Leaf Net Photosynthesis, Leaf Greenness, and Shoot Lignin Content of Nonbearing Pecan Trees at Two Nitrogen and Nickel Application Rates

In recent years, nickel (Ni) deficiency symptoms has been observed in commercial pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch.] orchards in New Mexico. Nickel deficiency can cause a reduction in lignin formation, which could affect the risk for breakage on pecan tree shoots. Ni deficiency might furthermore disrupt ureide catabolism in pecan and, therefore, could negatively affect nitrogen (N) nutrition in the plant. The objective of this study was to identify the effects of Ni and N fertilizer applications, at two rates, on net photosynthesis (Pn), leaf greenness (SPAD), and branch lignin concentration in New Mexico’s nonbearing pecan trees. Sixty trees for year 2012 (Pawnee and Western cultivars) and 40 trees for year 2013 (Pawnee cultivar) were used at two New Mexico locations (Artesia and Las Cruces) to evaluate the effects of Ni and N on tree measures. Treatments were as follows: (1) High N plus Ni (+Ni); (2) Low N no Ni (−Ni); (3) High N −Ni; and (4) Low N +Ni. In 2012 and 2013, there was an increase in leaf greenness for each location and cultivar (tree group) through time (June to September). Photosynthesis measures in 2012 differed between tree group, time in the season, and N and Ni treatments. In 2013, Pn was influenced by tree group and time (P < 0.0001), but N and Ni interaction did not present a significant effect related to Ni benefits. Photosynthesis varied over time in 2012 and 2013, with an inconsistent pattern. In this study, Ni application at the high N rate had a negative effect on ‘Pawnee’ Pn early in the season at the Artesia site, but this application had a positive effect for ‘Western’ from Artesia at the low N level, also early in the season. Lignin content varied between tree groups only. The application of N and Ni did not affect lignin in pecan shoots. The results show an inconsistent pattern regarding the benefits of Ni on nonbearing pecan orchards for leaf greenness, Pn, and lignin content during the 2-year study. Future studies on Ni should focus on pecan trees exhibiting leaf Ni deficiency symptoms or on soils with less than 0.14 mg·kg−1 of DTPA extractable Ni, as well as the long-term effect of Ni on pecan growth and development to optimize the addition of Ni into an efficient fertilization program.

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Inoculant formulation and fertilizer nitrogen effects on field pea: Nodulation, N2 fixation and nitrogen partitioning

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/p02-089 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 84 (1) ◽

pp. 79-88 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

G. W. Clayton ◽

W. A. Rice ◽

N. Z. Lupwayi ◽

A. M. Johnston ◽

G. P. Lafond ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pisum Sativum ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Field Pea ◽

Nitrogen Partitioning ◽

Residual Soil ◽

N Accumulation ◽

N Nutrition ◽

Application Rates ◽

River Region ◽

Inoculant Formulation

Field pea (Pisum sativum L.) acreage has expanded rapidly in the past 10 yr in the Peace River Region of Alberta as well as western Canada. Understanding nitrogen dynamics of Rhizobium inoculants and applied N will provide farmers opportunities to improve N nutrition of field pea. Field experiments were conducted (a) to compare the effects of soil inoculation using granular inoculant, and seed inoculation using peat powder and liquid inoculants with an uninoculated check, on field pea nodulation and N2 fixation, and (b) to determine whether starter N is required by field pea to enhance N2 fixation. The effects of inoculant formulation on nodule number, N accumulation and N2 fixation were in the order: granular > peat powder > liquid = uninoculated. Field pea, from soil-applied inoculant, accumulated more N prior to and during podfilling than field pea with seed-applied inoculant. Fertilizer N application rates < 40 kg N ha-1 had no significant effects on biomass N at flatpod, indicating that starter N was not necessary. Application rates greater than 40 kg N ha-1 reduced nodulation, but the total amounts of N accumulated by plants did not vary. The close proximity of a highly concentrated band of N fertilizer had a greater impact on nodulation and subsequent N2 fixation than the residual soil N level. Under field conditions, soil-applied inoculant improved N nutrition of field pea compared to seed-applied inoculation, with or without applied urea-N. Key words: Granular inoculant, Pisum sativum, Rhizobium, inoculation, field pea, nodulation, N2 fixation

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Xenon lamps used for fruit surface sterilization can increase the content of total flavonols in leaves of Lactuca sativa L. without any negative effect on net photosynthesis

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0223787 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 14 (10) ◽

pp. e0223787 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Salah Fgaier ◽

Mônica Maria de Almeida Lopes ◽

Ebenézer de Oliveira Silva ◽

Jawad Aarrouf ◽

Laurent Urban

Keyword(s):

Lactuca Sativa ◽

Net Photosynthesis ◽

Surface Sterilization ◽

Lactuca Sativa L ◽

Negative Effect ◽

Xenon Lamps ◽

Fruit Surface

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Different types of N nutrition and their impact on endogenous cytokinin levels in Festulolium and Trifolium pratense

Plant Soil and Environment ◽

10.17221/152/2011-pse ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 57 (No. 8) ◽

pp. 381-387 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

M. Neuberg ◽

D. Pavlíková ◽

E. Žižková ◽

V. Motyka ◽

M. Pavlík

Keyword(s):

Trifolium Pratense ◽

Endogenous Cytokinin ◽

Above Ground Biomass ◽

N Application ◽

N Nutrition ◽

N Source ◽

Whole Plant ◽

Different Types ◽

Negative Effect ◽

Trifolium Pratense L

This study aims to reveal and to compare effects of two different systems of nitrogen (N) nutrition (sidedress application or injection application) on toxicity of NH4+ and mixed nutrition. We investigated whether NH4+ or mixed (NH4NO3) application causes significant changes in the endogenous levels of cytokinins (CK), whole plant N and their effects on yield of selected plants. Ammonium sulphate or ammonium nitrate were used as N source in the pot experiment. The yield of Festulolium and Trifolium pratense L. above-ground biomass and roots was more substantially enhanced after sidedress application of both ammonium sources in comparison with injection application. Our results confirmed that the accumulation of CKs in plants is in correlation with their N content (R2 = 0.66–0.98). Proportions between individual CK forms remained relatively steady and their dynamics exhibited similar trends after N application. Our results indicate that the negative effect of the application of NH4+ on the growth of Festulolium and clover plants could be effectively modulated by the presence of NO3−.

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Perturbation of lignin biosynthesis pathway in Brassica napus (canola) plants using RNAi

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps08164 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 89 (3) ◽

pp. 441-453 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

V. -S. Bhinu ◽

R. Li ◽

J. Huang ◽

S. Kaminskyj ◽

A. Sharpe ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Brassica Napus ◽

Lignin Content ◽

Lignin Biosynthesis ◽

Anatomical Variations ◽

Feed Utilization ◽

Biosynthesis Pathway ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Transgenic Seeds ◽

Vessel Elements ◽

Negative Effect

Brassica napus meal contains high levels of lignin, which is one of the most important compositional factors affecting feed utilization by ruminants. We attempted to modify the concentration and composition of lignin in B. napus plants using the RNAi approach. Four genes were targeted for silencing by this approach either independently or in combination; caffeic acid O-methyltransferase (COMT), cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H); coumarate 3-hydroxylase (C3H); ferulic acid 5-hydroxylase (F5H). We successfully developed transgenic B. napus lines expressing CaMV35S:C3H-C4H RNAi, CaMV35S:F5H-COMT RNAi, and Cruciferin:COMT RNAi that contained up to 40% less seed lignin in the transgenic seeds compared to the control. Despite successfully achieving suppression of these lignin biosynthesis genes and reduction in lignin content in B. napus seeds, we observed minor phenotypic effects on the transgenic plants. In lines carrying the cruciferin:COMT RNAi construct we observed a decrease in lignin content (40%) in the seed and anatomical variations when stem sections were examined. While our silencing had no major negative effect on plant growth it resulted in deformation of vessel elements, and minor changes in S-units. Taken together, these results clearly show that by employing RNAi strategy, it is possible to alter seed lignin content and composition in a manner non-detrimental to B. napus plants.Key words: Brassica napus, cruciferin, lignin, COMT, RNAi

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Comparative Effects of Rice and Melon Wastes on Sitophillus Zeamais, Storage Pest of Maize Grains in Nigeria

Journal of Experimental Agriculture International ◽

10.9734/jeai/2021/v43i130638 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 114-123

Author(s):

R. T. Olorunmota ◽

T. I. Ofuya ◽

J. E. Idoko ◽

B. A. Ogundeji

Keyword(s):

Rice Husk ◽

Rice Husk Ash ◽

Insect Pests ◽

Adult Emergence ◽

Application Rates ◽

No Weight Loss ◽

Negative Effect ◽

Males And Females ◽

Maize Grain ◽

Treatment Mortality

World’s calories supply from maize accounts for 20% but global postharvest grain loss caused by insect pests was estimated to be 10%. Control is mostly by synthetic insecticides with consequences such as insect resurgence and resistance and negative effect on non- target organisms. Maize grain losses to weevils are so enormous that effective local solution has to be sought. Thus this research aimed at assessing the effectiveness of powders and ash of rice husk and melon shell in controlling Sitophillus zeamais (Mots) in stored maize. Four treatments, Rice husk powder (RHP), Rice husk ash (RHA), Melon shell powder (MSP) and Melon shell ash (MSA) were applied at eight levels of 0 - 2.0 g 20 g-1 maize grain in three replicates. Five pairs (males and females) of freshly emerged S. zeamais were introduced into each treatment. Mortality test was carried out on the insects at 48 and 96 hours after introduction. Germination test was conducted on ten randomly selected grains after weevil emergence. Significantly higher (p≤0.05) mortality was recorded in treated seeds than the control. Virtually 100% mortality of S. zeamais was attained in both RHA and MSA treated maize in 96hrs at all application rates. Mean adult emergence in maize treated with both RHA and MSA were zero, with no weight loss like those of grains treated with standard control of P. guinensis. Also maize grain treated with Rice husk ash (RHA) and Melon shell ash (MSA) recorded a mean WPI of zero irrespective of application rates as in P. guinensis. The mean percentage germination of maize grain was significantly higher (p≤0.05) in P. guinensis than those recorded on treatments, while germination of treated maize is higher than the control. Thus rice husk and melon shell are effective alternatives to insecticides against S. zeamais in stored maize.

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Kentucky Bluegrass Thatch Characteristics Following Application of Bio-organic Materials

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.25.4.412 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 25 (4) ◽

pp. 412-414 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

W.L. Berndt ◽

P.E. Rieke ◽

J.M. Vargas

Keyword(s):

Field Experiment ◽

Organic Materials ◽

Lignin Content ◽

Poa Pratensis ◽

Kentucky Bluegrass ◽

Cellulose Content ◽

Application Rates ◽

Earthworm Population

Three bio-organic materials were evaluated at four application rates, based on N contents, for their potential to degrade Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) thatch in a field experiment. Treated thatch was reduced in thickness and had increased earthworm (Lumbricus spp. Hoff.) populations when compared to untreated thatch. Thatch thickness was negatively correlated with level of N (r = –0.91), thatch lignin content (r = –0.94), and earthworm population in the thatch (r = –0.64), and positively correlated with thatch cellulose content (r = 0.62).

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Effects of Bacterial Leaf Blight on Photosynthesis and Chlorophyll a Fluorescence in Susceptible and Resistant Rice Cultivars

International Journal of Agriculture and Biology ◽

10.17957/ijab/15.1673 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 25 (02) ◽

pp. 338-344

Author(s):

Zengbing Liu

Keyword(s):

Photosynthetic Reaction Center ◽

Net Photosynthesis ◽

Leaf Blight ◽

Bacterial Leaf Blight ◽

Rice Cultivars ◽

Chl A ◽

Fluorescence Transient ◽

Chl A Fluorescence ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Negative Effect

Bacterial leaf blight (BLB) caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae is a serious disease affecting rice. Understanding of the effects of this disease on photosynthesis and chlorophyll (Chl) a fluorescence is important in rice management. We studied the effect of BLB on enzyme activities, photosynthetic rate (Pn) and Chl a fluorescence transient in susceptible Neiwuyou 8015 and resistant Shenzhou 98 rice cultivars. BLB had a negative effect on rice net photosynthesis (Pn) and stomatal conductance (Gs). Superoxide dismutase (SOD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activities, malondialdehyde (MDA) contents were increased while Chl content was decreased, indicating that rice photosynthetic functions were damaged by BLB. The effect of BLB on photosynthesis was greater in susceptible rice than in resistant rice. A significant difference of Chl a fluorescence transient curves was observed between BLB treatments and healthy ones. Parameters measured in transient rice Chl a fluorescence showed the photosynthetic reaction center was inactive after BLB. These findings will help in evaluating rice resistance and may be useful for rice disease management. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers

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Interactions among Kalmia angustifolia, soil characteristics, and the growth and nutrition of black spruce seedlings in two boreal Newfoundland plantations of contrasting fertility

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x02-119 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 32 (12) ◽

pp. 2215-2224 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

Stephen H Yamasaki ◽

James W Fyles ◽

Brian D Titus

Keyword(s):

Current Knowledge ◽

Black Spruce ◽

Soil Characteristics ◽

Negative Influence ◽

Nutrient Concentrations ◽

Nutrient Competition ◽

N Nutrition ◽

Kalmia Angustifolia ◽

Foliar Nutrient ◽

Negative Effect

To determine the nature of the negative influence of Kalmia angustifolia L. on black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) seedling growth and foliar nutrient concentrations, the effect of proximity to Kalmia on spruce seedlings was studied on two Kalmia-dominated sites of contrasting soil characteristics in central Newfoundland. Spruce seedlings and the soil at the base of their stems were sampled, and spruce leader length and foliar N and P concentration, as well as various physicochemical soil characteristics, were determined. Path analysis was used to determine the strength of direct and indirect relationships among variables hypothesized to be causally linked. Path diagrams were generated based on current knowledge of nutrient cycling in boreal ecosystems and mechanisms previously hypothesized to account for the influence of Kalmia on black spruce. On the wetter and richer site, proximity to Kalmia was associated with reduced spruce growth and humus extractable NH4-N, suggesting nutrient competition. On the drier and poorer site, results were consistent with a direct negative effect of Kalmia on the N nutrition of spruce. On both sites, we also found evidence for a direct effect of Kalmia on spruce growth that is consistent with allelopathic effects on spruce function.

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Effect of Sulphur on Plant Growth & Defense System Against Salinity Stress

JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN BIOTECHNOLOGY ◽

10.24297/jbt.v1i1.1783 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 32-39

Author(s):

Saima Ibrahim ◽

Faiza Naz

Keyword(s):

Salinity Stress ◽

Growth Parameters ◽

Culture Technique ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Salinity Treatment ◽

Plant Tolerance ◽

Botany Department ◽

Application Rates ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Negative Effect

The given investigation was undertaken to evaluate the performance of black gram (vigna mungo L.) under different salinity levels (i.e. 50mM, 100mM and 150mM NaCl) and to find out the remedial effect of two doses of S (i.e. 2mM and 4mM) against salinity stress on growth of studied crop by providing tolerance against salinity stress. The experiment was carried out in Botany department, Jinnah University for women, Nazimabad, Karachi, in controlled laboratory condition by using plate culture technique followed as completely randomized design with three replication of each treatment. The observation of given research showed that the percentages of shoot and root length and Fresh and dry seedling weights were higher in control treatment. The low (50mM NaCl) level of salinity treatment had no deleterious effects on plant vegetative growth, while at higher concentration of NaCl (100mM), all the growth parameters were drastically reduced. Both application rates of MgSO4 were found satisfactory to eliminate the negative effect of saline environment inside rhizosphere by promoting plant tolerance against stress thus support treated plants growth and development.

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Effects of Early Defoliation on Yield, Fruit Composition, and Harvest Season Cluster Rot Complex of Grapevines

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.45.12.1804 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 45 (12) ◽

pp. 1804-1808 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Paolo Sabbatini ◽

G. Stanley Howell

Keyword(s):

Fruit Set ◽

Carbon Assimilation ◽

Net Photosynthesis ◽

Pinot Noir ◽

Leaf Removal ◽

Humid Climate ◽

Temporary Reduction ◽

Negative Effect ◽

Cluster Compactness ◽

Grape Varieties

Viticulture in Michigan is limited by a cool and humid climate and as a result, there is a problem of harvest season cluster rot, especially in cultivars with compact cluster morphology. Economically important wine grape varieties in eastern North America possess varying susceptibility to harvest season cluster rot. Some important cultivars that are susceptible are Pinot gris, Pinot noir, Riesling (Vitis vinifera L.) as well as Seyval and Vignoles (French–American hybrids or interspecific hybrid cultivars). A common characteristic of these cultivars is the compactness of the berries held on the cluster rachis. The aim of this work was to determine whether a quantified amount of leaf removal or a temporary reduction in carbon assimilation at the beginning of bloom would reduce fruit set and cluster compactness. Vines subjected to removal of four or six basal leaves had an average fruit set reduction of ≈45% from a non-treated control. Cluster weight and berries per cluster were similarly reduced with a greater effect on the basal than the apical cluster of the shoot. Reduced fruit set was associated with a reduction in cluster compactness and harvest season rot. This was also reflected in yield and basic fruit chemistry parameters associated with the importance of basal leaves to the developing cluster. Multiple applications of stylet oil at different time intervals resulted in significant reduction in net photosynthesis (Pn). A single application had no significant impact on Pn, whereas multiple applications reduced leaf assimilation rates. However, this reduction in Pn did not reduce fruit set or improve cluster compactness. There was a strong negative effect of early leaf removal in Year 1 on vine performance in Year 2; this carryover effect increased shootless nodes per vine, reduced the number of clusters per shoot and per vine, and dramatically reduced fruit set and consequently yield per vine.

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