scholarly journals Apparent Tolerance to Huanglongbing in Citrus and Citrus-related Germplasm

HortScience ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Godfrey P. Miles ◽  
Ed Stover ◽  
Chandrika Ramadugu ◽  
Manjunath L. Keremane ◽  
Richard F. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Seed Source ◽  
Citrus Limon ◽  
Good Growth ◽  
Canopy Density ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Murraya Paniculata ◽  
Casimiroa Edulis ◽  
Citrus Volkameriana ◽  
Liberibacter Asiaticus

In a Fort Pierce, FL, field planting, plant growth, and Huanglongbing (HLB) severity were assessed as indicators of HLB tolerance on progenies of 83 seed-source accessions of Citrus and Citrus relatives mainly from the Riverside, CA, genebank. The HLB-associated pathogen [Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas)] and vector [asian citrus psyllid (ACP), Diaphorina citri] were abundant, and trees were naturally challenged for 6 years before metrics (leaf mottle, percent canopy mottle, overall health, canopy density, canopy width, canopy height, and trunk diameter) were collected in Oct. and Nov. 2015. The healthiest trees with low or no HLB symptoms were distant citrus relatives: Balsamocitrus dawei, Bergera koenigii, Casimiroa edulis, Clausena excavata, Murraya paniculata, and one accession of Severinia buxifolia. Within Citrus, most of the healthiest trees with densest canopies, little leaf loss, and greater growth were those with pedigrees that included Citrus medica (citron). These included progenies of Citrus hybrid (‘Limon Real’), Citrus limetta, Citrus limettioides, Citrus limonia, C. medica, Citrus volkameriana, and some Citrus limon accessions. Trees in this category exhibited distinct leaf-mottle characteristic of HLB and substantial pathogen titers, but maintained dense canopies and exhibited good growth. Trees from seed-source accessions in the genus Citrus without citron in their background were generally among the least healthy overall with less dense canopies. The exceptions were progenies of two Citrus aurantium accessions, which were markedly healthier than progenies of other Citrus seed-source accessions not derived from citron. Linear regression analysis, between metrics collected and pedigree of seed parent, indicated that percentage of citron in the pedigree significantly correlated with measures of tolerance. Although no commercial Citrus genotypes yielded progenies with strong HLB resistance, in this field experiment several progenies maintained dense canopies and good growth, and may be useful for breeding HLB tolerant cultivars.

scholarly journals Rootstock Influence on Growth and Mineral Content of Citrus limon and Citrus sinensis cv. Valencia Inoculated with Candidatus Liberibacter Asiaticus

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1564
Author(s):  
Criseida Alhelí Sáenz-Pérez ◽  
Eduardo Osorio-Hernández ◽  
Benigno Estrada-Drouaillet ◽  
Sergio Castro-Nava ◽  
Rafael Delgado-Martínez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Citrus Sinensis ◽  
Mineral Content ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Citrus Limon ◽  
Citrus Aurantium ◽  
Candidatus Liberibacter Asiaticus ◽  
Candidatus Liberibacter ◽  
Citrus Volkameriana ◽  
Liberibacter Asiaticus

Huanglongbing (HLB) reduces the growth and development of citrus and induces changes in secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, limonoids, and polyamines. Likewise, infected plants have a deficient absorption of nutrients such as zinc, potassium, manganese, and copper. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of different rootstocks on morphology and mineral changes of Citrus limon and Citrus sinensis cv. Valencia plants inoculated with Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus. In a greenhouse of the Experimental Station-Autonomous University of Tamaulipas, the Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus bacteria were inoculated to Citrus limon plants (growing on Citrus volkameriana, Citrus macrophylla, and Citrus aurantium rootstocks) and Citrus sinensis cv. Valencia (growing on Citrus volkameriana and Citrus aurantium rootstocks). The experiment was established under a completely randomized design with 45 graft/rootstock repetitions. In each graft/rootstock combination, the plant height and stem diameter were determined using a tape measurer and a Vernier, respectively. In addition, the nutrient content of foliar samples was determined by an X-ray fluorescence spectrometer. In both citrus species, the C. aurantium rootstock promoted a higher concentration of the bacteria. On the other hand, the rootstock that showed the best agronomical results after inoculation with the bacteria was C. volkameriana, presenting the least variation in mineral content and conferring greater plant height (15%) and stem diameter (23%). In contrast, the presence of Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus decreased S content and increased Cu concentration in C. lemon plants. Similarly, plants infected with C. sinensis presented higher Fe content. Finally, in both species, no significant differences were observed for Mn, P, and Zn concentration.

scholarly journals Low Incidence of ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ in Murraya paniculata and Associated Diaphorina citri

Plant Disease ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 96 (6) ◽  
pp. 827-832 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abigail J. Walter ◽  
David G. Hall ◽  
Yong Ping Duan
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Diaphorina Citri ◽  
Candidatus Liberibacter Asiaticus ◽  
Disease Epidemiology ◽  
Citrus Groves ◽  
Murraya Paniculata ◽  
Candidatus Liberibacter ◽  
Liberibacter Asiaticus ◽  
Low Incidence ◽  
A Minor

Huanglongbing (HLB) is one of the most devastating diseases of citrus worldwide. ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ is the prevalent species of three HLB-associated Liberibacter spp., which is vectored by the psyllid Diaphorina citri. The vector and the bacteria have host plants outside the genus Citrus, and these plants have the potential to affect disease epidemiology within citrus groves. Murraya paniculata could be especially problematic because it is a popular ornamental plant and a host of both psyllid and bacteria. We conducted a year-long survey of eight urban plantings of M. paniculata in east-central Florida to characterize ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ infection rates in plants and associated psyllids. Using sensitive quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) primers targeting two prophage genes of ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’, we found infection to be extremely low: less than 1% of psyllids and 1.8% of plants. With qPCR primers targeting ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ 16S rDNA, none of the plants and only one psyllid were ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’-positive. Therefore, the titer of ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ is low in M. paniculata and associated psyllids. These results suggest that urban plantings of M. paniculata may serve as a minor source of ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ inoculum.

scholarly journals Molecular differentiation of the Murraya paniculata Complex (Rutaceae: Aurantioideae: Aurantieae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chung Huy Nguyen ◽  
G. Andrew C. Beattie ◽  
Anthony M. Haigh ◽  
Inggit Puji Astuti ◽  
David J. Mabberley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Data ◽  
Its Region ◽  
Molecular Dating ◽  
Putative Hybrid ◽  
Citrus Industry ◽  
Morphological Studies ◽  
Murraya Paniculata ◽  
Taxonomic Uncertainty ◽  
Liberibacter Asiaticus ◽  
Cryptic Taxa

Abstract Background Orange jasmine has a complex nomenclatural history and is now known as Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack. Our interest in this common ornamental stemmed from the need to resolve its identity and the identities of closely related taxa as hosts of the pathogen ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ and its vector Diaphorina citri. Understanding these microbe-vector-plant relationships has been hampered by taxonomic confusion surrounding Murraya at both the generic and specific levels. Results To resolve the taxonomic uncertainty, six regions of the maternally-inherited chloroplastal genome and part of the nuclear-encoded ITS region were amplified from 85 accessions of Murraya and Merrillia using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Clustering used maximum parsimony (MP), maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI). Chronograms were produced for molecular dating, and to test the monophyly of Murraya rigorously, using selected accessions of Murraya and 26 accessions of the Rutaceae and Simarubaceae. Sequence data from the ITS and chloroplastal regions suggest that Murraya paniculata (sensu (Swingle WT and Reece CR, The Citrus Industry, p. 190–430, 1967)) can be separated into four distinct but morphologically somewhat cryptic taxa: Murraya paniculata (sensu (Mabberley DJ, Taxon 65:366–371, 2016)), M. elongata, M. sumatrana and M. lucida. In addition, Murraya omphalocarpa was identified as a putative hybrid of M. paniculata and M. lucida with two geographically isolated nothovarieties representing reciprocal crosses. Murraya is monophyletic, and molecular dating suggests that it diverged from Merrillia during the Miocene (23–5 Ma) with this Murraya group speciating and dispersing during the Middle Miocene onwards. Conclusions The accessions from Asia and Australasia used in this study grouped into biogeographical regions that match herbarium specimen records for the taxa that suggest natural allopatric distributions with limited overlap and hybridity. Murraya paniculata has been distributed around the world as an ornamental plant. The division of the Murraya paniculata complex into four species with a rare hybrid also confirms morphological studies.

scholarly journals Preplant Fumigation of Reset `Lisbon' Lemon Trees

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 541C-541
Author(s):  
M.A. Maurer ◽  
M.E. Matheron
Keyword(s):  
Field Study ◽  
Tree Growth ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Soil Fumigation ◽  
Soil Sampling ◽  
Citrus Limon ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Carrizo Citrange

A field study was conducted near Mesa, Ariz., in a mature lemon grove with reset `Lisbon' lemon trees (Citrus limon) on a Carrizo citrange rootstock to determine the effects of stump removal and preplant soil fumigation on reset tree growth and development. Treatments consisted of resets planted with or without tree stumps and in addition with or without preplant Vapam. Pretreatment soil samples average 2.1 propagals of Phytophthora per gram of soil; however, after Vapam treatments, Phytophthora was not detected in the treated plots. In subsequent soil sampling for 2 years, Phytophthora was detected in only one plot treated with Vapam. Tree growth and vigor was greatest for resets that had stumps removed and preplant Vapam followed by resets with stumps present and preplant Vapam based on visual ratings and trunk diameter measurements. In addition, resets without stumps were more vigorous than resets where stumps were present.

scholarly journals First Report of Dodder Transmission of ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ to Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)

Plant Disease ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 92 (5) ◽  
pp. 831-831 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. P. Duan ◽  
Tim Gottwald ◽  
L. J. Zhou ◽  
D. W. Gabriel
Keyword(s):  
Lycopersicon Esculentum ◽  
Pcr Amplification ◽  
South Florida ◽  
Candidatus Liberibacter Asiaticus ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Murraya Paniculata ◽  
Candidatus Liberibacter ◽  
Citrus Huanglongbing ◽  
Liberibacter Asiaticus ◽  
Lower Titer

Citrus huanglongbing (HLB) is one of the most devastating diseases of citrus worldwide. The disease is associated with three different species of fastidious α-proteobacteria, namely ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’, Ca. L. americanus, and Ca. L. africanus (1). ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ was first detected in South Florida in 2005 and has spread throughout the citrus-growing areas of Florida. ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ is transmitted naturally by the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri, and can also be transmitted by graft propagation and via various species of dodder (Cuscuta). HLB affects most if not all citrus and citrus relatives within the family Rutaceae (2), including the ornamental shrub Murraya paniculata (4). In addition, ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ and ‘Ca. L. americanus’ can infect tobacco (Nicotiana xanthi) and periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus) (1,4). Here we report that ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ can infect tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) cvs. Manapal and FL47. Manapal and FL 47 plants grown from seed were placed adjacent to ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’-infected sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) plants with dodder (Cuscuta pentagona) already well established on them. Young dodder shoots still connected to the citrus were draped over the tomato plants and subsequently also became attached to the tomato stems. After 1 month, the tomato plants were detached from the citrus and most of the dodder removed. One month later, these tomato plants started to show vein clearing and subsequently the mature leaves became thicker and leathery. Some leaves showed blotchy mottle symptoms and some fruits became lopsided in a manner similar to HLB symptom expression on citrus. PCR amplification of the ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ 16S rDNA with primers OI1/OI2c and the β-operon with primers A2/J5 (1) revealed the presence of ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ DNA. Sequence analysis confirmed that the sequences of the cloned amplicons were identical to those from the HLB-infected citrus source plant. Both conventional and quantitative real-time PCR (3) revealed a much lower abundance of ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ DNA in tomato as compared with ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’-infected citrus or periwinkle, indicating that ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ bacteria multiplied at a lower titer in these tomato cultivars. References: (1) J. M. Bové, J. Plant Pathol. 88:7, 2006. (2) S. E. Halbert et al. Fla. Entomol. 87:330, 2004. (3) W. Li et al. J. Microbiol. Methods 66:104, 2006. (4) L. Z. Zhou et al. Plant Dis. 91:227, 2007.

scholarly journals Murraya paniculata and Swinglea glutinosa as Short-Term Transient Hosts of ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ and Implications for the Spread of Huanglongbing

2019 ◽  
Vol 109 (12) ◽  
pp. 2064-2073 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Camilo Cifuentes-Arenas ◽  
George Andrew Charles Beattie ◽  
Leandro Peña ◽  
Silvio Aparecido Lopes
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Orange ◽  
Diaphorina Citri ◽  
Candidatus Liberibacter Asiaticus ◽  
Principal Vector ◽  
Dead End ◽  
Valencia Orange ◽  
Murraya Paniculata ◽  
Citrus Rootstock ◽  
Candidatus Liberibacter ◽  
Liberibacter Asiaticus

Murraya paniculata and Swinglea glutinosa are aurantioid hosts of the Asian citrus psyllid (ACP) Diaphorina citri, the principal vector of ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ (Las). Las is the pathogen associated with huanglongbing (HLB), the Asian form of which is the most devastating disease of Citrus species and cultivars (Rutaceae: Aurantioideae). M. paniculata is a common ornamental and S. glutinosa is grown as an ornamental, a citrus rootstock, and a hedgerow fence plant. Because of the uncertain status of these plants as reservoirs of Las, a series of cross-inoculation bioassays were carried out in different environments, using infected Valencia sweet orange (Citrus × aurantium) infected shoot tops as a source of inoculum and D. citri nymphs and adults reared on M. paniculata and S. glutinosa to inoculate pathogen-free Valencia orange plantlets. In contrast to sweet orange, Las was more unevenly distributed and reached much lower titers in M. paniculata and S. glutinosa. Infections in M. paniculata and S. glutinosa were also transient. Very few insects that successfully acquired Las from M. paniculata and S. glutinosa were able to transmit the pathogen to healthy citrus. Transmission rates were low from M. paniculata (1.0%) and S. glutinosa (2.0%) and occurred only in a controlled environment highly favorable to Las and ACP using 10-day-old adults that completed their life cycle on Las-positive plants. Our study showed that in HLB-endemic areas, M. paniculata and S. glutinosa can be deemed as epidemiologically dead-end hosts for Las and are not important alternative hosts of the pathogen for transmission to citrus. However, under a combination of conditions highly favorable to Las infection and transmission and in the absence of effective quarantine procedures, these plants could eventually serve as carriers of Las to regions currently free from HLB.

scholarly journals Murraya paniculata and Related Species as Potential Hosts and Inoculum Reservoirs of ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’, Causal Agent of Huanglongbing

Plant Disease ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 94 (5) ◽  
pp. 528-533 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. D. Damsteegt ◽  
E. N. Postnikova ◽  
A. L. Stone ◽  
M. Kuhlmann ◽  
C. Wilson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Disease ◽  
Diaphorina Citri ◽  
Candidatus Liberibacter Asiaticus ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Murraya Paniculata ◽  
Candidatus Liberibacter ◽  
Liberibacter Asiaticus ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Southern Florida

Huanglongbing (HLB), considered to be the most serious insect-vectored bacterial disease of citrus, is transmitted in nature by the Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri and the African citrus psyllid Trioza erytreae. D. citri was discovered in southern Florida in 1998 and the HLB disease in 2005. Both have become established throughout citrus-producing areas of Florida. Murraya species are widely grown in southern Florida as ornamental hedges and are readily colonized by D. citri vectors. Colonies of D. citri, isolates of ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ from Taiwan and Florida, and the Murraya species were established in the BSL-3 biosecurity facility at Fort Detrick. In controlled inoculation experiments, D. citri transmitted ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ into M. paniculata (34/36 plants) and M. exotica (22/23 plants), but not into Bergera (Murraya) koenigii. Disease symptoms rarely developed in Murraya plants; however, positive infections were determined by conventional and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Back-inoculations of ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ from M. paniculata to Madam Vinous sweet orange resulted in disease development in 25% of the inoculated plants. Considerable variability was observed in infection rates, titer, and persistence of ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ in infected Murraya.

scholarly journals Effect on Blood Pressure of Daily Lemon Ingestion and Walking

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoji Kato ◽  
Tokio Domoto ◽  
Masanori Hiramitsu ◽  
Takao Katagiri ◽  
Kimiko Sato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Multiple Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Good Effect ◽  
Citrus Limon ◽  
Citric Acid Concentration ◽  
Action Mechanisms ◽  
Physical Measurements

Background. Recent studies suggest that the daily intake of lemon (Citrus limon) has a good effect on health, but this has not been confirmed in humans. In our previous studies, it was observed that people who are conscious of their health performed more lemon intake and exercise. An analysis that took this into account was required.Methodology. For 101 middle-aged women in an island area in Hiroshima, Japan, a record of lemon ingestion efforts and the number of steps walked was carried out for five months. The change rates (Δ%) of the physical measurements, blood test, blood pressure, and pulse wave measured value during the observation period were calculated, and correlations with lemon intake and the number of steps walked were considered. As a result, it was suggested that daily lemon intake and walking are effective for high blood pressure because both showed significant negative correlation to systolic blood pressure Δ%.Conclusions. As a result of multiple linear regression analysis, it was possible that lemon ingestion is involved more greatly with the blood citric acid concentration Δ% and the number of steps with blood pressure Δ%, and it was surmised that the number of steps and lemon ingestion are related to blood pressure improvement by different action mechanisms.

scholarly journals Investigation of Citrus HLB Symptom Variations Associated with “Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus” Strains Harboring Different Phages in Southern China

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 2262
Author(s):  
Minli Bao ◽  
Zheng Zheng ◽  
Jianchi Chen ◽  
Xiaoling Deng
Keyword(s):  
Southern China ◽  
Phage Type ◽  
Genomic Research ◽  
Citrus Limon ◽  
Symptom Development ◽  
Candidatus Liberibacter Asiaticus ◽  
Candidatus Liberibacter ◽  
Liberibacter Asiaticus

Huanglongbing (HLB) is a devastating disease affecting citrus production worldwide. In China, the disease is associated with an unculturable alpha-proteobacterium, “Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus” (CLas). Phages/prophages of CLas have recently been identified through intensive genomic research. The phage information has facilitated research on CLas biology such as population diversity and virulence gene identification. However, little is known about the roles of CLas phages in HLB symptom development. Such research is challenging due to the unculturable nature of CLas and the lack of laboratory strains that carry a single phage. In this study, CLas strains singly carrying Type 1 phage (Type 1 CLas) and Type 2 phage (Type 2 CLas) were identified and maintained in an experimental screenhouse in southern China. The strains were characterized through next-generation sequencing (NGS). Then, each CLas strain was inoculated into seedlings of three different citrus cultivars/species through graft transmission in a screenhouse in Guangdong, China. Symptom developments were recorded. All CLas-infected cultivars showed HLB symptoms in seven months. In cultivar Nianju (Citrus reticulata), Type 1 CLas caused pronounced yellowing symptoms and severe defoliation, whereas Type 2 CLas caused typical Zn-deficiency-like symptoms. In contrast, symptoms from the two CLas strains’ infections on cultivars Shatianyu (C. maxima), and Eureka lemon (Citrus limon) were more difficult to differentiate. Results from this study provide baseline information for future research to investigate the roles of CLas phages in HLB symptom development.

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