scholarly journals Light Environment and Time of Harvest Affect `Delicious' Apple Fruit Quality Characteristics

1992 ◽  
Vol 117 (4) ◽  
pp. 551-557 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard J. Campbell ◽  
Richard P. Marini
Keyword(s):  
Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Photon Flux Density ◽  
Photon Density ◽  
Fruit Characteristics ◽  
Solids Concentration ◽  
Harvest Dates

Photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD), measured at various canopy positions throughout the growing season in 1989 and 1990, was used to explain variation in fruit characteristics of `Delicious' apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) harvested from these positions at 135, 145, 155, and 165 days after full bloom (DAFB). Hours above an average PPFD threshold of 250 μmol·m-2·s-1 (HR250) explained an average of only 2% more variation in fruit characteristics than other PPFD threshold levels or total cumulative photosynthetic photon density (PPD) in each year. Percent of red surface had a positive linear relationship with HR250 on all harvest dates in both years; intercepts increased on each successive harvest. The slopes and R2 were highest at 135 DAFB and decreased on each successive harvest. Intensity of red pigmentation and soluble solids concentration also increased linearly with HR250, with equivalent slopes and increasing intercepts on each successive harvest. Fruit weight, flesh firmness, length: diameter ratio, and starch index were not consistently affected by any measure of canopy light levels. Except for intensity of redness, relationships developed between fruit characteristics and cumulative late-season PPD during the final 10 weeks before harvest (CPPDLS) had trends similar to the models for HR250 for all harvests in both years. Models developed with instantaneous light measurements were similar to those developed with the more detailed cumulative light measurements.

scholarly journals Supplementary LED Interlighting Improves Yield and Precocity of Greenhouse Tomatoes in the Mediterranean

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Paucek ◽  
Giuseppina Pennisi ◽  
Alessandro Pistillo ◽  
Elisa Appolloni ◽  
Andrea Crepaldi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Yield ◽  
Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Photon Flux Density ◽  
Vegetative Development ◽  
Greenhouse Production ◽  
The Mediterranean

In Northern Europe, the use of light–emitting diodes (LEDs) is widely adopted in protected horticulture, enabling to enhance plant growth by ensuring needed radiative fluxes throughout seasons. Contrarily, the use of artificial lighting in Mediterranean greenhouse still finds limited applications. In this study, the effects of supplemental LED interlighting on vegetative development, fruit growth, yield, and fruit quality of high-wire tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. ‘Siranzo’) during spring and summer season were addressed in a hydroponic greenhouse in Italy. Plants were either grown under natural solar radiation (control), or by adding supplemental LED interlighting. LED treatment featured red (R) and blue (B) light (RB ratio of 3) and a photosynthetic photon flux density of 170 µmol m−2 s−1 for 16 h d−1. Supplemental LED interlighting enhanced yield as a result of increased fruit weight and dimension. While no effects on soluble solids content and fruit color at harvesting were observed, supplemental LED interlighting accelerated ripening by one week in spring and two weeks in summer and this also resulted in increased cumulated productivity (+16%) as compared to control treatment. Overall, supplemental LED interlighting can represent a feasible technology for tomato greenhouse production also in the Mediterranean region.

scholarly journals Primocane Development and Early Yield of `Heritage' Red Raspberry in Relation to Initial Plant In-row Spacing

1993 ◽  
Vol 118 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.C. Myers
Keyword(s):  
Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Photon Flux Density ◽  
First Year ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
Yield Efficiency ◽  
Micropropagated Plants

Micropropagated plants of `Heritage' primocane-fruiting (PF) red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) were planted at in-row spacings of 100, 50, or 25 cm. Yield per unit area during the first season was positively correlated with initial plant in-row spacing. During the first season of growth, initial plant in-row spacing did not affect the total number of primocanes that developed but was positively associated with the numbers of primocanes that fruited. Yield per primocane, primocane yield efficiency, total nodes per primocane, and number of fruiting nodes per primocane were not affected by plant in-row spacing in the first year. Average fruit weight and fruiting primocane diameter in the first year were negatively associated with plant in-row spacing. Photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) penetrating the row canopy as measured in the first season was not affected by treatment. Treatment did not influence percentage of fruit exhibiting solar injury, shattering, or infection by Botrytis cinerea. Plant in-row spacing did not influence yield during the second and third production seasons.

scholarly journals Apple Fruit Growth and Maturity are Affected by Early Season Temperatures

1999 ◽  
Vol 124 (5) ◽  
pp. 468-477 ◽  
Author(s):  
I.J. Warrington ◽  
T.A. Fulton ◽  
E.A. Halligan ◽  
H.N. de Silva
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Size ◽  
Temperature Treatment ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Cool Temperature ◽  
Fruit Maturation ◽  
Solids Concentration ◽  
Golden Delicious ◽  
General Response

Container-grown `Delicious', `Golden Delicious', `Braeburn', `Fuji' and `Royal Gala' apple [Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill. var. domestica (Borkh.) Mansf.] trees, on Malling 9 (M.9) rootstock, were subjected to a range of different maximum/minimum air temperature regimes for up to 80 days after full bloom (DAFB) in controlled environments to investigate the effects of temperature on fruit expansion, final fruit weight, and fruit maturation. Fruit expansion rates were highly responsive to temperature with those at a mean of 20 °C being ≈10 times greater than those at a mean of 6 °C. All cultivars exhibited the same general response although `Braeburn' consistently showed higher expansion rates at all temperatures compared with lowest rates for `Golden Delicious' and intermediate rates for both `Delicious' and `Fuji'. The duration of cell division, assessed indirectly by measuring expansion rate, appeared to be inversely related to mean temperature (i.e., prolonged under cooler conditions). Subsequently, fruit on trees from the coolest controlled temperature treatment showed greater expansion rates when transferred to the field and smaller differences in fruit size at harvest than would have been expected from the measured expansion rates under the cool treatment. Nonetheless, mean fruit weight from warm postbloom treatments was up to four times greater at harvest maturity than that from cool temperature treatments. Postbloom temperature also markedly affected fruit maturation. Fruit from warm postbloom temperature conditions had a higher soluble solids concentration, more yellow background color, lower flesh firmness, and greater starch hydrolysis than fruit from cooler temperatures.

scholarly journals Preharvest Watersprout Removal Influences Canopy Light Relations, Fruit Quality, and Flower Bud Formation of `Redskin' Peach Trees

1993 ◽  
Vol 118 (4) ◽  
pp. 442-445 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen C. Myers
Keyword(s):  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Photon Flux Density ◽  
Photosynthetic Photon Flux ◽  
Fruit Characteristics ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Light Levels ◽  
Flower Bud Formation ◽  
Peach Trees

Three separate blocks of mature, nonirrigated trees of `Redskin' peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] on `Lovell' rootstock, all uniformly dormant-pruned to an open center, were summer pruned 43, 31, and 21 days before harvest (DBH) in 1988, 1989, and 1990, respectively, and compared to unpruned controls in respect to light penetration and fruit characteristics. Summer pruning consisted of watersprout removal (WSR), selectively including all shoots more upright than 45° on scaffolds from the crotch to the top of the tree. WSR increased photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) in the center of the fruiting zone of the canopy to four times the level measured in unpruned trees, but only to an average of 16% of above-canopy PPFD. The greatest effect of WSR on PPFD occurred in the center of the tree, increasing light levels from <10% full sun before WSR to 90% full sun following WSR. WSR resulted in higher PPFD in the center of the tree for the remainder of the season. Fruit ground color and red pigmentation were not affected by WSR. WSR increased the percentage of fruit that exceeded 62 mm in diameter and decreased the percentage of fruit < 55 mm in diameter in 1988 and 1990. In 2 of the 3 years, WSR increased flower count per cm shoot length in the fruiting zone of the canopy.

scholarly journals Benzyladenine as A Chemical Thinner for `McIntosh' Apples. II. Effects of Benzyladenine, Bourse Shoot Tip Removal, and Leaf Number on Fruit Retention

2000 ◽  
Vol 125 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rongcai Yuan ◽  
Duane W. Greene
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Shoot Tips ◽  
Fruit Growth ◽  
Shoot Tip ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
Solids Concentration ◽  
Fruiting Branch

Experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of BA, removal of bourse shoot tips including only folded leaves and growing point, and different numbers of leaves per fruit on fruit retention and fruit development in `More-Spur McIntosh'/Malling 7 (M.7) apple trees [Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill var. domestica (Borkh.) Mansf.]. Removal of the bourse shoot tip increased fruit retention, whereas BA thinned fruit regardless of whether shoot tips were removed or not. There was no interaction between BA application and shoot tipping. BA thinned fruit only when one leaf per fruit was on a girdled small fruiting branch, but not when leaf number per fruit was two or greater. Fruit weight and soluble solids concentration increased dramatically with increasing leaf number per fruit. BA reduced fruit growth rate when <16 leaves per fruit were present on the girdled branches between 3 and 7 days after treatment, but it did not affect fruit growth rate when 32 leaves per fruit were on the girdled branches. Increasing leaf number also increased viable seed number per fruit while decreasing the number of aborted seeds, but it had no effect on the number of total seeds per fruit. BA reduced the number of viable seeds per fruit only when the number of leaves per fruit was less than four. Results suggest that BA thins apple fruit mainly by reducing carbohydrates available to developing fruitlets. Chemical name used: N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purine-6-amine [benzyladenine (BA)].

scholarly journals Sprayable 1-MCP Effects on Maturity and Quality of Apple Fruit at Harvest and After Storage: The New York Experience

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 978A-978 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris B. Watkins ◽  
Jacqueline F. Nock ◽  
Tarek Wardeh
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Quality Factors ◽  
Solids Concentration ◽  
Harvest Dates ◽  
Spray Timing

A sprayable formulation of 1-MCP (250 μL·L-1) and 1% oil adjuvant was applied to `McIntosh' and `Empire' apple trees 24, 14, and 7 days prior to anticipated optimum harvest dates (early, mid-, and late-spray timings, respectively), and fruit harvested sequentially over 2 to 3 weeks from this date. At harvest, internal ethylene concentrations (IEC), percentage of blush, starch indices, firmness, and soluble solids concentration (SSC) were measured, as well as ethylene production of fruit maintained for 7 days at 20 °C. Additional fruit were stored in air (0.5 °C) with or without postharvest 1-MCP treatment. Preharvest drop of `McIntosh' apples was also measured. Quality of these fruit was assessed at intervals for up to 4.5 months (`McIntosh') or 6 months (`Empire'). All spray timing resulted in marked delays of preharvest drop. For both cultivars, increases of IEC were inhibited or delayed by sprayable 1-MCP treatment, but effects on other maturity and quality factors were small. Ethylene production of treated fruit was lower than that of untreated fruit. The effects of sprayable 1-MCP on IEC and firmness were maintained during storage, but the longetivity of these effects was affected by cultivar, spray timing, and storage period. Postharvest application of 1-MCP further inhibited IEC and maintained firmness of the fruit during storage. These experiments show that sprayable 1-MCP may be a valuable tool to manipulate both pre- and postharvest responses of apple fruit. However, with the formulation used in these experiments, phytotoxicity, primarily as damage around lenticel areas, was observed at harvest indicating that further development of the formulation is necessary for industry use.

scholarly journals Instantaneous Light Measurements Predict Relative Cumulative Light Levels within an Apple Canopy

1992 ◽  
Vol 117 (4) ◽  
pp. 678-684 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard J. Campbell ◽  
Richard P. Marini
Keyword(s):  
Predictive Models ◽  
Predictive Accuracy ◽  
Weather Condition ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Photon Flux Density ◽  
Photon Density ◽  
Canopy Development

Percent instantaneous incident photosynthetic photon flux density (%INPPFD) was measured within an apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) canopy for various sky conditions and used to predict the percent cumulative incident photosynthetic photon density (PPD) for the last 10 weeks of the growing season (%CPPDLS) and the total growing season (%CPPDTS). Instantaneous measurements from overcast conditions were superior to measurements from clear or hazy conditions for the prediction of %CPPDLS in 1989 and 1990. A one-to-one relationship between %INPPFD and %CPPDLS was found for overcast conditions in both years, even though there was an 11% difference in total cumulative PPD between the years. The models had good predictive accuracy, with prediction coefficients of determination (R2Pred) >0.83 in both years (n = 30). %lNPPFD from overcast conditions also yielded accurate predictive models for %CPPDTS (R > 0.84, n = 30), which differed from the models for %CPPDLS. Predictive models (for both %CPPDLS and %CPPDTS) from %lNPPFD made before the canopy was fully developed differed from the models developed after canopy development was complete. The models still had good predictive accuracy, with R2Pred >0.76 (n = 30). Predictive models developed for cloudless conditions had inferior predictive accuracy (R2Pred = 0.49 to 0.80, n = 30) compared to models for overcast conditions. R2Pred were higher for hazy than for clear conditions. Time of day (1000 to 1400 hr) had no consistent effect on the development of predictive models for any weather condition. The most reliable models resulted from the average of several measurements within a day, particularly for cloudless conditions.

scholarly journals Fenologia e trocas gasosas da videira cv. Sweet Sunshine em clima semiárido

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Essione Ribeiro Souza ◽  
Amanda Cristina Esteves Amaro ◽  
Laíse De Sousa Santos ◽  
Elizabeth Orika Ono ◽  
João Domingos Rodrigues
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Co2 Assimilation ◽  
Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Photon Flux Density ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Semi Arid Region

Several physiological and environmental factors can influence the development and growth of vines cultivated in irrigated areas of the Brazilian semi-arid region. Therefore, it is necessary to characterize the phenology of ‘Sweet Sunshine’ grapevine under Sub-medium São Francisco Valley, Brazil conditions in order to set up the managements employed for the crop. To characterize the phenology 12 plants were selected, distributed in four repetitions, from the first growing season, both in the 2nd half of 2012 as in the 1st half of 2013. The observations of plant development phases were initiated immediately after pruning, ending at the harvest. Gas exchange measures as net CO2 assimilation rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, intercellular CO2 concentrations, water use efficiency, apparent carboxylation efficiency (Rubisco) and the photosynthetic photon flux density were performed at inflorescence, early flowering, growth and softening of berries phases. The productive characterization was performed weekly, determining the clusters fresh weight length; fresh weight, diameter, length and volume of the berries; soluble solids content and titratable acidity; fresh and dry weight, basal, median and apical diameter of the stems. It was found that physiological parameters induced changes in the characteristics of the plants for the two evaluated periods, since the behavior of the curve for gas exchange measurements were distinct, exhibiting productive and commercial potential.

scholarly journals Net Houses Effects on Microclimate, Production, and Plant Protection of White-fleshed Pitaya

HortScience ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 692-700 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yen-Chieh Chien ◽  
Jer-Chia Chang
Keyword(s):  
Plant Protection ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Reproductive Period ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Photon Flux Density ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Commercial Cultivation ◽  
Fruit Bagging

To evaluate the comprehensive response of commercial cultivation of the white-fleshed pitaya (Hylocereus undatus ‘VN White’) under net house in Taiwan, experiments were conducted during the natural reproductive period (from June to Sept. 2016) with fruits grown within net houses (either 16 or 24 mesh insect-proof netting, without fruit bagging) or in an open field (the control, without netting, with fruit bagging). The effects of netting on microclimate, phenological period, flowering (floral bud emergence) of current and noncurrent cladodes (shoots) (2- to 3-year-old), fruit quality, market acceptability, pests and diseases control, and level of sunburn were investigated. Indoor solar radiation in the 16 and 24 mesh net houses were 78.12% and 75.03%, respectively, and the sunlight intensities [photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD), μmol·m−2·s−1] were 76.03% and 73.00%, respectively, that of control. The maximum daily temperature for the 16 and 24 mesh net houses was greater than that of the control. However, there were no significant differences in daily average temperature, minimum temperature, or relative humidity (RH). The first flowering cycle (12 June 2016) and last flowering cycle (11 Sept. 2016) in both net houses were the same as those in the control. The accumulative flowering of current cladodes was unaffected by net covering, but that of noncurrent-year cladodes in both net houses was lower than that in the control. Although the L* and C* values of fruit color in the 16 and 24 mesh net houses were lower than those in the control, the fruits still had commercial value. The average fruit weight of the 16 mesh net house was significantly greater than that of the control. Average total soluble solid (TSS) content, TSS content at the fruit center, and titratable acidity were unaffected. In addition, the 16 mesh net house blocked some large pests without exacerbating disease or sunburn. Our findings suggest that 16 mesh net houses may be useful for white-fleshed pitaya cultivation during its natural reproductive period in subtropical Taiwan.

scholarly journals Pollination and Pollen Source Influence Fruit of Oriental Persimmon `Fuyu' and `Tanenashi'

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 218-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.R. Woodburn ◽  
P.C. Andersen
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Set ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Diospyros Kaki ◽  
Open Pollination ◽  
Fruit Characteristics ◽  
Solids Concentration ◽  
Hand Pollination ◽  
Soluble Solids Concentration

Fruit characteristics of Oriental persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.) [`Fuyu' (Expts. 1 and 2) and `Tanenashi' (Expt. 3)] were assessed as a function of five pollination treatments: 1) hand-pollination (HP) with `Gailey' pollen (G); 2) HP with `Nishimura Wase' pollen (NW); 3) HP with `Turkeytown' pollen (T) (not used for `Tanenashi'); 4) open-pollination (OP), which did not necessarily result in pollination; and 5) nonpollination (NP) where pollination was prevented by covering the flower. Final fruit set of `Fuyu' and `Tanenashi' was higher for G and NW pollen than for NP. Differences in fruit set among the remaining treatments depended on the particular experiment. For example, fruit set for OP was higher than for NP in Expts. 1 and 3 but not Expt. 2. Fruit weight and soluble solids concentration (SSC) of `Fuyu' were not affected by treatment in Expts. 1 and 2; however, in Expt. 2, fruit height and diameter of G, NW, T, or OP were larger than for NP. Seed count per fruit was inversely related to fruit development period but did not influence fruit size or SSC. Fruit height, diameter, weight, and total soluble solids of `Tanenashi' for G, NW, and OP exceeded those for NP, although rarely were seeds present.

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