scholarly journals Preplant Fumigation of Reset `Lisbon' Lemon Trees

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 541C-541
Author(s):  
M.A. Maurer ◽  
M.E. Matheron
Keyword(s):  
Field Study ◽  
Tree Growth ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Soil Fumigation ◽  
Soil Sampling ◽  
Citrus Limon ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Carrizo Citrange

A field study was conducted near Mesa, Ariz., in a mature lemon grove with reset `Lisbon' lemon trees (Citrus limon) on a Carrizo citrange rootstock to determine the effects of stump removal and preplant soil fumigation on reset tree growth and development. Treatments consisted of resets planted with or without tree stumps and in addition with or without preplant Vapam. Pretreatment soil samples average 2.1 propagals of Phytophthora per gram of soil; however, after Vapam treatments, Phytophthora was not detected in the treated plots. In subsequent soil sampling for 2 years, Phytophthora was detected in only one plot treated with Vapam. Tree growth and vigor was greatest for resets that had stumps removed and preplant Vapam followed by resets with stumps present and preplant Vapam based on visual ratings and trunk diameter measurements. In addition, resets without stumps were more vigorous than resets where stumps were present.

scholarly journals Resistant Rootstocks, Preplant Compost Amendments, Soil Fumigation, and Row Repositioning for Managing Apple Replant Disease

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 841B-841
Author(s):  
Michelle M. Leinfelder ◽  
Ian A. Merwin ◽  
Gennaro Fazio ◽  
Terence Robinson*
Keyword(s):  
Tree Growth ◽  
Soil Fumigation ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Apple Replant Disease ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Replant Disease ◽  
K Fertilizer ◽  
Growth Differences

We are testing control tactics for apple replant disease (ARD) complex, a worldwide problem for fruit growers that is attributed to various biotic and abiotic soil factors. In Nov. 2001, “Empire” apple trees on five rootstocks (M.26, M.7, G.16, CG.6210, and G.30) were planted into four preplant soil treatments—commercial compost at 492 kg/ha soil-incorporated and 492 kg·ha-1 surface-applied), soil fumigation with Telone C-17 (400 L·ha-1 of 1,3-dichloropropene + chloropicrin injected at 30 cm depth five weeks prior to replanting), compost plus fumigant combination, and untreated controls—at an old orchard site in Ithaca, N.Y. Trees were replanted in rows perpendicular to, and either in or out of, previous orchard rows. Irrigation was applied as needed, and N-P-K fertilizer was applied in 2001 to all non-compost treatments to compensate for nutrients in the compost treatment. After two growing seasons, the rootstock factor has contributed most to tree-growth differences. CG.6210 rootstock supported greater growth in trunk diameter, central leader height, and lateral shoot growth (P < 0.05), regardless of preplant soil treatments and replant position. Trees on M.26 grew least over a two year period. Replant growth was greater in old grass lanes than in old tree rows, despite higher root-lesion nematode populations in previous grass lanes. Growth responses to preplant soil fumigation were negligible. Preplant compost did not increase tree growth during year one, but did increase lateral branch growth in year two. Results thus far suggest that replanting apple trees out of the old tree-row locations, and using ARD tolerant rootstocks such as CG.6210, may be more effective than soil fumigation for control of ARD in some old orchard sites.

Using saline reclaimed water on almond grown in Mediterranean conditions: deficit irrigation strategies and salinity effects

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 1413-1421 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaetano Alessandro Vivaldi ◽  
Salvatore Camposeo ◽  
Giuseppe Lopriore ◽  
Cristina Romero-Trigueros ◽  
Francisco Pedrero Salcedo
Keyword(s):  
Tree Growth ◽  
Deficit Irrigation ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Irrigation Season ◽  
Regulated Deficit Irrigation ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Almond Trees

Abstract The main objective of this study was to acquire agronomic knowledge about the effects of irrigation with saline reclaimed (RW) and desalinated DESERT (DW) water and different irrigation strategies: control full irrigation (FI) and regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) on leaf nutrients, tree growth and fruit quality and yield of almond trees in pots. Our results showed that RW had the highest concentration of some valuable agronomic nutrients such as N, but also of phytotoxic elements (Na and Cl−). Na leaf concentration on RW treatments reached toxic levels, especially under RDI, and toxicity symptoms were shown. Regarding tree growth, cumulate trunk diameter on RW-RDI was significantly lower than on the control treatment and shoot growth was reduced from the beginning of the irrigation season in RW treatments. Maximum yield was reached on RW-FI, 18% higher than the control treatment. However, RDI strategies influenced negatively on yield, being 23% less in RW and 7% less in DW although water productivity was not significantly reduced by water stress. These findings manifest that the combination of RW and RDI can be a promising future practice for almond irrigation, but long-term studies to establish suitable management practices must be developed.

Application Research of Neural Expert System on Tree Growth Model

2014 ◽  
Vol 513-517 ◽  
pp. 3728-3731
Author(s):  
Wen Qing Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Expert System ◽  
Tree Growth ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Production Management ◽  
Environmental Control ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Growth Models ◽  
Growth Management ◽  
Management Decision ◽  
Factors Affecting

In order to simulate growth and development process of tree, then provide services for production management and scientific research, all kinds of tree growth models are constructed. The paper firstly considers a variety of factors affecting the growth and development of tree, then studies artificial intelligence knowledge such as neural network and expert system, uses the neural expert system to solve the acquisition and management of tree growth parameters, and design and develop tree growth management and expert system based on growth models, the models combine morphogenesis model of tree and knowledge model to provide comprehensive environmental control and management decision-making. Practice has indicated that the growth models of tree can reflect the growth of trees under different physiological and ecological conditions, and visual effect is very good.

THE EFFECT OF SOD TYPE ON THE OCCURRENCE OF GROUND BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: CARABIDAE) IN A PEST MANAGEMENT APPLE ORCHARD

1984 ◽  
Vol 116 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. J. Holliday ◽  
E. A. C. Hagley
Keyword(s):  
Pest Management ◽  
Pitfall Trap ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Ground Beetles ◽  
Apple Orchard ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Soil Sampling ◽  
Pitfall Trapping ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Trap Catches

AbstractThe effects on carabids of natural, fescue, and rye sod types and of tillage were investigated in a pest management apple orchard. Carabids were sampled before and after the treatments by pitfall trapping and by two types of soil sampling. There were no significant effects of sod type on pitfall trap catches; however the abundance of all common species in soil samples was significantly affected by sod types. Usually in soil samples carabids were most abundant in natural sod and least abundant in tilled plots; numbers were intermediate in fescue and rye. Sod type did not affect structure or diversity of the carabid fauna.

scholarly journals Leaching of Picloram in ultisol under different rainfall volumes

2011 ◽  
Vol 29 (spe) ◽  
pp. 1129-1136 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.C Assis ◽  
A.A Silva ◽  
L D'Antonino ◽  
M.E.L.R Queiroz ◽  
L.C Barbosa
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Soil Sampling ◽  
Horizontal Position ◽  
Leaching Potential ◽  
Excess Water ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Plot Design

The present study aimed to evaluate the leaching potential of Picloram in Ultisol columns under different rainfall amounts. For such, 30 treatments were evaluated (one soil associated with three levels of rainfall and ten depths).The experiments were arranged in a split-plot design, in a completely randomized design, with four replications. PVC columns of 10 cm in diameter and 50 cm in length were filled with these soils, moistened, and placed upright for 48 hours to drain the excess water. The herbicide was applied and rainfall simulations were carried out at specified intensities, according to the treatments, to force Picloram leaching. After 72 hours, all the columns were arranged in a horizontal position and opened lengthwise. Then, soil sampling was carried out every 5 cm of depth for subsequent herbicide extraction and quantification and analysis by high performance liquid chromatography. The remaining soil samples were placed in plastic pots, and, at the respective depths, the indicator species Cucumis sativus was sown. Twenty-one days after the emergence (DAE) of the indicator plants, evaluations were conducted to verify the symptoms of toxicity caused by Picloram in the plants. It was concluded that Picloram leaching is directly dependent on the volume of rain applied. The herbicide reached the deepest regions in the soil with the highest intensity of rain. The results obtained by bioassay were in agreement with those found by liquid chromatography.

scholarly journals Apparent Tolerance to Huanglongbing in Citrus and Citrus-related Germplasm

HortScience ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Godfrey P. Miles ◽  
Ed Stover ◽  
Chandrika Ramadugu ◽  
Manjunath L. Keremane ◽  
Richard F. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Seed Source ◽  
Citrus Limon ◽  
Good Growth ◽  
Canopy Density ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Murraya Paniculata ◽  
Casimiroa Edulis ◽  
Citrus Volkameriana ◽  
Liberibacter Asiaticus

In a Fort Pierce, FL, field planting, plant growth, and Huanglongbing (HLB) severity were assessed as indicators of HLB tolerance on progenies of 83 seed-source accessions of Citrus and Citrus relatives mainly from the Riverside, CA, genebank. The HLB-associated pathogen [Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas)] and vector [asian citrus psyllid (ACP), Diaphorina citri] were abundant, and trees were naturally challenged for 6 years before metrics (leaf mottle, percent canopy mottle, overall health, canopy density, canopy width, canopy height, and trunk diameter) were collected in Oct. and Nov. 2015. The healthiest trees with low or no HLB symptoms were distant citrus relatives: Balsamocitrus dawei, Bergera koenigii, Casimiroa edulis, Clausena excavata, Murraya paniculata, and one accession of Severinia buxifolia. Within Citrus, most of the healthiest trees with densest canopies, little leaf loss, and greater growth were those with pedigrees that included Citrus medica (citron). These included progenies of Citrus hybrid (‘Limon Real’), Citrus limetta, Citrus limettioides, Citrus limonia, C. medica, Citrus volkameriana, and some Citrus limon accessions. Trees in this category exhibited distinct leaf-mottle characteristic of HLB and substantial pathogen titers, but maintained dense canopies and exhibited good growth. Trees from seed-source accessions in the genus Citrus without citron in their background were generally among the least healthy overall with less dense canopies. The exceptions were progenies of two Citrus aurantium accessions, which were markedly healthier than progenies of other Citrus seed-source accessions not derived from citron. Linear regression analysis, between metrics collected and pedigree of seed parent, indicated that percentage of citron in the pedigree significantly correlated with measures of tolerance. Although no commercial Citrus genotypes yielded progenies with strong HLB resistance, in this field experiment several progenies maintained dense canopies and good growth, and may be useful for breeding HLB tolerant cultivars.

scholarly journals Effects of Tillage and Rainfall on Atrazine Residue Levels in Soil

Weed Science ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 462-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allan R. Isensee ◽  
Ali M. Sadeghi
Keyword(s):  
Field Study ◽  
Crop Residue ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
No Till ◽  
Residue Levels

A field study was conducted in 1987 to 1991 to determine the effect of tillage and rainfall on distribution of atrazine in soil. Soil samples (10-cm increments to 50 cm) and crop residue samples were taken at regular intervals after application each year and analyzed for atrazine. Crop residue and living vegetation on no-till plots intercepted 60 to 70% of the applied atrazine; 3 to 16% of the atrazine remained in crop residue 1 to 2 wk later. The amount of atrazine recovered in soil, 1 to 2 wk posttreatment, ranged from 22 to 59 and 47 to 73% of the amount applied for no-till and conventional till, respectively. An average of 2.6 times more atrazine was recovered in the surface 10 cm of soil under conventional till than under no-till for all samplings and years. Total amounts of atrazine in the sampled profile (0- to 50-cm depth) were also generally lower under no-till than conventional till. More leaching below 10 cm occurred under no-till than conventional till, particularly in 1988 and 1990 when rain fell soon after application. Variation in soil atrazine levels among years was related to timing and amount of the first and subsequent rainfall after application.

scholarly journals Response of Young Pecan Trees to Irrigation in a Humid Climate

HortScience ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 457-462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lenny Wells
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Tree Growth ◽  
Leaf Length ◽  
Tree Planting ◽  
Stem Water Potential ◽  
Humid Climate ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Commercial Harvest ◽  
Few Data ◽  
Establishment Phase

The prolonged period from tree planting to first commercial harvest of pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch] provides incentive for many growers to intensively manage young trees to induce commercial production as soon as possible. This management includes irrigation. However, there remain very few data regarding the irrigation requirements of young pecan trees grown under southeastern U.S. orchard conditions. The objectives of this study were to determine appropriate irrigation rates for young pecan trees and to compare growth of young pecan trees with drip and microsprinkler irrigation. Parameters evaluated for both experiments include trunk diameter growth, stem water potential (water stress), leaf area, leaf length, leaf width, and chlorophyll index. These results suggest that irrigation is beneficial to the growth, vigor, and alleviation of water stress on young pecan trees in the establishment phase grown in the temperate region of the southeastern United States. There was no difference in young pecan tree growth and vigor for microsprinkler irrigated trees at 304 L per week (lpw) compared with 650 lpw from the year of planting through the third leaf. Similarly, drip irrigation at 182 lpw appears to result in equal tree growth compared with both drip and microsprinkler irrigation at over 600 lpw.

A SOIL SAMPLING PROCEDURE FOR MICROMORPHOLOGICAL STUDIES

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 693-695 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. C. WIRES ◽  
B. H. SHELDRICK
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Thin Section ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Sampling Procedure ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Soil Sampling ◽  
Sampling System ◽  
Undisturbed Soil

An inexpensive, lightweight adjustable hydraulic sampling system is described for obtaining "undisturbed" Kubiena box samples, in relatively stone-free mineral soil, for thin-section preparation. Key words: Hydraulic sampling, undisturbed soil samples, thin section

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