scholarly journals Tolerance of Native and Ornamental Grasses to Over-the-top Applications of Topramezone Herbicide

HortScience ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (6) ◽  
pp. 842-849
Author(s):  
S. Christopher Marble ◽  
Matthew T. Elmore ◽  
James T. Brosnan
Keyword(s):  
Panicum Virgatum ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Schizachyrium Scoparium ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Sorghastrum Nutans ◽  
Eastern Gamagrass ◽  
Little Bluestem ◽  
Wild Oats ◽  
Pennisetum Alopecuroides ◽  
Over The Top

Research was conducted to determine the tolerance of multiple native and ornamental grass species and one ornamental sedge species to over-the-top applications of the postemergence herbicide topramezone at three locations in the southeastern United States in 2016 and 2017. Fully rooted liners of selected grass species were outplanted into research plots in Apopka, FL; Dallas, TX; and Knoxville, TN in late spring, allowed time to establish (≈1–2 months) and then treated with two applications of topramezone at either 0.05 or 0.10 kg a.i./ha at 6–8 weeks intervals. Results showed that species including Andropogon virginicus (broomsedge), Schizachyrium scoparium ‘The Blues’ (little bluestem), Tripsacum dactyloides (eastern gamagrass), and Tripsacum floridanum (florida gamagrass) exhibited the greatest tolerance to topramezone with <10% injury to no injury being evident after each application of both herbicide rates tested. Chasmanthium latifolium (wild oats), Eragrostis elliottii ‘Wind Dancer’, Muhlenbergia capillaris (pink muhly), and Spartina bakeri (sandcord grass) were significantly injured (50% injury or greater) at both herbicide rates. Average injury observed on Panicum virgatum ‘Shenandoah’ (red switchgrass) (ranging from 39% to 100% injury) and Sorghastrum nutans (indian grass) (ranging from 0% to 40% injury) was higher in Florida than in Tennessee (injury ranging from 23% to 43% on red switchgrass and 0% to 10% on indian grass). Similarly, Pennisetum alopecuroides (dwarf fountain grass) showed higher tolerance in Texas (ranging from 0% to 34% injury) compared with those observed in Tennessee (ranging from 0% to 53% injury). Topramezone injury to Carex appalachica (appalachian sedge) was ≤18% following two applications at both rates tested. Although no injury was observed in appalachian sedge following a single application up to 0.1 kg a.i. in Florida, plants succumbed to heat stress and accurate ratings could not be taken following the second application. Because of variability observed, tolerance of red switchgrass, indian grass, dwarf fountain grass, and appalachian sedge to applications of topramezone deserves further investigation. There is potential for future use of topramezone for control of certain grass and broadleaf weeds growing in and around certain ornamental grass species. However, as there was significant variability in tolerance based on species and differences in cultivars, testing a small group of plants before large-scale application would be recommended.

Identifying Native Prairie Grass Seedlings

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 450e-451
Author(s):  
Virginia A. Gaynor ◽  
Mary Hockenberry Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Panicum Virgatum ◽  
Schizachyrium Scoparium ◽  
Sorghastrum Nutans ◽  
Native Prairie ◽  
Switch Grass ◽  
Little Bluestem ◽  
Prairie Grass ◽  
Central United States ◽  
Prairie Restorations ◽  
Sideoats Grama

There is great interest in prairie gardens and prairie restorations in the central United States. Small prairie gardens are often established with plugs, but most restorationists and landscape contractors use seed for large plantings. If initial establishment is poor, restorations are often interseeded the second or third season. However, to evaluate early establishment and determine if interseeding is necessary, contractors must be able to identify native grasses in the seedling and juvenile stages. In this study we investigated vegetative characteristics of native prairie grass seedlings. Seven species of native prairie grass were grown in the greenhouse: Andropogon gerardii (big bluestem), Sorghastrum nutans (Indian grass), Panicum virgatum (switch grass), Schizachyrium scoparium (little bluestem), Bouteloua curtipendula (sideoats grama), Elymus canadensis (Canada wildrye), and Bromus kalmii (Kalmís brome). Every 2 to 3 weeks after germination, seedlings were photographed, pressed, and mounted. Additional photographs were taken through the dissecting scope at key stages of development. Ligules and auricles were found to be useful in distinguishing species, and our close-up photographs highlight these structures. Hairiness and color were variable within a species and could not be used reliably in identification. A seedling identification key will be presented for the species studied.

scholarly journals Native Sand-prairie Plants That are Poor Hosts for Pratylenchus penetrans

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 830F-830
Author(s):  
Alan W. McKeown ◽  
John W. Potter ◽  
Mary Gartshore ◽  
Peter Carson
Keyword(s):  
Panicum Virgatum ◽  
Echinacea Purpurea ◽  
Schizachyrium Scoparium ◽  
Pratylenchus Penetrans ◽  
Sorghastrum Nutans ◽  
Switch Grass ◽  
Little Bluestem ◽  
Lesion Nematodes ◽  
Private Collection ◽  
Root Lesion Nematodes

Root lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus penetrans Cobb) are well-adapted to sandy soils and have a host range including most agronomic, horticultural, and wild species grown in Ontario. As native climax sand-prairie species have coexisted with the nematode for millennia, resistance or tolerance may have developed. We have screened using the Baermann pan technique, soil samples taken from a private collection of sand-prairie species collected from local prairie remnants. Several species [Liatris cylindracea Michx., Monarda punctata L., Pycnanthemum virginianum L., Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench] proved to be excellent hosts (>500/kg of soil) of root lesion nematode, confirming the presence of this nematode in the soil. Over two seasons, we determined that 10 plant species belonging to the families Asclepiadaceae, Compositae, Graminae, and Leguminosae to support very low numbers of P. penetrans. Brown-eyed susan (Rudbeckia hirta L.) had no root lesion nematodes throughout both seasons, Butterfly weed (Asclepias tuberosa L.) very low counts, while Switch grass (Panicum virgatum L.) and Indian grass [Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash] had detectable root lesion nematodes on only one sampling date each year. Big Bluestem (Andropogon gerardii Vitman), Little Bluestem [Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx) Nash], Sand Dropseed [Sporobolus cryptandrus (Torr.) Gray], Side-oats Grama [Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.)) Torr], Broomsedge (Andropogon virginicus L.), Bush clover [Lespedeza capitata (Michx] also are poor hosts. These species have potential as cover or rotation crops useful for nematode management.

scholarly journals Ornamental Grasses Show Minimal Response to Cultural Inputs

2011 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 443-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mack Thetford ◽  
Gary W. Knox ◽  
Edwin R. Duke
Keyword(s):  
Warm Season ◽  
Schizachyrium Scoparium ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Miscanthus Sinensis ◽  
Supplemental Irrigation ◽  
Central Park ◽  
Little Bluestem ◽  
Landscape Plants ◽  
Pennisetum Alopecuroides ◽  
Plot Design

Full sun trial gardens were established at two sites in northern Florida. Six U.S. native and three non-native warm season grass species were evaluated in a split-plot design. Only eastern gamagrass (Tripsacum dactyloides), elliott's lovegrass (Eragrostis elliottii), gulf hairawn muhly (Muhlenbergia capillaris), little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium), and ‘Central Park' maiden grass (Miscanthus sinensis) showed a significant response to supplemental irrigation or fertilization. Supplemental irrigation did not influence foliage height for any of the grasses, whereas supplemental fertilization influenced foliage height only for chinese fountain grass (Pennisetum alopecuroides). The response differences between locations were attributed in part to soil types. This study observed minimal or no response of shoot growth to supplemental irrigation or fertilization for the grass species tested, thereby affirming the broad adaptability and minimal need for inputs for these ornamental landscape plants.

Potential utilization of native prairie grasses from western Canada as ethanol feedstock

2004 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. 1067-1075 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul G. Jefferson ◽  
W. Paul McCaughey ◽  
Ken May ◽  
Jay Woosaree ◽  
Linden McFarlane
Keyword(s):  
Native Species ◽  
Panicum Virgatum ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Schizachyrium Scoparium ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Little Bluestem ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Warm Season Grasses

The utilization of native grass species for potential biomass feedstocks of the emerging ethanol industry requires more information about their cellulose and hemicellulose concentration. Ten native species were grown at seven sites across the prairie region of western Canada for two to four growing seasons. Northern wheatgrass, Elymus lanceolatus, produced high concentrations of cellulose (363 g kg-1) but low concentrations of hemicellulose (266 g kg-1). Green needlegrass, Nasella viridula, produced high concentrations of both constituents (351 and 307 g kg-1). Four warm-season grasses, big bluestem, Andropogon gerardii, little bluestem, Schizachyrium scoparium, prairie sandreed, Calamovilfa longifolia, and switchgrass, Panicum virgatum, had 346, 342, 340 and 338 g kg-1, respectively, concentrations of cellulose and also exhibited a positive response to temperature that resulted in increased hemicellulose concentration. Accumulated thermal time (degree day base 10°C) was correlated to hemicellulose concentrations in the warm-season grasses but not for cool-season grasses. Holocellulose (cellulose + hemicellulose) concentration differences varied among site-years but warm-season grasses were more stable in hollocellulose concentration than cool-season grasses. Key words: Biomass, native grasses, cellulose, hemicellulose, biofuel

scholarly journals Small Divisions of Ornamental Grasses Produce the Best Growth Following Direct Potting

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 1126-1128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark H. Brand
Keyword(s):  
Panicum Virgatum ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Size Difference ◽  
Miscanthus Sinensis ◽  
Plant Weight ◽  
Simplified Approach ◽  
Grass Production ◽  
Ornamental Grasses ◽  
Pennisetum Alopecuroides ◽  
Bare Root

Potting of bare-root spring divisions is a simplified approach to ornamental grass production. Large and small divisions of eight common ornamental grasses were directly potted into 7-L nursery containers and grown outdoors for 20 weeks to determine an appropriate division size for each grass. Response to division size was dependent on the grass species. Large divisions of Calamagrostis ×cutiflora `Karl Foerster' (Schräd.) produced twice as many inflorescences as small divisions. At harvest, large divisions of Miscanthus oligostachyus `Purpurascens' (Stapf.) had twice as many inflorescences and 1.5 times as many tillers as small divisions. However, new tiller production in large divisions was only 50% of that in small division plants. Large divisions of Miscanthus sinensis (Anderss.) cultivars produced more tillers and greater fresh and dry weights than did small divisions, but again, the differences were not proportional to the size difference between the initial divisions. Large divisions of Panicum virgatum (L.) produced 50 more tillers per plant than did small divisions, but plant weight, size, and number of inflorescences were not affected by division size. Plants from large divisions of Pennisetum alopecuroides (L.) Spreng. were 7 cm shorter than small divisions and produced 24% more inflorescences and 27% more tillers, but appeared nutrient and/or water stressed. For most grasses, smaller division size is recommended for direct spring potting.

scholarly journals Growth, Gas Exchange, and Mineral Nutrients of Ornamental Grasses Irrigated with Saline Water

HortScience ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (10) ◽  
pp. 1840-1846 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuxiang Wang ◽  
Youping Sun ◽  
Genhua Niu ◽  
Chaoyi Deng ◽  
Yi Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Panicum Virgatum ◽  
Saline Solution ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
The United States ◽  
Schizachyrium Scoparium ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Miscanthus Sinensis ◽  
Urban Landscapes ◽  
Salt Damage ◽  
Ornamental Grasses

Ornamental grasses are commonly used in urban landscapes in Utah and the Intermountain West of the United States. The relative salt tolerance of Eragrostis spectabilis (Pursh) Steud. (purple love grass), Miscanthus sinensis Andersson ‘Gracillimus’ (maiden grass), Panicum virgatum L. ‘Northwind’ (switchgrass), and Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash (little bluestem) were evaluated in a greenhouse. Plants were irrigated with a nutrient solution at an electrical conductivity (EC) of 1.2 dS·m–1 (control), or saline solution at an EC of 5.0 or 10.0 dS·m–1. At harvest (65 days after the initiation of treatment), P. virgatum and S. scoparium exhibited no foliar salt damage, and E. spectabilis and M. sinensis had minimal foliar salt damage when irrigated with saline solution at an EC of 5.0 dS·m–1. At an EC of 10.0 dS·m–1, P. virgatum and S. scoparium still had no foliar salt damage, but E. spectabilis and M. sinensis displayed slight foliar salt damage, with visual scores greater than 3 (0 = dead; 5 = excellent). Compared with the control, saline solution at an EC of 5.0 and 10.0 dS·m–1 reduced the shoot dry weight of all ornamental grasses by 25% and 46%, respectively. The leaf sodium (Na+) concentration of E. spectabilis, M. sinensis, P. virgatum, and S. scoparium irrigated with saline solution at an EC of 10.0 dS·m–1 increased 14.3, 52.6, 5.3, and 1.7 times, respectively, and the chloride (Cl–) concentration increased by 9.4, 11.1, 2.8, and 2.7 times, respectively. As a result of the salt-induced water deficit, plant height, leaf area, number of inflorescences and tillers, net photosynthesis rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (gS), and transpiration rate of four tested ornamental grasses decreased to some extent. Although high Na+ and Cl– accumulated in the leaf tissue, all ornamental grass species still had a good visual quality, with average visual scores greater than 3. In conclusion, all ornamental grasses showed a very strong tolerance to the salinity levels used in this research.

scholarly journals Postemergence Applied Herbicides for Use On Ornamental Grasses

1992 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 136-139
Author(s):  
Charles H. Gilliam ◽  
Gary J. Keever ◽  
D. Joseph Eakes ◽  
Donna C. Fare
Keyword(s):  
Grass Species ◽  
Miscanthus Sinensis ◽  
Growth Indices ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Fourth Species ◽  
Pennisetum Alopecuroides ◽  
Cortaderia Selloana ◽  
Over The Top ◽  
Similar Growth ◽  
Low Rate

Abstract Postemergence-applied, grass-active herbicides registered for use in the landscape were applied over-the-top of four ornamental grass species to evaluate tolerance in 1990 and 1991. All herbicides caused some injury to all grass species. Growth indices of dwarf fountain grass (Pennisetum alopecuroides L.K. Spreng. ‘Hameln)’ and pampas grass (Cortaderia selloana Schult. & Schult. f. Asch & Graebn. ‘Rosea’) treated with the low rate of Poast (sethoxydim) was similar to that of the nontreated plants in both years. Acclaim (fenoxaprop-ethyl) caused less injury to purple maiden grass (Miscanthus sinensis Anderss. ‘Purpurescens’) and maiden grass (M. sinensis Anderss ‘Gracillimus’) than Poast and Fusilade 2000 (fluazifop). Both Acclaim rates resulted in similar growth indices to that of nontreated plants. Flowering was reduced in three of the four grass species with all grass active herbicide treatments; the fourth species did not flower.

scholarly journals Switchgrass and Little Bluestem Cultivars Show Performance Variation Across Eight States in National Grass Trials

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 731-738
Author(s):  
Mary H. Meyer ◽  
Pamela J. Bennett ◽  
Barbara Fair ◽  
James E. Klett ◽  
Kimberly Moore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Panicum Virgatum ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
The United States ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Schizachyrium Scoparium ◽  
Annual Data ◽  
Fort Lauderdale ◽  
Little Bluestem ◽  
Landscape Plant ◽  
Plant Form

Landscape plant evaluations were conducted in eight states: Colorado, Minnesota, North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Texas, and Vermont for 17 switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) and five little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium) cultivars. Additional locations in Florida (Fort Lauderdale, Fort Pierce, Quincy, and Wimauma), Nebraska (Lincoln), and Lubbock and San Marcos completed 1 or 2 years of the trials. Plants were established in 2012 and data were collected for 3 years, 2013–15. Sites were asked to compile annual data on plant height, width, flowering time, fall color, pests, foliage color determined by the Royal Horticultural Society’s color chart, plant form, flowering date, floral impact, self-seeding, winter injury, landscape impact, and mortality. Texas A&M Agricultural Research and Extension Center (Overton), Florida (all four locations), and Vermont had the highest mortality rate. Southern Florida locations lost 50% of their plants by the end of 2014. Wide variation was reported for landscape impact, individual cultivar height, and width from different regions of the United States. Three of the 17 switchgrass cultivars, Cloud 9, Northwind, and Thundercloud, had a rating of 4.0 or higher averaged over six or more locations for plant form, floral, and landscape impact. ‘Shenandoah’ and ‘Warrior’ switchgrass had a rating of 4.0 or higher averaged over six or more locations for plant form and landscape impact, but not floral impact. Only one of the five little bluestem cultivars, Blue Heaven® rated 4.0 or higher, for plant form and landscape impact when averaged over six or more locations. This range of variability in landscape plant performance demonstrates the importance of local plant evaluations.

scholarly journals Infection, Survival, and Growth of Clavibacter nebraskensis on Crop, Weed, and Prairie Plant Species

Plant Disease ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 103 (8) ◽  
pp. 2108-2112 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. T. Webster ◽  
R. D. Curland ◽  
R. R. McNally ◽  
C. A. Ishimaru ◽  
D. K. Malvick
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Bacterial Pathogen ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
The United States ◽  
Schizachyrium Scoparium ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Leaf Sample ◽  
Maize Production ◽  
Little Bluestem

Clavibacter nebraskensis is the causal agent of Goss’s leaf blight and wilt, an important disease of maize in the United States and Canada. The epidemiology and ecology of this bacterial pathogen are poorly understood. Infested maize residue is often considered to be the primary source of inoculum for maize; however, the potential for many other plant species to be infected and serve as inoculum sources is unknown. The goal of this study was to determine if C. nebraskensis could infect, survive, and grow on common weed, crop, and grass species. Seedling leaves of 18 plant species that grow in maize production areas in the United States were inoculated with this pathogen in a controlled environment and in the field. Lesion development, bacterial streaming, and pathogen population size on leaves were then determined and used as criteria to evaluate host–pathogen interactions. Woolly cupgrass (Eriochloa villosa) and the native prairie grasses big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii) and little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium) developed lesions and bacterial streaming, identifying them as hosts and susceptible to infection. To our knowledge, this is the first report of these grass species being hosts of C. nebraskensis. Ten other grass species, including wheat and oats, were identified as potential sustaining hosts that maintained epiphytic or endophytic pathogen populations >106 colony forming units per leaf sample but displayed no evidence of infection. Five broadleaf species tested were nonhosts based on the three criteria. This study suggests that multiple plant species support infection and growth of C. nebraskensis and further elucidates the ecology of this pathogen and the epidemiology of Goss’s wilt.

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