scholarly journals Renovating Golf Course Fairways with Zoysiagrass Seed

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 1483-1486 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron J. Patton ◽  
David W. Williams ◽  
Zachary J. Reicher
Keyword(s):  
Transition Zone ◽  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Golf Course ◽  
Zoysia Japonica ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Adequate Control

Zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica Steud.) requires few inputs and provides high-quality turf in the transition zone, but is expensive to sprig or sod. Establishment by seed is less expensive than vegetative establishment, but little is known about renovation of existing turf to zoysiagrass using seed. Two experiments were performed to determine effects of herbicides and seeding rates on establishment of zoysiagrass in Indiana and Kentucky. In the first experiment, interseeding zoysiagrass into existing perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) without the use of glyphosate before seeding resulted in 2% zoysiagrass coverage 120 days after seeding (DAS). In plots receiving glyphosate before seeding, zoysiagrass coverage reached 100% by 120 DAS. In the second experiment, MSMA + dithiopyr applied 14 days after emergence (DAE) or MSMA applied at 14+28+42 DAE provided the best control of annual grassy weeds and the greatest amount of zoysiagrass establishment. Applying MSMA + dithiopyr 14 DAE provided 7% less zoysiagrass coverage compared to MSMA applied 14 DAE at one of the four locations. Increasing the seeding rate from 49 kg·ha-1 to 98 kg·ha-1 provided 3% to 11% more zoysiagrass coverage by the end of the growing season at 3 of 4 locations. Successful zoysiagrass establishment in the transition zone is most dependent on adequate control of existing turf using glyphosate before seeding and applications of MSMA at 14+28+42 DAE, but establishment is only marginally dependent on seeding rates greater than 49 kg·ha-1. Chemical names used: N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine (glyphosate); monosodium methanearsenate (MSMA); S,S-dimethyl 2-(difluoromethyl)-4-(2-methylpropyl)-6-(triflurormethyl)-3,5-pyridinedicarbothioate (dithiopyr).

Invasion Resistance of Tall Fescue (Festuca arundinaceae) and Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium perenne) to Kikuyugrass (Pennisetum clandestinum)

1997 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clyde L. Elmore ◽  
Victor A. Gibeault ◽  
David W. Cudney
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Invasion Resistance ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Pennisetum Clandestinum ◽  
Stolon Length

Overseeding established kikuyugrass swards with tall fescue or perennial ryegrass reduced kikuyugrass cover. Renovation prior to seeding did not aid in the establishment of these two species. Increasing the seeding rate from 79 to 157 kg/ha improved the establishment of perennial ryegrass but not tall fescue. When kikuyugrass plugs were introduced into established turf, tall fescue reduced the invasion of kikuyugrass stolons more than perennial ryegrass. Tall fescue reduced percent kikuyugrass cover, number and spread of stolons, and biomass (compared to perennial ryegrass). The newer turf-type tall fescue cultivars ‘Bonsai,’ ‘Falcon,’ and ‘Olympic’ were more effective than the older tall fescue cultivar ‘Fawn’ in reducing kikuyugrass invasion by reducing stolon number, stolon length, and biomass.

Low rates of phosphorus fertiliser applied strategically throughout the growing season under rain-fed conditions did not affect dry matter production of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)

2010 ◽  
Vol 61 (5) ◽  
pp. 353 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. L. Burkitt ◽  
D. J. Donaghy ◽  
P. J. Smethurst
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Lolium Perenne L ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Extractable P ◽  
Intensively Managed

Pasture is the cheapest source of feed for dairy cows, therefore, dairy pastures in Australia are intensively managed to maximise milk production and profits. Although soil testing commonly suggests that soils used for dairy pasture production have adequate supplies of phosphorus (P), many Australian dairy farmers still apply fertiliser P, often by applying smaller rates more frequently throughout the year. This study was designed to test the hypotheses that more frequent, but lower rates of P fertiliser applied strategically throughout the growing season have no effect on dry matter production and P concentration in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), when soil extractable P concentrations are above the critical value reported in the literature. Three field sites were established on rain-fed dairy pasture soils ranging in P sorption capacity and with adequate soil P concentrations for maximising pasture production. Results showed that applied P fertiliser had no effect on pasture production across the 3 sites (P > 0.05), regardless of rate or the season in which the P was applied, confirming that no P fertiliser is required when soil extractable P concentrations are adequate. This finding challenges the viability of the current industry practice. In addition, applying P fertiliser as a single annual application in summer did not compromise pasture production at any of the 3 sites (P > 0.05), which supports the current environmental recommendations of applying P during drier conditions, when the risk of surface P runoff is generally lower. The current results also demonstrate that the short-term cessation of P fertiliser application may be a viable management option, as a minimal reduction in pasture production was measured over the experimental period.

scholarly journals Development of a Strip Seeder for Converting Cool-season Turf to Seeded Bermudagrass

2007 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 363-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack Fry ◽  
Randy Taylor ◽  
Bob Wolf ◽  
Dick Stuntz ◽  
Alan Zuk
Keyword(s):  
Transition Zone ◽  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Seeding Method ◽  
Cold Hardy ◽  
Establishment Process

Turfgrass managers in the transition zone are interested in converting swards of cool-season grasses to cold-hardy seeded bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) in an effort to reduce water and fungicide inputs. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential for establishing ‘Riviera’ bermudagrass in a perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) sward by using a strip-seeding technique, and then to build a machine that would facilitate the process. Four, 2-inch-wide tilled rows, 1 inch deep and 15 inches apart, were created in 6 × 6-ft plots and seeded by hand with ‘Riviera’ bermudagrass at 104 lb/acre pure live seed in July 2002. In one set of strip-seeded plots, a 7-cm-wide overspray of glyphosate (≈0.5 inch on either side of the row) was applied over tilled rows after seeding to suppress perennial ryegrass further. Plots established by the strip-seeding technique exhibited 71% bermudagrass coverage after two growing seasons, and 87% coverage when rows received a glyphosate overspray. Broadcasting ‘Riviera’ seed into perennial ryegrass plots resulted in 60% bermudagrass coverage at the end of the second season of establishment. A strip seeder was constructed and used to seed ‘Riviera’ into existing perennial ryegrass turf in late July 2004 using the aforementioned row configurations and a glyphosate overspray. Coverage evaluated the following spring, before green-up, was 10.3% compared with 0% coverage where ‘Riviera’ was broadcast seeded. At the seeding rates evaluated, 79% less ‘Riviera’ bermudagrass seed was required when using the strip-seeding method, and golfers would consider the surface more amenable to play during the establishment period compared with broadcasting glyphosate and seed. A patent is pending on the strip-seeding equipment and establishment process.

scholarly journals Target populations for direct-drilled ryegrass and tall fescue

1995 ◽  
pp. 77-81
Author(s):  
J-P Praat ◽  
W.R. Ritchie ◽  
C.J. Baker ◽  
J. Hodgson
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Botanical Composition ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Direct Drilling ◽  
Alternative Species

Establishment, botanical composition and production of direct-drilled perennial ryegrass and tall fescue were compared for two seeding rates in an autumn-sown, grazed trial. Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb. cv. AU Triumph) was sown at either 17 or 3 1 kg/ha and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. cv. Grasslands Supernui) was sown at 12 and 23 kg/ha on 12 April, 1990 all with "Grasslands Pitau" white clover at 3 kg/ha. Measurements of herbage mass and botanical composition during the ensuing 2-year period showed that there was no advantage in terms of suppression of weed species or accumulation of herbage mass of the sown species from sowing more seed than that required to achieve a population of 450-500 plants/m2 of either ryegrass and tall fescue 6 weeks after sowing. A population of 150 white clover plants/m2 appeared to be adequate for development of a balanced sward. Establishment of fescue was slower than that of ryegrass but both species developed to productive swards after infrequent but close defoliation with dairy cattle in the first spring and subsequent rotational grazing by lactating dairy cows. Pasture establishment in Northland is difficult because of shallow topsoils. Direct drilling can preserve this fragile topsoil and successfully establish alternative species such as fescue as long as attention is paid to their establishment requirements. Alternative species may offer a solution to low feed availability of ryegmss in the summer and poor survival of ryegrass in poorly drained areas during the winter. Keywords: direct drilling, Festuca arundinacea, Lolium perenne, pasture establishment, seeding rate

scholarly journals Establishment and Maintenance During Establishment of Hybrid Bluegrass (P. arachnifera Torr. × P. pratensis L.) in the Transition Zone

HortScience ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 815-819 ◽  
Author(s):  
Travis C. Teuton ◽  
John C. Sorochan ◽  
Christopher L. Main ◽  
Thomas C. Mueller
Keyword(s):  
Transition Zone ◽  
Best Management Practices ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Urea Formaldehyde ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Best Management ◽  
Turf Quality ◽  
Summer Heat ◽  
Seeding Date

The transition zone is one of the hardest places to maintain high-quality turfgrasses, and the overall research objective was to determine best management practices to establish new turf cultivars in this zone. Hybrid bluegrasses (P. arachnifera Torr. × P. pratensis L.) have been bred for heat and drought tolerance and may offer a new alternative to other turfgrasses. The specific cultivars examined in this research were ‘Thermal Blue®’ and ‘Dura Blue®’. Experiments were conducted during 2003, 2004, and 2005 in Knoxville, TN. ‘Thermal Blue’ was seeded at 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 kg·ha−1 of seed. ‘Thermal Blue's’ ideal seeding rate was between 100 and 150 kg·ha−1 of seed in 2003 and 50 kg·ha−1 in 2004. ‘Thermal Blue’ was also seeded in January, April, July, and September of each year with 100 kg·ha−1 of seed. All seeding dates took ≈11 months to become well established. However, July seeding produced poor turf quality (less than 6) and was the only seeding date deemed unacceptable. ‘Thermal Blue’ and ‘Dura Blue’ were fertilized with ammonium nitrate at 100, 200, and 300 kg N/ha/year and urea formaldehyde at 200 and 300 kg N/ha/year starting in March of each year. These treatments were maintained at 2-, 3.5-, and 5-cm mowing heights. ‘Thermal Blue’ had higher quality evaluations and produced more clippings than ‘Dura Blue’ throughout the year. Higher fertility regimens increased quality evaluations in April but decreased quality evaluations in October. Increasing the mowing height improved turf quality and decreased biomass production for both grasses. A proposed optimum method for establishment included seeding ‘Thermal Blue’ in April at 150 kg·ha−1 and fertilizing with 300 kg·ha−1 of nitrogen and them mowing at 5-cm height. ‘Thermal Blue’ and ‘Dura Blue’ are adapted for the transition zone, but summer heat stress may cause turf quality decrease in the fall.

First Report of Gray Leaf Spot on Perennial Ryegrass in Indiana

2000 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
P. Harmon ◽  
K. Rane ◽  
G. Ruhl ◽  
R. Latin
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Gray Leaf Spot ◽  
Causal Agent ◽  
Golf Course ◽  
Pyricularia Grisea ◽  
North Central ◽  
First Report

Pyricularia grisea, the causal agent of gray leaf spot on turfgrass, was isolated from symptomatic perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) leaves collected from a golf course in north-central Indiana in August 1999. Gray leaf spot is an emerging threat to stands of perennial ryegrass in the mid-Atlantic and Midwestern United States. Posted 7 June 2000.

High loss of nitrogen in drainage from soil under grass following a prolonged period of low rainfall

1977 ◽  
Vol 89 (3) ◽  
pp. 767-768 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. A. Garwood ◽  
K. C. Tyson
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
High Loss ◽  
Dry Soil

When high rates of fertilizer N are applied to grass in an area of low rainfall, considerable amounts may be lost to drainage in the subsequent winter if the N is not fully utilized owing to dry soil conditions during the growing season (Garwood & Tyson, 1973). The data now presented were obtained from the lysimeters described in that paper. The soil is a sandy loam, overlying chalk. The swards of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne cv. S. 23) were cut four times each year. Two rates of N were applied as ammonium nitrate (Nitrana), 250 kg (LN) and 500 kg N/ha per year (HN). Two-fifths of this N were applied in March and one-fifth after each of the first three cuts.

scholarly journals A Net-planting Technique for Establishing Zoysiagrass from Sprigs

2003 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.W. Boyd ◽  
M.D. Richardson ◽  
J.H. McCalla
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Transition Zone ◽  
Slow Growth ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Golf Courses ◽  
Zoysia Japonica ◽  
Slow Growth Rate ◽  
Native Soil ◽  
Home Lawns ◽  
Sports Fields

Zoysiagass (Zoysia japonica) use continues to expand on golf courses, home lawns, and sports fields in the transition zone. Unfortunately, the slow growth rate of the species and long establishment period have limited its use to those sites that can afford zoysiagrass sod. The development of sprig-planting techniques that can produce a zoysiagrass turf in a single season would considerably increase the use of this desirable species. A study was conducted over 2 years at two different regions in Arkansas to evaluate the efficacy of a new zoysiagrass net-planting technique (ZNET) on establishment of zoysiagrass from vegetative sprigs. The technique involves rolling the sprigs onto the site in cotton netting and top-dressing the sprigs with 1.0 cm (0.4 inch) of native soil. This technique was compared to a standard sprig-planting technique and a standard sprig planting that was also top-dressed with 1.0 cm of native soil. The standard treatments were planted according to established methods using freshly-harvested sprigs applied at a rate of 70.0 m3·ha-1 [800 bushels (1000 ft3) per acre]. Rate of turfgrass cover was monitored throughout the growing season. The ZNET planting technique significantly improved establishment over the traditional sprigging technique and the turf reached about 85% cover by the end of the growing season (120 days). Top-dressing a traditionally sprigged area with native soil also improvedestablishment compared to traditional sprigging and was comparable to the ZNET technique. It was concluded that the ZNET technique did improve establishment rates of zoysiagrass, but the same results could be attained by top-dressing sprigs that were planted with a standard planter.

scholarly journals Zoysiagrass Genotypes Differ in Susceptibility to the Bluegrass Billbug, Sphenophorus parvulus

HortScience ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 46 (9) ◽  
pp. 1314-1316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack D. Fry ◽  
Raymond A. Cloyd
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pest ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Golf Course ◽  
Experimental Plot ◽  
Zoysia Japonica ◽  
Reciprocal Crosses ◽  
Significant Damage ◽  
Plot Area

Zoysiagrass, in general, has few insect pest problems but may suffer significant damage from infestations of the bluegrass billbug (Sphenophorus parvulus Gyllenhal). This study evaluated ‘Meyer’ and DALZ 0102 zoysiagrass (both Zoysia japonica Steud.) and 31 experimental zoysiagrass progeny, including reciprocal crosses between Z. japonica × Z. matrella (L.) Merr. or crosses between ‘Emerald’ (Z. japonica × Z. pacifica Goudsw.) × Z. japonica. These grasses were evaluated in adjacent experiments with 18 progeny in one and 13 in another. Plots were maintained under golf course fairway conditions and experienced natural infestations of the bluegrass billbug in 2009 and 2010 with larval damage primarily evident in June and continuing throughout the remainder of the growing season. ‘Meyer’ suffered the highest level of damage on each of six rating dates, ranging from 17% to 38% of the experimental plot area affected. Among the zoysiagrass progeny, damage ranged from 0% to 35% with most showing less than 15% damage. Overall, zoysiagrass progeny associated with reciprocal crosses of Z. japonica × Z. matrella or ‘Emerald’ × Z. japonica were less susceptible to bluegrass billbug than ‘Meyer’.

scholarly journals First Report of Gray Leaf Spot (Pyricularia grisea) on Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium perenne) in New England

Plant Disease ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 83 (11) ◽  
pp. 1073-1073 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. L. Schumann ◽  
N. Jackson
Keyword(s):  
New England ◽  
Rhode Island ◽  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
The United States ◽  
Gray Leaf Spot ◽  
Golf Course ◽  
Pyricularia Grisea

Pyricularia grisea (Cooke) Sacc. causing significant damage in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) was first observed on a golf course in eastern Maryland in 1985 by P. H. Dernoeden, but there is no published account. The first published report of the problem was from southeastern Pennsylvania in 1991 (1). There were scattered reports of gray leaf spot in several other states in 1991. A more severe and widespread epidemic occurred under similar environmental conditions throughout the mid-Atlantic region in 1995 and has reoccurred to some extent annually since then in an expanding area throughout the United States. This report documents the expansion of the northern range of the epidemic into New England. Samples of perennial rye-grass with gray leaf spot from golf courses in three towns in Connecticut (Norwich, Stratford, and Willamantic) and one in Rhode Island (West Warwick) were submitted to the diagnostic labs at the universities of Massachusetts and Rhode Island beginning on 22 September 1998. Severe gray leaf spot was observed in perennial ryegrass fairways and roughs, especially where new seedlings were present, causing turf loss exceeding 50% in some areas. Diagnosis of this now familiar disease is based on the presence of abundant sporulation of the pathogen on infected tissue, distinctive leaf symptoms, and rapid foliar blighting of only perennial ryegrass in plantings of mixed turfgrass species. Golf course superintendents in New England with perennial ryegrass may have to extend their late-season fungicide applications to accommodate this new and destructive late-summer and fall disease. Reference: (1) P. J. Landschoot and B. F. Hoyland. Plant Dis. 76:1280, 1992.

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