Evaluation of Flower, Fruit, and Juice Characteristics of a Multinational Collection of Cider Apple Cultivars Grown in the U.S. Pacific Northwest

Little information exists on the bloom and fruit characteristics of cider apple (Malus ×domestica) cultivars grown in the United States for the juice and alcoholic beverage markets. In this study, a total of 17 cider apple cultivars, including 4 American, 9 English, and 4 French, plus 1 Danish standard dessert apple cultivar (Red Gravenstein, Worthen strain) commonly used for cider, all grown in northwest Washington, were evaluated from 2000 to 2015 for commercially relevant traits. Trees were rated each year and the cultivars were categorized accordingly by relative bloom time, bloom habit, and productivity. The mean full bloom (FB) date of the 18 apple cultivars evaluated ranged from 25 Apr. to 25 May, with 6 cultivars categorized as early season bloomers, 9 as midseason, and 3 as late season. The mean bloom density (BD) rating (measured on a scale of 1–5) for all cultivars was (mean ± sd) 3.8 ± 0.6 (moderate bloom), with the bloom habit of 1 cultivar categorized as biennial, 11 as consistent, and 6 as strongly consistent. The mean productivity rating (measured on a scale of 1–5) for all cultivars was 2.9 ± 0.6 (light fruiting), with the productivity of 4 cultivars categorized as biennial, 10 as consistent, and 4 as strongly consistent. The mean fruit diameter of the 18 apple cultivars was 2.7 ± 0.4 inches (medium sized), with the fruit size of 2 cultivars categorized as small-fruited, 15 as medium-fruited, and 1 as large-fruited. For the 18 cultivars, the mean tannin and titratable acidity (TA) were 0.20% ± 0.14% and 0.54% ± 0.28%, respectively, and using the English cider apple classification system of juice type, 4 of the cultivars were classified as bittersweet, 1 as bittersharp, 3 as sweet, and 10 as sharp. Three of the cultivars had tannin content lower than what was historically recorded at the Long Ashton Research Station (LARS) in Bristol, England, for those same cultivars. The mean specific gravity (SG) of the 18 cultivars was 1.052 ± 0.007, the average predicted alcohol by volume (ABV) was 6.9% ± 0.9%, and the mean pH was 3.68 ± 0.39. Classification of three cultivars in northwest Washington, based on juice characteristics, differed from their historical classification in England, likely because of differences in climate and management. Only cultivars Golden Russet (sharp), Grimes Golden (sharp), and Yarlington Mill (sweet, but borderline bittersweet) were strongly consistent in productivity, but none produced high levels of tannin, whereas only cultivars Bramtot (bittersweet), Chisel Jersey (bittersweet), and Breakwell Seedling (bittersharp) were consistent in productivity and produced high levels of tannin.

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Physico-chemical evaluation of Apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) cultivars grown in mid hills of North India

International Journal of Agricultural Invention ◽

10.46492/ijai/2018.3.2.15 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (02) ◽

pp. 176-184

Author(s):

Amit Kotiyal ◽

Siddharth Shankar Bhatt ◽

Jitendra Kumar ◽

Dinesh Chandra Dimri ◽

Narender Singh Mehta

Keyword(s):

Ascorbic Acid ◽

Fruit Size ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Ascorbic Acid Content ◽

Titratable Acidity ◽

Fruit Weight ◽

Soluble Solids ◽

North India ◽

Physico Chemical ◽

Apple Cultivars

The objective of this study was to compare the physico-chemical properties of 10 apple cultivars grown in mid hills of India. Fruit weight, volume, size, total soluble solids (T.S.S.), total sugars, titratable acidity and ascorbic acid content were measured in the cultivars Aurora, Brookfield, Braeburn, Galaxy, Azetec, Scarlet Gala, Marini Red, Jonagold, Royal Gala and Royal Delicious. The results showed significant differences in physico-chemical attributes of apple cultivars. Among all the cultivars the maximum fruit size (50.66 mm length, 74.73 mm diameter) and fruit weight (170.12 g) were observed in cv. Royal Delicious, while the minimum fruit size (40.52 mm length, 53.03 mm diameter) and weight (110.97 g) were measured in Azetec and Aurora, respectively. The highest volume (196.79 ml) of fruit was registered in Royal Delicious in comparison to the minimum (125.75 ml) in Aurora. The maximum T.S.S. (14.27 °B) and acidity (0.717%) was noticed in Scarlet Gala and Marini Red, respectively. While the minimum T.S.S. and acidity was observed in Marini Red (11.20 °B) and Azetec (0.186%). The ascorbic acid varied from 6.07 mg/100 g in Royal Gala to 9.86 mg/100 g in Braeburn, whereas the total sugar ranged 11.36% in Royal Gala to 7.06% in Jonagold.

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On the Ratio of Evaporation to Precipitation1

Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society ◽

10.1175/1520-0477-42.3.185 ◽

1961 ◽

Vol 42 (3) ◽

pp. 185-189 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

James E. McDonald

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Pacific Northwest ◽

The United States ◽

Mean Value ◽

Natural Conditions ◽

The Pacific ◽

Evaporation Ratio ◽

The Mean ◽

Land Surfaces ◽

Area Data

The evaporation ratio ɛ is defined as the ratio of the evaporation actually occurring under natural conditions over a given area to the precipitation falling on that area. Data drawn from a variety of sources are used to obtain simple climatological estimates of ɛ. The mean value of ɛ over all the world's land surfaces is probably near 0.65, with individual continents ranging from 0.60 for North America to 0.87 for Australia. For the United States, ɛ averages about 0.73, with local ɛ values ranging from near 1.0 in the southwestern deserts to essentially zero in the Pacific Northwest coastal slopes and in portions of Maine. A chart depicting the generalized pattern of ɛ over the United States east of the Rocky Mountains is presented.

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Chemometric Comparison and Classification of 22 Apple Genotypes Based on Texture Analysis and Physico-Chemical Quality Attributes

Horticulturae ◽

10.3390/horticulturae8010064 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 64

Author(s):

Andruța E. Mureșan ◽

Adriana F. Sestras ◽

Mădălina Militaru ◽

Adriana Păucean ◽

Anda E. Tanislav ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fruit Quality ◽

Titratable Acidity ◽

Fruit Weight ◽

Soluble Solids ◽

Physico Chemical ◽

Wide Range ◽

Apple Cultivars ◽

The Mean ◽

Key Steps

The large number of cultivars belonging to the cultivated apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) reflects an extremely wide range of variability, including for fruit quality traits. To evaluate some characteristics of fruit quality, 22 apple genotypes were selected from a collection of germplasms containing more than 600 accessions, based on different considerations, including the use of fruits (dessert, cooking, processing, juice, cider, multipurpose). The mean water content of the studied apple genotypes was 85.05%, with a coefficient of variation (CV) of 2.74%; the mean ash content was 2.32% with a CV of 22.1%, and the mean total soluble solids was 16.22% with a CV of 17.78%, indicating a relatively small difference between genotypes for these indices. On the contrary, relatively large differences were registered between genotypes for fruit weight, volume, and titratable acidity with means of 119.52 g, 155 mL, and 0.55% malic acid, and CVs of 35.17%, 34.58%, and 54.3%, respectively. The results showed that peel hardness varied between 3.80 and 13.69 N, the toughness between 0.2 and 1.07 mm, the flesh hardness between 0.97 and 4.76 N, and the hardness work between 6.88 and 27.84 mJ. The current study can emphasize the possibility of choosing the appropriate apple cultivars to cross in the breeding process and how future strategies can help apple breeders select breeding parents, which are essential key steps when breeding new apple cultivars. In addition, multivariate analysis has proven to be a useful tool in assessing the relationships between Malus genetic resources.

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Evaluation of Rubus leucodermis Populations from the Pacific Northwest

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.38.6.1169 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 38 (6) ◽

pp. 1169-1172 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Chad Finn ◽

Kirsten Wennstrom ◽

Janessa Link ◽

Jill Ridout

Keyword(s):

Pacific Northwest ◽

Fruit Size ◽

Titratable Acidity ◽

Soluble Solids ◽

Anthocyanin Content ◽

Black Raspberry ◽

Fresh Market ◽

Raspberry Bushy Dwarf Virus ◽

The Pacific ◽

Excellent Source

Sixteen western black raspberry (Rubus leucodermis Douglas ex Torrey & A. Gray) populations, collected from through out the Pacific Northwest, and `Munger', the most widely grown black raspberry (R. occidentalis L.) cultivar, were established in 1994 in a replicated trial in Corvallis, Ore. In 1996 and 1997 the seedlings were evaluated for date of budbreak, flowering date, ripening date, fruit size, and disease tolerance. Fruit within a replication were pooled for evaluation of pH, soluble solids, titratable acidity, and anthocyanin content. The plants were vigorous and had produced solid hedges by the time evaluation commenced. The populations were significantly different within each year for all traits except for anthocyanin content in 1996. Rubusleucodermis populations were identified that broke bud and ripened fruit earlier or later than `Munger'; however, all flowered with or sooner than `Munger'. Despite the fact that R. occidentalis is native to eastern North America and R. leucodermis to the West, `Munger' was much less affected by foliar and cane diseases than the R. leucodermis populations. Several populations were as vigorous as `Munger'. `Munger' had fruit that were 30% larger than the mean for any R. leucodermis population. Generally, R. leucodermis had higher pH and lower titratable acidity than `Munger', but many populations had similar soluble solids; lower acidity may partly explain the blandness of R. leucodermis fruit compared with `Munger'. Despite the lighter appearance of R. leucodermis, the anthocyanin levels of some populations were higher than `Munger'. Rubusleucodermis may be a source of earlier fruiting, later budbreak, and vigor when used in breeding but careful selection for fruit size (for the fresh market), acidity (for the processing market), and disease resistance must be done. Rubus leucodermis may also be an excellent source of raspberry bushy dwarf virus (RBDV) resistance in black and red raspberry breeding programs.

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Genetic Variation of Wheat streak mosaic virus in the United States Pacific Northwest

Phytopathology ◽

10.1094/phyto-05-12-0108-r ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 103 (1) ◽

pp. 98-104 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Megan D. Robinson ◽

Timothy D. Murray

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Genetic Variation ◽

Mosaic Virus ◽

Pacific Northwest ◽

Central Europe ◽

The United States ◽

Wheat Streak Mosaic Virus ◽

Research Station ◽

United States Department ◽

Perennial Wheat

Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV), the cause of wheat streak mosaic, is a widespread and damaging pathogen of wheat. WSMV is not a chronic problem of annual wheat in the United States Pacific Northwest but could negatively affect the establishment of perennial wheat, which is being developed as an alternative to annual wheat to prevent soil erosion. Fifty local isolates of WSMV were collected from 2008 to 2010 near Lewiston, ID, Pullman, WA, and the United States Department of Agriculture Central Ferry Research Station, near Pomeroy, WA to determine the amount of genetic variation present in the region. The coat protein gene from each isolate was sequenced and the data subjected to four different methods of phylogenetic analyses. Two well-supported clades of WSMV were identified. Isolates in clade I share sequence similarity with isolates from Central Europe; this is the first report of isolates from Central Europe being reported in the United States. Isolates in clade II are similar to isolates originating from Australia, Argentina, and the American Pacific Northwest. Nine isolates showed evidence of recombination and the same two well-supported clades were observed when recombinant isolates were omitted from the analysis. More polymorphic sites, parsimony informative sites, and increased diversity were observed in clade II than clade I, suggesting more recent establishment of the virus in the latter. The observed diversity within both clades could make breeding for durable disease resistance in perennial wheat difficult if there is a differential response of WSMV resistance genes to isolates from different clades.

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Evaluation of Endothall and Ammonium Thiosulfate as Potential Bloom Thinning Compounds for `Delicious' and `Fuji' Apples

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.33.3.497a ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 33 (3) ◽

pp. 497a-497

Author(s):

Kathleen M. Williams

Keyword(s):

Pacific Northwest ◽

Skin Color ◽

Fruit Size ◽

Titratable Acidity ◽

Soluble Solids ◽

Quality Data ◽

Water Control ◽

Full Bloom ◽

Fruit Size And Shape ◽

Growing Conditions

Consistent cropping of apple under Pacific Northwest growing conditions depends on a reliable bloom-thinning compound. Although there are two commercially available bloom-thinning chemicals, performance of these chemicals is not always consistent. Research on two unregistered bloom thinning compounds, Endothall and ATS, has been ongoing for several years in commercial orchard blocks. In 1997, multiple applications of Endothall and ATS were tested on `Delicious' and `Fuji'. Endothall was applied at 1.0, 1.5 or 2.0 pints/100 gal per acre rates at 40% and 80% full bloom. Endothall averaged 19 to 23% thinning in comparison to the water control on `Delicious'. With `Fuji', Endothall averaged 55% to 83% thinning. ATS was applied at 1.0% (v/v) on `Delicious' and 1.5% (v/v) on `Fuji' at 40% and 80% full bloom. ATS thinned `Delicious' an average of 30% compared to the water control. In `Fuji', ATS thinned an average of 20% to 42%. Another experiment involved the combination of ATS or Endothall with standard postbloom thinning regimes. Fruit quality data were collected on both bloom and postbloom thinned blocks. Differences in fruit size and shape were significantly correlated with NAA applications. No significant differences in soluble solids, titratable acidity, skin color, or flesh firmness were related to thinning treatments.

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Thinning Ontario Apples with Accel

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.30.4.853a ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 30 (4) ◽

pp. 853A-853

Author(s):

Rodger Tschanz ◽

Dennis Murr ◽

Len Wiley ◽

Kay Hustwit

Keyword(s):

Fruit Size ◽

Growing Season ◽

The United States ◽

Environmental Concerns ◽

Time Of Application ◽

Golden Delicious ◽

Apple Cultivars ◽

Apple Production ◽

Mechanical Thinning ◽

Better Than

The use of chemical thinners is an essential component of commercial apple production in Ontario. As chemical thinning options decrease, due to environmental concerns, newer and less toxic alternatives must be found. Benzyladenine (BA), available in the United States as Accel, shows promise as a thinning agent. During the 1994 growing season, Accel was applied under commercial conditions to seven apple cultivars—`McIntosh' (spur), Delicious `Starkrimson', `Empire', `Jonagold', `Golden Delicious', `Jonamac', and Gala `Royal Gala'. Application concentrations ranged from 50 to 75 ppm (a.i. BA), depending on cultivar. Mean king fruitlet diameter at time of application ranged from 9 to 12 mm. The thinning response of Accel was compared with that of traditional chemical (e.g., carbaryl, NAA, or both) or mechanical thinning treatments. At the concentrations used in this experiment, thinning with Accel was comparable or better than traditional methods in the case of `Gala', `Jonagold', `Empire', and `Golden Delicious'. In those cultivar trials displaying an acceptable Accel thinning response, a significant fruit size increase also was observed.

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Relation of Statistically Significant, Abnormal, and Typical WAIS-R VIQ-PIQ Discrepancies to Full Scale IQs

European Journal of Psychological Assessment ◽

10.1027//1015-5759.16.2.107 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 16 (2) ◽

pp. 107-114 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Louis M. Hsu ◽

Judy Hayman ◽

Judith Koch ◽

Debbie Mandell

Keyword(s):

Graphical Method ◽

The United States ◽

Full Scale ◽

True Score ◽

Absolute Value ◽

Normative Population ◽

The Us ◽

The Mean ◽

And Performance ◽

Quadratic Models

Summary: In the United States' normative population for the WAIS-R, differences (Ds) between persons' verbal and performance IQs (VIQs and PIQs) tend to increase with an increase in full scale IQs (FSIQs). This suggests that norm-referenced interpretations of Ds should take FSIQs into account. Two new graphs are presented to facilitate this type of interpretation. One of these graphs estimates the mean of absolute values of D (called typical D) at each FSIQ level of the US normative population. The other graph estimates the absolute value of D that is exceeded only 5% of the time (called abnormal D) at each FSIQ level of this population. A graph for the identification of conventional “statistically significant Ds” (also called “reliable Ds”) is also presented. A reliable D is defined in the context of classical true score theory as an absolute D that is unlikely (p < .05) to be exceeded by a person whose true VIQ and PIQ are equal. As conventionally defined reliable Ds do not depend on the FSIQ. The graphs of typical and abnormal Ds are based on quadratic models of the relation of sizes of Ds to FSIQs. These models are generalizations of models described in Hsu (1996) . The new graphical method of identifying Abnormal Ds is compared to the conventional Payne-Jones method of identifying these Ds. Implications of the three juxtaposed graphs for the interpretation of VIQ-PIQ differences are discussed.

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Blossom Thinning in Pome and Stone Fruit

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.33.3.553b ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 33 (3) ◽

pp. 553b-553

Author(s):

Esmaeil Fallahi

Keyword(s):

Fruit Size ◽

Naphthalene Acetic Acid ◽

Full Bloom ◽

Flower Bud ◽

Hydrogen Cyanamide ◽

Ammonium Thiosulfate ◽

The Past ◽

Apple Cultivars ◽

Ortho Cresol ◽

Bud Initiation

Early thinning of apples is important because of its impact on fruit size and next season's flower bud initiation. In the past, apple cultivars were often sprayed with the blossom thinner sodium dinitro-ortho-cresol(Elgetol) during full bloom, followed by a post-bloom application of a fruit thinner such as carbaryl with or without naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). Elgetol was removed from the market in 1989 because of the high cost of re-registration. Full-bloom sprays of sulfcarbamide (Wilthin), pelargonic acid (Thinex), and endothalic acid (Endothal), ammonium thiosulfate (ATS) or petal fall spray of carbaryl (Sevin XLR Plus) were developed as replacements for Elgetol. Hydrogen cyanamide (HC) and other chemicals have been used to eliminate or to reduce chilling requirements of peaches grown under the warm desert conditions. HC applied at “pink bloom” stage was observed to reduce the number of open blooms in `Florda Prince' peach; therefore, it was first used for blossom thinning in this cultivar in Arizona. Later, HC was also found to be an effective blossom thinner for plums in Idaho. HC has recently been found to effectively thin apple and peach blossoms. Armothin has also been an effective blossom thinner for peach in California.

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Hydrophobic Particle Films Improve Tree Fruit Productivity

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.33.3.548a ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 33 (3) ◽

pp. 548a-548 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

D.M. Glenn ◽

G. Puterka ◽

T. Baugher ◽

T. Unruh ◽

S. Drake

Keyword(s):

West Virginia ◽

Production Systems ◽

Fruit Size ◽

The United States ◽

Fruit Production ◽

Red Color ◽

Tree Fruit ◽

Fruit Productivity ◽

Leaf Level ◽

Hydrophobic Particle

Hydrophobic particle film technology (HPF) is a developing pest control system for tree fruit production systems. Studies were established in Chile, and Washington, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia in the United States, to evaluate the effect of HPF technology on tree fruit yield and quality. Studies in Chile, Washington, and West Virginia demonstrated increased photosynthetic rate at the leaf level. Yield was increased in peaches (Chile) and apples (West Virginia), and fruit size was increased in apples (Washington and Pennsylvania). Increased red color in apple was demonstrated at all sites with reduced russetting and `Stayman' cracking in Pennsylvania. HPF technology appears to be an effective tool in reducing water and heat stress in tree fruit resulting in increased fruit quality.

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