Models for estimation of hourly soil temperature at 5cm depth and for degree-day accumulation from minimum and maximum soil temperature

Soil Research ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Horton
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Daily Variation ◽  
Rapid Decrease ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Decay Function ◽  
Degree Day ◽  
Hourly Data ◽  
Maximum Temperatures ◽  
A Site

A model has been developed for the daily variation in soil temperature at 5 cm depth, for use where both the minimum and maximum temperatures are known or can be estimated. The model is based on data from three Australian sites with minute-by-minute data over 3–7 years. The model uses two sine curves; one for the increase from minimum to maximum and another for the relatively rapid decrease in temperature immediately after the maximum. An exponential decay function is used for the slower decrease in temperature until the minimum is reached. The time of the minimum soil temperature is primarily determined by the time of sunrise and therefore varies depending on the day of the year, whereas the time of the maximum temperature is influenced primarily by the time of the middle of the day (midpoint between sunrise and sunset). The time of the transition point between the maximum and the next minimum is related to the time of sunset. Therefore, the model uses latitude, longitude, and the day of the year to determine the time of sunrise and sunset to adjust the shape of the temperature profile throughout the day. The model has been validated using 3-hourly soil temperature data for 35 other sites in Australia, with a correlation of 0.993 between actual 3-hourly temperatures and those predicted. Its use for degree-day calculations has been validated using hourly data from a site in Victoria, where the model’s estimates of degree-days differ <0.7% from the value based on individual hourly temperatures, whereas methods that assume a symmetrical change from maximum to minimum temperature overestimate degree-days by 6–7%.

scholarly journals THE ANALYSIS OF SOIL TEMPERATURES IN DIFFERENT DEPTHS USING SPEARMAN’S RHO AND MANN-KENDALL CORRELATION TESTS: THE CASE STUDY OF NIGDE CENTER IN TURKEY

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 38-55
Author(s):  
M. Cüneyt Bagdatlı ◽  
Yiğitcan Ballı
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Research Result ◽  
Significant Trend ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Average Maximum ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Average Maximum Temperature ◽  
Maximum Temperatures ◽  
Kendall Correlation

This research was conducted to determine soil temperatures in different soil depths in located Turkey’s Anatolia Region in Center of Nigde Province. In the study, the maximum, minimum and average soil temperature values of 10 cm, 50 cm and 100 cm depths observed between 1970-2019 were examined. All soil temperature data were evaluated monthly within the scope of the study. In the study, Mann-Kendall, Sperman's Rho correlation test and Sen's slope method were used.  According to the research result; The average of maximum soil temperatures in 10 cm depth was calculated as 6,8 0C in winter months and 20,7 0C in spring months. The average minimum soil temperature was calculated as 0,3 0C in winter and 5,0 0C in spring Months in long periods Generally, it was observed that there was an increasingly significant trend at maximum temperatures of 10 cm depth. According to the Mann-Kendal facility, a significant increase trend was observed in minimum soil temperatures in spring, winter and Summer months except for the months of autumn. Considering the average maximum temperature values in 50 cm; It was calculated as 6,6 °C in winter and 13,6 °C in spring months. The minimum soil temperature average was calculated as 3,5 0C in winter and 8,3 0C in spring months in long period (50 year, 600 months). In general, it was observed that there was an increasingly significant trend at maximum temperatures of 50 cm soil depth. According to Mann-Kendall and Sperman Rho test, a significant increase trend was observed in minimum soil temperatures in all seasons except for autumn months. According to the average maximum temperature values in 100 cm depth; It was calculated as 9,2 0C in winter and 11,5 0C in spring. The minimum soil temperature average was calculated as 7,1 0C in winter and 8.7 0C in spring months. It has been observed that there is a significant increase trend in the increasing of maximum and minimum soil temperatures of 100 cm soil depth.

scholarly journals ESPACIALIZAÇÃO DA TEMPERATURA DO AR PARA A REGIÃO DO SUBMÉDIO SÃO FRANCISCO

Irriga ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 177-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iug Lopes ◽  
Juliana Maria M De Melo ◽  
Brauliro Gonçalves Leal
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Interpolation ◽  
Daily Variation ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Country Club ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Maximum Temperatures ◽  
Continuous Fields ◽  
One Year ◽  
The One ◽  
Inverse Distance

ESPACIALIZAÇÃO DA TEMPERATURA DO AR PARA A REGIÃO DO SUBMÉDIO SÃO FRANCISCO  IUG LOPES¹; JULIANA MARIA MEDRADO DE MELO² E BRAULIRO GONÇALVES LEAL³ ¹ Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros, Dois Irmão, CEP: 52171-900 – Recife, PE. [email protected]² Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade do Estado da Bahia, Rua Edgar Chastinet, s/n - São Geraldo, BA, 48905-680 – Juazeiro, BA. [email protected]³ Colegiado de Engenharia da Computação, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco – Campus Juazeiro, Av. Antonio Carlos Magalhães, 510 Country Club, CEP: 48.902-300 – Juazeiro, BA. [email protected]  1 RESUMO  Dentre as variáveis meteorológicas requeridas para o cálculo do balanço hídrico destacam-se as temperaturas mínimas, médias e máximas do ar, que apresentam uma continuidade no quantitativo de distância e assim permitem de uma maneira mais simples a criação de campos contínuos utilizando métodos de interpolação espacial. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar potências para o método de interpolação do Inverso da Potência da Distância (IPD) na espacialização de valores diários da temperatura no Submédio São Francisco, para os períodos de um ano, das estações do ano (inverno, primavera, verão e outono). Foram obtidos os parâmetros de potência do interpolador Inverso da Potência da Distância das temperaturas mínimas, médias e máximas a partir dos dados medidos em 14 estações meteorológicas automáticas do INMET em operação no Pólo de Desenvolvimento Petrolina-Juazeiro. Foram realizadas interpolações para as épocas: anual, inverno, primavera, verão e outono. A variação diária do erro relativo médio obtida, para a época ano, calculado utilizando os dados de temperatura mínima, média e máxima utilizando o valor da potência do interpolador foram iguais a 3,3; 3,4; e 3,4, respectivamente. Os valores de erro médio foram pequenos quando comparados com o erro instrumental. Palavras-chave: interpolação, validação cruzada, estação meteorológica  LOPES, I; MELO, J. M. M.; LEAL, B. G. SPATIALIZATION OF AIR TEMPERATURE TO THE REGION OF SUBMEDIO SÃO FRANCISCO  2 ABSTRACT Among the meteorological variables required for the calculation of the water balance are the temperatures, which present a continuity in the quantitative distance and thus allow in a simpler way the creation of continuous fields using spatial interpolation methods. The objective of this work was to evaluate the power of the Inverse Distance Power (IPD) in the spatialization of daily values of temperature in the Submedia of São Francisco, for the one-year periods of the seasons (winter, spring, summer it's fall). The power parameters of the Inverse Distance Power Interpolator were obtained from the minimum, average and maximum temperatures from the data measured in 14 INMET automatic meteorological stations operating at the Petrolina-Juazeiro Development Pole. Interpolations were performed for annual, winter, spring, summer and fall seasons. The daily variation of the average relative error obtained for the year time, calculated using the data of minimum, average and maximum temperature using the value of the power of the interpolator were equal to 3.3; 3.4; and 3.4, respectively. The mean error values were small when compared to instrumental error. Keywords: interpolation, validation cross, meteorological station

scholarly journals Comparisons of Temperature Measurements from Local Weather Stations and the Tomato Plant Canopy: Implications for Crop and Pest Forecasting

1990 ◽  
Vol 115 (5) ◽  
pp. 861-869 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nita A. Davidson ◽  
L. Theodore Wilson ◽  
Michael P. Hoffmann ◽  
Frank G. Zalom
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Weather Station ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Tomato Crop ◽  
Degree Day ◽  
Average Maximum ◽  
Temperature Ranges ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Weather Stations ◽  
Accumulated Degree Days

Temperatures recorded by weather stations and within the canopy of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) crops were compared in fields near Davis, Calif., during Summer 1983 (60 days) and 1987 (50 days). For both years, the average maximum and minimum temperatures, daily temperature ranges, degree days per day, and total accumulated degree days were compared. In 1983, the mean maximum temperature at the weather station did not differ significantly from that in the canopy, but the mean minimum temperature at the weather station was significantly lower than that in the canopy. In 1987, the mean maximum temperature at the weather station was significantly higher than that in the canopy, but mean minimum temperatures did not differ significantly. Temperature ranges were significantly narrower for the weather station toward the end of the 1983 season, and significantly wider for the weather station at midseason 1987. Comparisons of degree days per day showed significant differences between means at the weather station and in the canopy in 1983, and among those at the weather station and the two degree day calculation methods used for temperatures recorded in the canopy. Total accumulated degree days based on temperature records at the weather station were lower than those in the canopy in 1983 but higher in 1987. In 1987, the single sine degree day calculation method overestimated degree days compared to the 2-hr triangulation method. The phenology of the tomato crop as predicted by weather station temperatures indicated that tomato maturation was underestimated in 1983 and overestimated in 1987. The rate of development for hypothetical populations of Heliothis zea (Boddie) and Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) within the tomato crop was again underestimated in 1983 and overestimated in 1987, as based on temperature data of the weather station.

THE TEMPERATURES OF SURFACE FIRES IN JACK PINE BARREN: I. THE VARIATION IN TEMPERATURE WITH TIME

1966 ◽  
Vol 44 (10) ◽  
pp. 1285-1292 ◽  
Author(s):  
David W. Smith ◽  
John H. Sparling
Keyword(s):  
Jack Pine ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Surface Fires ◽  
Mean Temperature ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Maximum Temperatures

The temperatures of 18 fires in an open jack pine barren near Timmins, Ontario, have been recorded. The maximum temperature recorded was 545 °C, although in other determinations fire temperatures in excess of 1000 °C were reached. The mean temperature of all fires was 340.6 ± 133.2 °C. Three fires at 230, 345, and 545 °C were considered in detail.The maximum temperature of a fire was normally recorded at heights of 5 cm or 10 cm above the surface. Maximum temperatures of hotter fires usually occurred at greater heights than cooler ones. Duration and the temperature ("intensity") of the fire are important aspects of fire studies.

DISTRIBUTION OF TEMPERATURE INDICES OF EXTREME IN THE TERRITORY OF THE EUROPEAN PART OF RUSSIA IN THE PERIOD 1980-2019

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 437-442
Author(s):  
V.V. Guryanov ◽  
A.K. Sungatullin
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Variability ◽  
Statistical Processing ◽  
European Part ◽  
The North ◽  
Hourly Data ◽  
European Part Of Russia ◽  
Spatial Grid ◽  
Temperature Indices ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Maximum Temperatures

The spatio-temporal variability of the average values of temperature indices of climate extremity in the territory of the European part of Russia (ER) in 1980-2019 is presented. To calculate the extremeness indices, we used hourly data on the maximum and minimum temperatures obtained using the ERA5 reanalysis on a 1°´1° spatial grid. Statistical processing of the index values revealed an increase in the temperature indices TNX, TNN, TXN, TXX, associated with the minimum and maximum temperatures, with the exception of the north and southeast of the region. An increase in the number of sunny days and a decrease in the number of frosty days were also revealed.

Calorimetric determination of the effect of additives on cement hydration process

2013 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavel Šiler ◽  
Josef Krátký ◽  
Iva Kolářová ◽  
Jaromír Havlica ◽  
Jiří Brandštetr
Keyword(s):  
Portland Cement ◽  
Silica Fume ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Granulated Blast Furnace Slag ◽  
Mineral Components ◽  
Maximum Temperatures ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Furnace Slag ◽  
Calorimetric Determination

AbstractPossibilities of a multicell isoperibolic-semiadiabatic calorimeter application for the measurement of hydration heat and maximum temperature reached in mixtures of various compositions during their setting and early stages of hardening are presented. Measurements were aimed to determine the impact of selected components’ content on the course of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) hydration. The following components were selected for the determination of the hydration behaviour in mixtures: very finely ground granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS), silica fume (microsilica, SF), finely ground quartz sand (FGQ), and calcined bauxite (CB). A commercial polycarboxylate type superplasticizer was also added to the selected mixtures. All maximum temperatures measured for selected mineral components were lower than that reached for cement. The maximum temperature increased with the decreasing amount of components in the mixture for all components except for silica fume. For all components, except for CB, the values of total released heat were higher than those for pure Portland cement samples.

The ecology of immature phases of Trichostrongyle nematodes: II. The effect of climatic factors on the availability of the infective larvae of Trichostrongylus retortaeformis to the host

Parasitology ◽  
1948 ◽  
Vol 39 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 26-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. D. Crofton
Keyword(s):  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Faecal Pellet ◽  
Cold Weather ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Infective Stage ◽  
Faecal Pellets ◽  
Infective Larvae ◽  
High Death ◽  
Maximum Temperatures ◽  
Rate Of Evaporation

1. Eggs and larvae of Trichostrongylus retortaeformis were used.2. The rate of hatching of eggs was shown to be mainly related to temperature. From November to March, when maximum temperatures were below 50° F., there was no hatching. When maximum temperatures of 50–55° F. occurred eggs hatched on or before the fifteenth day, but never during the first 8 days. Eggs hatched in 8 days or less when maximum temperatures of 60–80° F. occurred.3. When the rate of evaporation in the air was high, eggs still hatched and reached the infective stage, the grass blades reducing the rate of loss of moisture from the faecal pellet. Laboratory experiments show that eggs may not develop to the infective stage if the faecal pellets are on a grassless portion of the pasture. This is most likely to occur when the rate of evaporation is high and the temperature low.4. Hatching may be delayed by cold conditions, but some eggs remain viable for long periods and they hatch when the temperature rises. Eggs passed by the host in the autumn can survive a cold winter and hatch in the spring, but eggs passed during the coldest period die.5. During periods when the maximum temperature never exceeded 55° F., little or no migration of larvae occurred. When temperatures rose above 55° F. the number of larvae migrating increased; but rise of temperature was associated with increase in the rate of evaporation. High rates of evaporation reduced the number of larvae migrating on the grass blades.6. Some infective larvae died soon after exposure on grass plots, but a small number survived long periods. In cold weather some larvae were still alive after 20 weeks. A high death-rate occurred in warm weather. A large proportion of the larvae died during periods in which the rate of evaporation was high; in one of these periods 95% of the larvae were dead at the end of 4 weeks' exposure.7. The number of larvae on grass blades of a pasture was shown to be dependent, at any time, upon the climate at that time, and upon past conditions which had influenced hatching and survival:

scholarly journals Verification of surface minimum, mean, and maximum temperature forecasts in Calabria for summer 2008

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 487-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Federico
Keyword(s):  
Forecast Error ◽  
Background Field ◽  
Horizontal Resolution ◽  
Atmospheric Modeling ◽  
Forecast Skill ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Model Forecast ◽  
Maximum Temperatures ◽  
Analysis Error ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Since 2005, one-hour temperature forecasts for the Calabria region (southern Italy), modelled by the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS), have been issued by CRATI/ISAC-CNR (Consortium for Research and Application of Innovative Technologies/Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Sciences of the National Research Council) and are available online at http://meteo.crati.it/previsioni.html (every six hours). Beginning in June 2008, the horizontal resolution was enhanced to 2.5 km. In the present paper, forecast skill and accuracy are evaluated out to four days for the 2008 summer season (from 6 June to 30 September, 112 runs). For this purpose, gridded high horizontal resolution forecasts of minimum, mean, and maximum temperatures are evaluated against gridded analyses at the same horizontal resolution (2.5 km). Gridded analysis is based on Optimal Interpolation (OI) and uses the RAMS first-day temperature forecast as the background field. Observations from 87 thermometers are used in the analysis system. The analysis error is introduced to quantify the effect of using the RAMS first-day forecast as the background field in the OI analyses and to define the forecast error unambiguously, while spatial interpolation (SI) analysis is considered to quantify the statistics' sensitivity to the verifying analysis and to show the quality of the OI analyses for different background fields. Two case studies, the first one with a low (less than the 10th percentile) root mean square error (RMSE) in the OI analysis, the second with the largest RMSE of the whole period in the OI analysis, are discussed to show the forecast performance under two different conditions. Cumulative statistics are used to quantify forecast errors out to four days. Results show that maximum temperature has the largest RMSE, while minimum and mean temperature errors are similar. For the period considered, the OI analysis RMSEs for minimum, mean, and maximum temperatures vary from 1.8, 1.6, and 2.0 °C, respectively, for the first-day forecast, to 2.0, 1.9, and 2.6 °C, respectively, for the fourth-day forecast. Cumulative statistics are computed using both SI and OI analysis as reference. Although SI statistics likely overestimate the forecast error because they ignore the observational error, the study shows that the difference between OI and SI statistics is less than the analysis error. The forecast skill is compared with that of the persistence forecast. The Anomaly Correlation Coefficient (ACC) shows that the model forecast is useful for all days and parameters considered here, and it is able to capture day-to-day weather variability. The model forecast issued for the fourth day is still better than the first-day forecast of a 24-h persistence forecast, at least for mean and maximum temperature. The impact of using the RAMS first-day forecast as the background field in the OI analysis is quantified by comparing statistics computed with OI and SI analyses. Minimum temperature is more sensitive to the change in the analysis dataset as a consequence of its larger representative error.

Corrigendum - Growth of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) to the small tuber stage as related to soil temperature

1979 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 667
Author(s):  
PJM Sale
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Solanum Tuberosum L ◽  
Tuber Initiation ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Night Temperature ◽  
Field Development ◽  
Periodic Fluctuations ◽  
The Times ◽  
The Relationship

In experiments in a phytotron with potato cv. Sebago and in the field with cvv. Sebago and Sequoia the times for planting to emergence, new tuber initiation and small tuber stage were measured in relation to temperature. Emergence was linearly related to mean temperature and relatively independent of diurnal or periodic fluctuations up to an optimum of 22–24°C, and up to this optimum could be considered as a degree-day requirement calculated from either soil temperature at tuber depth or air temperature. For both cultivars planted with just-visible sprouts this was about 450 degree-days reckoned above a +2° minimum. At temperatures above the optimum, emergence was actively inhibited, and the relationship no longer held when appreciable periods were spent above about 24°. Once emergence had occurred, new tuber initiation and growth to the small tuber stage tended to be promoted at low temperatures especially in cv. Sequoia; phytotron treatments where night temperature was higher than day had a particularly adverse effect. It appeared that field development was adversely affected if a rapid increase in soil temperature occurred during the period of emergence.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Suhu terhadap Perkembangan Pradewasa Parasitoid Eriborus argenteopilosus Cameron (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)

2012 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 250
Author(s):  
Novri Nelly ◽  
Trimurti Habazar ◽  
Rahmat Syahni ◽  
Damayanti Buchori
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Temperature Effect ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Degree Day ◽  
Adult Parasitoid ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Lepidoptera Pyralidae

Temperature effect on development time of the preadult parasitoid Eriborus argenteopilosus Cameron(Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) were studied to know development time, degree days and survival rate.Crocidolomia pavonana (Fabricius)(Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) larvae was exposed to E. argenteopilosus female andreared at four different temperatures i.e 160C, 200C, 250C and 300C. Data were analyzed using anova and linearregression to calculate degree day. At 200C E. argenteopilosus showed the highest degree day and survival rate(18.67 %), while at 300C nothing adult parasitoid emergenced. Degree day to development time of parasitoid attemperature 200C i.e fase egg-adult: 300.05; egg-pupae 173.35; pupae-adult 171.

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