scholarly journals Comparisons of Temperature Measurements from Local Weather Stations and the Tomato Plant Canopy: Implications for Crop and Pest Forecasting

1990 ◽  
Vol 115 (5) ◽  
pp. 861-869 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nita A. Davidson ◽  
L. Theodore Wilson ◽  
Michael P. Hoffmann ◽  
Frank G. Zalom
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Weather Station ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Tomato Crop ◽  
Degree Day ◽  
Average Maximum ◽  
Temperature Ranges ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Weather Stations ◽  
Accumulated Degree Days

Temperatures recorded by weather stations and within the canopy of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) crops were compared in fields near Davis, Calif., during Summer 1983 (60 days) and 1987 (50 days). For both years, the average maximum and minimum temperatures, daily temperature ranges, degree days per day, and total accumulated degree days were compared. In 1983, the mean maximum temperature at the weather station did not differ significantly from that in the canopy, but the mean minimum temperature at the weather station was significantly lower than that in the canopy. In 1987, the mean maximum temperature at the weather station was significantly higher than that in the canopy, but mean minimum temperatures did not differ significantly. Temperature ranges were significantly narrower for the weather station toward the end of the 1983 season, and significantly wider for the weather station at midseason 1987. Comparisons of degree days per day showed significant differences between means at the weather station and in the canopy in 1983, and among those at the weather station and the two degree day calculation methods used for temperatures recorded in the canopy. Total accumulated degree days based on temperature records at the weather station were lower than those in the canopy in 1983 but higher in 1987. In 1987, the single sine degree day calculation method overestimated degree days compared to the 2-hr triangulation method. The phenology of the tomato crop as predicted by weather station temperatures indicated that tomato maturation was underestimated in 1983 and overestimated in 1987. The rate of development for hypothetical populations of Heliothis zea (Boddie) and Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) within the tomato crop was again underestimated in 1983 and overestimated in 1987, as based on temperature data of the weather station.

The safety of dental extractions in patients with hematologic malignancies.

1989 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 798-802 ◽  
Author(s):  
S K Williford ◽  
P L Salisbury ◽  
J E Peacock ◽  
J M Cruz ◽  
B L Powell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wound Healing ◽  
Myeloproliferative Disorders ◽  
Hematologic Malignancies ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Average Maximum ◽  
Average Maximum Temperature ◽  
Sources Of Infection ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Risk For Bleeding ◽  
Dental Infections

Dental disorders have been recognized as major sources of infection in patients with hematologic malignancies (HM). Management of severe dental infections usually includes dental extractions (DE), but the safety of extractions in patients with HM who are at risk for bleeding, sepsis, and poor wound healing has not been well established. In conjunction with an aggressive program of dental care, 142 DE were performed in 26 patients with acute leukemia, myelodysplastic syndromes, and myeloproliferative disorders. Granulocytopenia (less than 1,000 granulocytes/microL) was present during or within ten days following surgery in 14 patients. In these 14 patients (101 DE), the mean granulocyte count was less than 450/microL, with a median duration of granulocytopenia following surgery of 32 days (range, four to 169 days). Thrombocytopenia (less than 100,000 platelets/microL) occurred during or within two days following surgery in 13 patients (80 DE), with a mean platelet count of 63,500/microL. Transfusions were given for platelet counts less than 50,000/microL. All DE were performed without significant complications. Bleeding was minor to moderate and easily controlled with local measures; no patient required transfusion due to hemorrhage. Average maximum temperature 24 hours after DE was 37.7 degrees C. No episodes of bacteremia were documented within ten days of DE. Minor delay in wound healing was observed in two patients. We conclude that DE can be safely performed in patients with HM in combination with aggressive supportive care.

Effect of weather station logging interval on the precision of degree-day estimates

1995 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 795 ◽  
Author(s):  
DM Watson ◽  
GAC Beattie
Keyword(s):  
Weather Station ◽  
Data Logging ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Degree Day ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between data-logging intervals and degree-day estimates was examined to determine the longest interval giving equivalent information to estimates based on 12-min intervals and, so, the most efficient interval for estimation of degree-days

scholarly journals A Comparison of Methods Used to Estimate the Maturity and Release of Ascospores of Venturia inaequalis

Plant Disease ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 88 (8) ◽  
pp. 869-874 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Gadoury ◽  
Robert C. Seem ◽  
William E. MacHardy ◽  
Wayne F. Wilcox ◽  
David A. Rosenberger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Venturia Inaequalis ◽  
Infected Leaf ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Site Specific ◽  
Degree Day ◽  
Ascospore Discharge ◽  
Ascospore Development ◽  
Ascospore Release ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Highly Correlated

Maturation and release of ascospores of Venturia inaequalis were assessed at Geneva and Highland, NY, and at Durham, NH, by microscopic examination of crushed pseudothecia excised from infected apple leaves that were collected weekly from orchards (squash mounts) in 14 siteyear combinations. Airborne ascospore dose was monitored at each location in each year of the study by volumetric spore traps. Additional laboratory assessments were made at Geneva to quantify release from infected leaf segments upon wetting (discharge tests). Finally, ascospore maturity was estimated for each location using a degree-day model developed in an earlier study. Ascospore maturation and release determined by squash mounts and discharge tests lagged significantly behind cumulative ascospore release as measured by volumetric spore traps in the field. The mean date of 98% ascospore discharge as determined by squash mounts or discharge tests occurred from 23 to 28 days after the mean date on which 98% cumulative ascospore release had been detected by volumetric traps. In contrast, cumulative ascospore maturity estimated by the degree-day model was highly correlated (r2 = 0.82) with observed cumulative ascospore release as monitored by the volumetric traps. Although large differences between predicted maturity and observed discharge were common during the exponential phase of ascospore development, the date of 98% cumulative ascospore maturity predicted by the model was generally within 1 to 9 calendar days of the date of 98% cumulative ascospore recovery in the volumetric traps. Cumulative ascospore discharge as monitored by the volumetric traps always exceeded 98% at 600 degree days (base = 0°C) after green tip. Estimating the relative quantity of primary inoculum indirectly by means of a degree-day model was more closely aligned with observed ascospore release, as measured by volumetric traps, than actual assessments of ascospore maturity and discharge obtained through squash mounts and discharge tests. The degree-day model, therefore, may be a more accurate predictor of ascospore depletion than squash mounts or discharged tests, and has the added advantage that it can be widely applied to generate site-specific estimates of ascospore maturity for any location where daily temperature data are available.

scholarly journals South Georgia: a key location for linking physiological capacity to distributional changes in response to climate change

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 774-781 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.A. Morley ◽  
H.J. Griffiths ◽  
D.K.A. Barnes ◽  
L.S. Peck
Keyword(s):  
Seawater Temperature ◽  
Temperature Limit ◽  
Water Masses ◽  
Apparent Temperature ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Depth Range ◽  
South Georgia ◽  
Physiological Capacity ◽  
Average Maximum ◽  
The Mean

AbstractAntarctic marine invertebrates from the Western Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) are generally stenothermal, with three-month survival and activity limits above the average maximum summer seawater temperature (1.0°C) of 1–6°C and 1–3°C respectively. For many of these species to survive the warmer maximum temperature at the sub-Antarctic island of South Georgia (5°C), they require either greater thermal flexibility, or must avoid the warmest water-masses. The mean depths and depth range of WAP gastropod and bivalve molluscs were compared with the mean depths of these same species at South Georgia; separated into water masses delimited by the 1°C isotherm at South Georgia, surface Antarctic water (SAW < 90 m), winter water (WW 90–150 m) and circumpolar deep water (CDW > 150 m). Bivalves in the SAW and CDW categories at the WAP were centred around the cooler WW (< 1.2°C) at South Georgia, with a narrower mean depth range for CDW bivalves. There was no difference in the average depth of gastropods, but a reduced depth range in the CDW. The apparent temperature limit to bivalve mean depths and not gastropods at South Georgia, suggests that further latitudinal comparisons could yield information on the underlying physiological mechanisms determining the range limits of Southern Ocean fauna.

scholarly journals Using Estimated On-Site Ambient Temperature Has Uncertain Benefit When Estimating Postmortem Interval

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurent Dourel ◽  
Thierry Pasquerault ◽  
Emmanuel Gaudry ◽  
Benoît Vincent
Keyword(s):  
Original Data ◽  
Postmortem Interval ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
Weather Station ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Temperature Correlation ◽  
Correlation Data ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Accumulated Degree Days

The forensic entomologist uses weather station data as part of the calculation when estimating the postmortem interval (PMI). To reduce the potential inaccuracies of this method caused by the distance between the crime scene and the meteorological station, temperature correlation data from the site of the corpse may be used. This experiment simulated the impact of retrospective weather data correction using linear regression between seven stations and sites in three climatic exposure groups during three different seasons as part of the accumulated degree days calculation for three necrophagous species (Diptera: Calliphoridae). No consistent benefit in the use of correlation or the original data from the meteorological stations was observed. In nine cases out of 12, the data from the weather station network limited the risk of a deviation from reality. The forensic entomologist should be cautious when using this correlation model.

scholarly journals Meteorological effects of the solar eclipse of 20 March 2015: analysis of UK Met Office automatic weather station data and comparison with automatic weather station data from the Faroes and Iceland

2016 ◽  
Vol 374 (2077) ◽  
pp. 20150212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Hanna ◽  
John Penman ◽  
Trausti Jónsson ◽  
Grant R. Bigg ◽  
Halldór Björnsson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Solar Eclipse ◽  
Temperature Drop ◽  
Weather Station ◽  
Automatic Weather Station ◽  
Station Data ◽  
Weather Station Data ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Weather Stations

Here, we analyse high-frequency (1 min) surface air temperature, mean sea-level pressure (MSLP), wind speed and direction and cloud-cover data acquired during the solar eclipse of 20 March 2015 from 76 UK Met Office weather stations, and compare the results with those from 30 weather stations in the Faroe Islands and 148 stations in Iceland. There was a statistically significant mean UK temperature drop of 0.83±0.63°C, which occurred over 39 min on average, and the minimum temperature lagged the peak of the eclipse by about 10 min. For a subset of 14 (16) relatively clear (cloudy) stations, the mean temperature drop was 0.91±0.78 (0.31±0.40)°C but the mean temperature drops for relatively calm and windy stations were almost identical. Mean wind speed dropped significantly by 9% on average during the first half of the eclipse. There was no discernible effect of the eclipse on the wind-direction or MSLP time series, and therefore we can discount any localized eclipse cyclone effect over Britain during this event. Similar changes in air temperature and wind speed are observed for Iceland, where conditions were generally clearer, but here too there was no evidence of an eclipse cyclone; in the Faroes, there was a much more muted meteorological signature. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Atmospheric effects of solar eclipses stimulated by the 2015 UK eclipse’.

Heat Illness Related Meteorology over Chiangmai Using Automatic Weather Station Observed Data

2019 ◽  
Vol 891 ◽  
pp. 142-148
Author(s):  
Parwapath Phunthirawuthi ◽  
Chanattha Saengrattanayon ◽  
Sukrit Kirtsaeng
Keyword(s):  
Heat Index ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Heat Illness ◽  
Weather Station ◽  
Automatic Weather Station ◽  
Alert System ◽  
Tropical Area ◽  
Heat Period ◽  
Weather Stations ◽  
Very High

This research is a part of study of heat illness vulnerability. Understanding heat characteristic, especially in tropical area, would decrease loss from heat deceases and also support tourism in tropical countries. The aim of this research is to apply the meteorological sensor dataset in Chiangmai (a famous city in northern Thailand), which is under the control of Thai Meteorological Department, from 2015-2017 to investigate heat index characteristic. Two elements, temperature and relative humidity, were used to calculate heat index following Steadman’s equation. Analyzed heat index would be arranged by its intensity and then applied on heat illness warning. The study demonstrated that heat index warning from Automatic Weather Station data analysis could get along with the maximum temperature historical statistics data which observed by weather stations. Local people and visitors in Chiangmai mostly suffer from heat in between March and June. The greatest vulnerability to heat illness in Chiangmai was in April and May. This extreme-heat period is consistent with the report from Department of Decease Control Thailand, an amount of heat illness patients is very high in April and May. Moreover, the results show that even if the air temperature is getting low in after summer season but heat index is still high through the year. So, people still need to be aware of heat deceases and always concern about environmental heat when doing outdoor activities. In the future, AWS data from every station over Thailand would be used to develop a real-time Heat Illness Alert System.

scholarly journals Factors of surface thermal variation in high-mountain lakes of the Pyrenees

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. e0254702
Author(s):  
Ibor Sabás ◽  
Alexandre Miró ◽  
Jaume Piera ◽  
Jordi Catalan ◽  
Lluís Camarero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mountain Lakes ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
High Mountain ◽  
Lake Area ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
High Mountain Lakes ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Relevant Effect ◽  
Lake Temperature ◽  
Accumulated Degree Days

Thermal variables are crucial drivers of biological processes in lakes and ponds. In the current context of climate change, determining which factors better constrain their variation within lake districts become of paramount importance for understanding species distribution and their conservation. In this study, we describe the regional and short-term interannual variability in surface water temperature of high mountain lakes and ponds of the Pyrenees. And, we use mixed regression models to identify key environmental factors and to infer mean and maximum summer temperature, accumulated degree-days, diel temperature ranges and three-days’ oscillation. The study is based on 59 lake-temperature series measured from 2001 to 2014. We found that altitude was the primary explicative factor for accumulated degree-days and mean and maximum temperature. In contrast, lake area showed the most relevant effect on the diel temperature range and temperature oscillations, although diel temperature range was also found to decline with altitude. Furthermore, the morphology of the catchment significantly affected accumulated degree-days and maximum and mean water temperatures. The statistical models developed here were applied to upscale spatially the current thermic conditions across the whole set of lakes and ponds of the Pyrenees.

Models for estimation of hourly soil temperature at 5cm depth and for degree-day accumulation from minimum and maximum soil temperature

Soil Research ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Horton
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Daily Variation ◽  
Rapid Decrease ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Decay Function ◽  
Degree Day ◽  
Hourly Data ◽  
Maximum Temperatures ◽  
A Site

A model has been developed for the daily variation in soil temperature at 5 cm depth, for use where both the minimum and maximum temperatures are known or can be estimated. The model is based on data from three Australian sites with minute-by-minute data over 3–7 years. The model uses two sine curves; one for the increase from minimum to maximum and another for the relatively rapid decrease in temperature immediately after the maximum. An exponential decay function is used for the slower decrease in temperature until the minimum is reached. The time of the minimum soil temperature is primarily determined by the time of sunrise and therefore varies depending on the day of the year, whereas the time of the maximum temperature is influenced primarily by the time of the middle of the day (midpoint between sunrise and sunset). The time of the transition point between the maximum and the next minimum is related to the time of sunset. Therefore, the model uses latitude, longitude, and the day of the year to determine the time of sunrise and sunset to adjust the shape of the temperature profile throughout the day. The model has been validated using 3-hourly soil temperature data for 35 other sites in Australia, with a correlation of 0.993 between actual 3-hourly temperatures and those predicted. Its use for degree-day calculations has been validated using hourly data from a site in Victoria, where the model’s estimates of degree-days differ <0.7% from the value based on individual hourly temperatures, whereas methods that assume a symmetrical change from maximum to minimum temperature overestimate degree-days by 6–7%.

scholarly journals The Effect of the Thermal Mass of the Building Envelope on Summer Overheating of Dwellings in a Temperate Climate

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (14) ◽  
pp. 4117
Author(s):  
Tadeusz Kuczyński ◽  
Anna Staszczuk ◽  
Piotr Ziembicki ◽  
Anna Paluszak
Keyword(s):  
Building Materials ◽  
Heat Waves ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Building Envelope ◽  
Temperate Climate ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Thermal Mass ◽  
Occupant Behavior ◽  
Average Maximum ◽  
Night Ventilation

The main objective of this paper is to demonstrate the effectiveness of increasing the thermal capacity of a residential building by using traditional building materials to reduce the risk of its excessive overheating during intense heat waves in a temperate climate. An additional objective is to show that the use of this single passive measure significantly reduces the risk of overheating in daytime rooms, but also, though to a much lesser extent, in bedrooms. Increasing the thermal mass of the room from light to a medium heavy reduced the average maximum daily temperature by 2.2K during the first heat wave and by 2.6K during the other two heat waves. The use of very heavy construction further reduced the average maximum temperature for the heat waves analyzed by 1.4K, 1.2K and 1.7K, respectively, giving a total possible reduction in maximum daily temperatures in the range of 3.6 °C, 3.8 °C and 4.3 °C. A discussion of the influence of occupant behavior on the use of night ventilation and external blinds was carried out, finding a significant effect on the effectiveness of the use of both methods. The results of the study suggest that in temperate European countries, preserving residential construction methods with heavy envelopes and partitions could significantly reduce the risk of overheating in residential buildings over the next few decades, without the need for night ventilation or external blinds, whose effectiveness is highly dependent on individual occupant behavior.

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