative adaptation to water limitation.

scholarly journals Production and Postproduction Performance of Uniconazole-Treated Bedding Plants

1991 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 203-206
Author(s):  
Gary J. Keever ◽  
William J. Foster
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Tagetes Erecta ◽  
Stress Evaluation ◽  
Bedding Plants ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Tagetes Erecta L

Abstract Growth and flowering responses of Pelargonium × hortorum L. H. Bailey ‘Ringo Deep Scarlet’, Tagetes erecta L. ‘Inca Orange’, Viola × wittrockiana Gams. ‘Blue Shades’, Impatiens × ‘Zenith’ and Salvia farinacea Benth. ‘Victoria Blue’ to uniconazole applied at the seedling stage were evaluated at the end of production and 5 to 7 weeks after transplanting into the landscape (geranium, impatiens and salvia only). A drought stress evaluation was also conducted. Response to uniconazole varied with species, sampling date and uniconazole concentration. Growth of all species was suppressed when measured 4½ to 8½ weeks after treatment (WAT), and stress tolerance of all species except marigold increased with increasing concentrations of uniconazole. Flowering generally was delayed with uniconazole. Impatiens and geranium treated with 10 ppm or less of uniconazole were similar in height to nontreated plants 5 to 7 weeks after being transplanted; at this time, uniconazole had no effect on plant height or shoot dry weight of salvia. Daminozide applied once as a 5000 ppm foliar spray was not effective in suppressing vegetative growth of any of the tested species.

scholarly journals The Influence of Diurnal Temperatures on the Susceptibility of Bedding Plants to Gray Mold Caused by Botrytis cinerea

Plant Disease ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 83 (6) ◽  
pp. 589-589
Author(s):  
P. M. Prichard ◽  
M. K. Hausbeck ◽  
R. D. Heins
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Temperature Treatment ◽  
Host Susceptibility ◽  
Bedding Plants ◽  
Progress Curve ◽  
Bedding Plant ◽  
Maximum Proportion

Plant height can be regulated by manipulation of day (DT) and night temperatures (NT). Traditionally, commercial flower crops are grown with a DT higher than the NT, which results in greater internode length than when the regimen is reversed. Because temperature manipulation is a popular height-control tool among growers, the influence of DT/NT regimens of 16/16, 19/19, 22/22, 16/19, 19/22, 16/22, 19/16, 22/19, and 22/16°C on foliage susceptibility to Botrytis cinerea was investigated. After a minimum 3-week temperature treatment, seed geraniums (Pelargonium × hortorum), petunias (Petunia × hybrida), and impatiens (Impatiens wallerana) were inoculated with 2.7 × 105 B. cinerea conidia per ml of water and incubated at 20°C for the duration of the experiment. When averaged over two experiments, the maximum proportion of geranium, petunia, and impatiens foliage infected was 81.5, 35.5, and 27.0%, respectively. The maximum proportion of leaves supporting sporulating B. cinerea was 59.5% for geraniums, 25.5% for petunias, and 5.5% for impatiens. Area under the disease progress curve data indicated that susceptibility of bedding plant foliage was not influenced by the difference in DT/NT regimens. Results suggest that growers that use higher NT than DT to limit plant height do not increase host susceptibility to B. cinerea. However, more rigorous disease management strategies are needed for production of seed geraniums than for petunias or impatiens.

scholarly journals Responses of Nine Containerized Perennials to Sumagic

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 593B-593
Author(s):  
Joyce G. Latimer ◽  
Paul A. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Echinacea Purpurea ◽  
Growth Retardant ◽  
Maximum Height ◽  
Bedding Plants ◽  
Phlox Paniculata ◽  
Monarda Didyma ◽  
Alcea Rosea

Nine perennial bedding plants were screened for responsiveness to the plant growth retardant, Sumagic (uniconazole-P). Two weeks after planting, plugs were treated with one foliar spray of Sumagic at 0, 40, 80, 120, or 160 ppm at the label-recommended volume. Plant growth of Gaillardia grandiflora `Goblin' was not reduced by Sumagic. Height of Achillea × `Moonshine' was reduced 8% to 12% at 4 weeks after treatment (WAT), and the reduction persisted through 8 weeks after planting (WAP) to the landscape. Phlox paniculata `Joliet' responded linearly to increasing Sumagic rate with a maximum height reduction of 32% at 160 ppm. Coreopsis grandiflora `Sunray', Rudbeckia fulgida var. Sullivantii `Goldsturm' and Monarda didyma `Blue Stocking' responded significantly to Sumagic with 30% to 60% height reductions at 4 WAT, but no persistent effects at 8 WAP. Height of Veronica alpine `Goodness Grows' was reduced 32% to 68% at 4 WAT, but all Sumagic rates resulted in persistent reductions in plant height at 12 WAP. Plant height of Alcea rosea mix and Echinacea purpurea were excessively reduced (up to 79%) at 4 WAT, but there were no persistent effects on height of Alcea in the landscape. All rates of Sumagic resulted in persistent reductions in height of Echinacea at 8 WAP, but only plants treated with 120 and 160 ppm Sumagic were still significantly shorter than controls at 12 WAP

scholarly journals The Effects of Several Key Factors on the Efficacy of Paclobutrazol Liner Dips for the Control of Stem Elongation in Bedding Plants

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 984A-984
Author(s):  
Rebecca A. Schnelle ◽  
James E. Barrett
Keyword(s):  
Growth Regulator ◽  
Petunia Hybrida ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Size Control ◽  
Plant Industry ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Bedding Plants ◽  
Relative Moisture ◽  
Bedding Plant ◽  
Dry Down

The paclobutrazol liner dip is a plant growth regulator application technique that is becoming widespread in the commercial bedding plant industry. This technique, in which plug trays are dipped in a solution of paclobutrazol before transplant, is an efficient method for applying this growth regulator to a large number of plants. In previous studies, significant variability in size control was documented following liner dip treatments with identical solution concentrations. To elucidate the causes of this variability, three bedding plant species with varying levels of paclobutrazol sensitivity (Petunia ×hybrida, Impatiens wallerana, and Scaevola aemula) were treated with paclobutrazol liner dips under various conditions. Four factors identified in previous studies that may impact the efficacy of paclobutrazol liner dips were evaluated in this study. The age of the cuttings at the time of treatment ranged from 2 to 4 weeks after propagation. The light intensity incident to the plants from 2 h before through 2 h following the time of treatment ranged from about 1000 μmol·m-2·s-1 in a greenhouse to 5 μmol·m-2·s-1 indoors. The relative moisture content of the plug media before the treatment was saturated or at 25%, 50%, or 80% dry down by weight, based on air-dried media. The amount of time the plug media remained in the paclobutrazol solution was 10 s, 30 s, or 2 min. Data were collected on stem elongation 3 weeks after transplanting and again 2 weeks later. The results confirm that all four factors tested interact with the concentration of paclobutrazol in the dip solution to determine the control in stem elongation achieved by the treatment.

LEAF SENESCENCE OF EASTER LILY AS INFLUENCED BY ROOT/SHOOT GROWTH, PHOSPHORUS NUTRITION AND ANCYMIDOL

1979 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 757-761 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. TSUJITA ◽  
D. P. MURR ◽  
GAIL JOHNSON
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Leaf Senescence ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Phosphorus Content ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Lilium Longiflorum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Phosphorus Nutrition ◽  
Easter Lily ◽  
Delayed Flowering

The effect of ancymidol (A-Rest) applications and phosphorus nutrition on shoot and root growth and the development of lower leaf senescence in Easter lilies (Lilium longiflorum Thunb.) was examined. Ancymidol delayed flowering in the first but not in the second experiment. Bud count was not affected by application method of ancymidol. Plant height and shoot and root dry weight were reduced with 0.25 and 0.50 mg/15 cm pot ancymidol concentrations. Leaf senescence was increased by ancymidol, the effects of drench application being more severe than those of the foliar spray treatment. The phosphorus content of leaves and roots was not influenced by ancymidol. Phosphorus nutrition did not affect flowering, bud count or plant height but significantly affected dry weight and phosphorus content of roots and shoots. In the second experiment leaf senescence was reduced by high applications of phosphorus.

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