scholarly journals A Modified Hypothesis on the Role of Conjugated Trienes in Superficial Scald Development on Stored Apples

1993 ◽  
Vol 118 (6) ◽  
pp. 807-813 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhanyuan Du ◽  
William J. Bramlage
Keyword(s):  
Absorption Spectra ◽  
Malus Domestica ◽  
Ultraviolet Absorption ◽  
Superficial Scald ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Metabolic Products ◽  
Conjugated Trienes ◽  
Conjugated Triene ◽  
Experimentally Induced

Three experiments were conducted using `Cortland' and `Delicious' apples (Malus domestica Borkh.). Fruit varying widely in superficial scald susceptibility, because of either endogenous or experimentally induced conditions, were stored for various intervals at 0C and evaluated for scald development at 20C. Samples were extracted periodically in hexane, and ultraviolet absorption spectra of the extracts were used to evaluate α-farnesene and conjugated triene (CT) relationships to scald development. CT concentrations were calculated using each of the three CT absorption maxima (258-290 nm, 269-290 nm, and 281-290 nm) and expressed accordingly as CT258, CT269, and CT281. The poor association of CT281 concentrations with scald development led us to propose that metabolic products of CT281 species are more likely to be associated with scald development than the species themselves.

Synthesis of Conjugated Trienes and Related Oxidation Products of α-Farnesene

1994 ◽  
Vol 47 (11) ◽  
pp. 1979 ◽  
Author(s):  
MA Brimble ◽  
DD Rowan ◽  
JA Spicer
Keyword(s):  
Ring Opening ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Oxidation Products ◽  
Epoxide Ring ◽  
Epoxide Ring Opening ◽  
Superficial Scald ◽  
Conjugated Trienes ◽  
Conjugated Triene ◽  
Cyclic Peroxide

The synthesis of conjugated trienes and related oxidation products of α- farnesene (1), principally from the epoxides of α- farnesene (1), is reported. Base-promoted ring opening of 6,7-epoxide (4) by KOBut/LiNPri2 affords the conjugated triene (2), whilst the 3,4-epoxide (5) affords trienol (7). In contrast, 10,11-epoxide (6) fails to undergo epoxide ring opening; it rearranges to the conjugated triene epoxide (8). Base-promoted ring opening of bisepoxide (9) afforded trienol epoxide (11) at -30°C, whilst cyclization to tetrahydrofurans (10a,b) occurred at room temperature. Photosensitized oxidation of 10,11-epoxide (6) followed by in situ treatment with acid gave the cyclic peroxide (3) and on reduction triol (12). Bisallylic alcohol (13) was prepared by alkylation of 3-methylsulfolene with geranial. Trienes (2) and (3) have been isolated previously as autoxidation products of α- farnesene (1) and are implicated as the causal agents of superficial scald of stored apples.

scholarly journals CHARACTERISTICS OF UV ABSORBANCE BY HEXANE EXTRACTS OF APPLE SURFACES SUGGEST A MODIFIED HYPOTHESIS ON THE ROLE OF CONJUGATED TRIENES IN SCALD DEVELOPMENT ON APPLES

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (11) ◽  
pp. 1159d-1159
Author(s):  
Zhanyuan Du ◽  
William J. Bramlage
Keyword(s):  
Hexane Extract ◽  
Uv Absorbance ◽  
Superficial Scald ◽  
Data Support ◽  
Conjugated Trienes ◽  
Hexane Extracts ◽  
Fruit Surface

Much correlative data support the hypothesis that superficial scald on apples results from oxidation of α farnesene to conjugated trienes (CT) in the coating of apples. However, these associations are poorly defined both chemically and physiologically. α Farnesene and CT are measured as OD 232 and OD 281-290, respectively, of a hexane extract of the fruit surface. During assays, we observed anomalies in absorbance characteristics of extracts from fruit with different scald potentials, particularly in the region of 258 nm. Results suggest that absorbance near 258 nm might represent a metabolite of CT, which may be further metabolized. It appeared that under different conditions, CT metabolism could be altered, resulting in changed ratios of OD 258/OD 281. Higher ratios correlated with lower scald development, regardless of CT concentration. Thus, CT metabolism, rather than its concentration, may determine if scald occurs.

scholarly journals Volatile Cuticular Components Involved in Superficial Scald

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 605a-605
Author(s):  
S. Wee ◽  
R.M. Beaudry
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Mass Spectroscopy ◽  
Malus Domestica ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Superficial Scald ◽  
Conjugated Trienes ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy

Autoxidation products alpha-farnesene of have been implicated in superficial scald induction for apple (Malus domestica cv. Cortland Apple) fruit. We suspect the apple cuticle acts as a sink where α-farnesene can accumulate and eventually autoxidize into hydroperoxides, conjugated trienes, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one (ketone), and other compounds. These oxidized byproducts may diffuse back into the peel, thereby initiating the scald process. Cortland apples were stored at 0.8°C. Volatile cuticular components were analyzed at 2-week intervals by gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy. Only two scald-related volatiles were found, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one and α-farnesene. The identification of these compounds may allow the determination of cuticular involvement in superficial scald, as well as a possible correlation between the volatiles and apple scald development. α-farnesene concentrations initially increased and was followed by a decline, possibly due to its autoxidation.

scholarly journals Roles of Ethylene in the Development of Superficial Scald in `Cortland' Apples

1994 ◽  
Vol 119 (3) ◽  
pp. 516-523 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhanyuan Du ◽  
William J. Bramlage
Keyword(s):  
Cold Storage ◽  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Ethylene Synthesis ◽  
Fruit Peel ◽  
Fruit Storage ◽  
Superficial Scald ◽  
Delayed Effects ◽  
Conjugated Triene ◽  
Stimulation Of

Ethephon and diphenylamine (DPA) were used to examine the role of ethylene production in biochemical changes that precede development of superficial scald on `Cortland' apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) after cold storage. Treatments modified α-farnesene and conjugated triene (CT) accumulations in fruit peel, and their effects on CTs differed depending on whether CTs were measured at 258 nm (CT258) or 281 nm (CT281). Ethephon induced rapid and delayed effects on fruit, the former being stimulation of ethylene production and α-farnesene and CT accumulation in fruit peel, which could increase scald development, and the latter being a disproportionately higher accumulation of CT258 than of CT281 during prolonged cold storage, which was associated with reduced scald development. DPA treatment at harvest also produced rapid and delayed effects. It immediately reduced ethylene synthesis and α-farnesene and CT accumulation. In addition, during fruit storage at 0C, DPA reduced accumulation of CT281 more than that of CT258. The rapid and delayed effects of DPA should contribute to less scald development. These results showed that ethylene probably was involved in effects of ethephon and DPA on scald development and suggest that ethylene has a fundamental role in changes associated with superficial scald development.

scholarly journals Accumulation of Antioxidants in Apple Peel as Related to Preharvest Factors and Superficial Scald Susceptibility of the Fruit

1994 ◽  
Vol 119 (2) ◽  
pp. 264-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cynthia L. Barden ◽  
William J. Bramlage
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Light Intensity ◽  
Phosphonic Acid ◽  
Malus Domestica ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Superficial Scald ◽  
Apple Peel ◽  
Conjugated Trienes

Antioxidants are believed to protect against the oxidation of α-farnesene to conjugated trienes in apple (Malus domestica, Borkh.) peel, thus providing resistance against superficial scald development. We conducted three experiments in which apples were a) harvested weekly, during which they were exposed to increasing hours at <10C during ripening; b) induced to ripen with no hours at <10C by applying ethephon; and c) enclosed in paper bags as they ripened. Inducing ripening with ethephon increased total water-soluble reducing compounds and percentage inhibition of lipid oxidation of peel extracts, increased concentrations of α-tocopherol, carotenoids, and ascorbic acid in peel, but only slightly reduced scald. Delayed harvests increased all of these antioxidants except ascorbic acid and greatly reduced scald development. Bagging fruit before ripening decreased α-tocopherol, carotenoid, and ascorbic acid concentrations, decreased total water-soluble reducing compounds, and increased scald development. We conclude that changes in these antioxidants probably are affected more by ripening and light intensity than by low temperature before harvest. Chemical name used: (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon).

scholarly journals Superficial Scald of `Granny Smith' Apples is Expressed as a Typical Chilling Injury

1995 ◽  
Vol 120 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher B. Watkins ◽  
William J. Bramlage ◽  
Belinda A. Cregoe
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Surface Defects ◽  
Chilling Injury ◽  
Fruit Peel ◽  
Superficial Scald ◽  
Maximum Reduction ◽  
Warming Period ◽  
Conjugated Trienes ◽  
Conjugated Triene

To examine the hypothesis that superficial scald of apple (Malus domestics Borkh.) is a chilling injury, `Granny Smith' apples were stored at temperatures ranging from 0 to 20C, temperature-conditioned before storage, and warmed during storage. Fruit stored at 0 or 4C developed supeficial scald. At 10C, surface defects occurred but they were not typical symptoms of scald, and at 15 or 20C no symptoms developed. Accumulation of α-1 faroesene and conjugated trienes in fruit peel correlated with increasing ethylene production, which was greater at higher temperatures. However, concentrations of conjugated trienes were highest at 0 and 4C. When fruit were kept at 10C for 5 or 10 days before storage, scald development after storage was not reduced. An interruption of 0C storage with a single warming period at 10 or 20C reduced scald development after 25 weeks of storage, maximum reduction occurring when fruit were warmed for 3 to 5 days at 20C after 1 to 4 weeks at 0C. Amelioration of scald declined as time at 0C before warming increased. Diphenylamine application after the same intervals at 0C, instead of warming, also was less beneficial as time before treatment increased. α-Farnesene and conjugated trienes increased during warming, but at the end of storage (when scald was developing) the conjugated triene concentrations in peel were reduced in fruit that had been warmed. Warming slightly increased yellowing, softening, and greasiness of fruit after storage, We conclude that chilling induced superficial scald on `Granny Smith' apples.

Experimental Amyloidosis Induced by Immune Complex

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 582-583
Author(s):  
A. Kawaoi
Keyword(s):  
Immune Complex ◽  
Systemic Amyloidosis ◽  
Human Diseases ◽  
Experimental Amyloidosis ◽  
Freund’S Complete Adjuvant ◽  
Freund's Complete Adjuvant ◽  
Immunological Approach ◽  
Experimentally Induced

Numbers of immunological approach have been made to the amyloidosis through the variety of predisposing human diseases and the experimentally induced animals by the greater number of agents. The results suggest an important role of impaired immunity involving both humoral and cell-mediated aspects.Recently the author has succeeded in producing amyloidosis in the rabbits and mice by the injections of immune complex of heat denatured DNA.The aim of this report is to demonstrate the details of the ultrastructure of the amyloidosis induced by heterologous insoluble immune complex. Eleven of twelve mice, dd strain, subcutaneously injected twice a week with Freund's complete adjuvant and four of seven animals intraperitonially injected developed systemic amyloidosis two months later from the initial injections. The spleens were electron microscopically observed.

HUBUNGAN PERAN FAMILY CAREGIVER TERHADAP QUALITAS HIDUP LANSIA

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-56
Author(s):  
RIANI PRADARA JATI ◽  
Sekar Farah Nabila
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Family Caregiver ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Family

  Penempatan peran yang baik bagi Family Caregiver sangatlah membantu lansia dalam meningkatkah qualitas hidupnya, meningkatkan motivasi dalam menjalankan hidup Penelitian ini bertujuan Mengetahui hubungan peran Family Caregiver dalam pemenuhan qualitas hidup bagi lansia di Kelurahan Langenharjo Kabupaten Kendal. DesainPenelitianDeskriptifKorelasional menggunakan pendekatan Krosectional,tehnikSamplingStratified Simple Random Sampling dengan karakteristik heterogen, dari populasi mempunyai hak yang sama untuk diseleksi sebagai sampel teknik undianPengambilan data dengan menggunakan kuesioner yang telah diuji validitas dan reliabilitasnya. Uji statistik Chi-square, dengan taraf signifikasi 5%jumlah sampel pada penelitian ini 70 sampel pada Family Caregiver dari 213 populasi yang ada. Hasil penelitian dari 70 responden didapatkan Peran Family Caregiver tidak baik dengan qualitas hidup tidak baik 33 (47,1%), sedangkan Peran Family Caregiver kurang baik dengan qualitas hidup lansia baik 3 (4,3%). Untuk distribusi Peran Family Caregiver kurang baik dengan qualitas hidup lansia tidak baik sebanyak 6 responden (8,6%) sedangkan untuk distribusi Peran Family Caregiver kurang baik dengan qualitas hidup lansia baik sebanyak 23 responden (32,9%). Terakhir, untuk distribusi Peran Family Caregiver baik dengan qualitas hidup lansia tidak baik didapatkan hasil 2 responden (2, 9%) sedangkan untuk distribusi Peran Family Caregiver baik dengan qualitas hidup lansia baik didapatkan hasil 3 responden (4,3%)Menunjukkan nilai ρ value 0,001 (ρ < 0,05) berarti ada hubungan antara dukungan keluarga dengan kepatuhan lansia dalam keikutsertaan posyandu lansia. Disarankan kepada semua Family Cregiver lansia untuk mampu memahami pentingnya perhatian, dukungan bagi lansia dalammeningkatkan qualitas hidup yang lebih baik bagi lansia.   Kata kunci : Peran family caregiver, qualitas hidup, lansia.   ABSTRACT Placement of a good role for Family Caregiver is very helpful for the elderly to improve their quality of life, increase motivation in living life Research Objective: To know the relationship between the role of Family Caregiver in fulfilling quality of life for the elderly in Langenharjo Village, Kendal Regency. Descriptive Correlational Research Design uses a cross sectional approach, Sampling Stratified Simple Random Sampling technique with heterogeneous characteristics, from the population has the same right to be selected as a sample lottery technique Retrieving data using a questionnaire that has been tested for validity and reliability. Test Chi-square statistics, with a significance level of 5% the number of samples in this study 70 samples on the Family Caregiver from 213 populations. Results of the Study Of 70 respondents found the role of Family Caregiver was not good with poor quality of life 33 (47.1%) , while the role of the Family Caregiver is not good with the quality of life of a good elderly 3 (4.3%). For the distribution of the role of Family Caregiver is not good with the quality of life of the poor family as many as 6 respondents (8.6%) while for the distribution of the Role of Family Caregiver is not good with the quality of life of good elderly as many as 23 respondents (32.9%). Finally, the distribution of the Role of Family Caregiver with good quality of life for the poor is obtained by 2 respondents (2, 9%), while the distribution of the Role of Family Caregiver with good quality of life for the elderly is obtained by 3 respondents (4.3%). 0.001 (ρ <0.05) means that there is a relationship between family support and the compliance of the elderly in the participation of the elderly posyandu. It is recommended to all elderly Cregiver families to be able to understand the importance of attention, support for the elderly in improving the quality of life better for the elderly   Keywords: Role of Family Caregiver, Quality of Life, Elderly

The Job Of Microfinance For The Advancement Of Self Help Groups In India

2019 ◽  
Vol 118 (8) ◽  
pp. 236-240
Author(s):  
Dr.R. Murugesan ◽  
M. Leelavathi ◽  
Dr. K. Ravindran
Keyword(s):  
High Growth ◽  
High Growth Rate ◽  
Entrepreneurial Skills ◽  
Self Help ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Total Food ◽  
Self Help Groups ◽  
Positive Step ◽  
Food Consumed

towards jumping from the category of developing economy to developed economy there is one big factor that stops and poses a hindrance in its path of advancement and that obstacle is termed as Poverty. The Indian economic policy focuses on a high growth rate along with a equal participation of the poor so that they avail the opportunities available in the market economy. And in order to ensure the participation of the poor it has become important for the country to create a platform where the poor can easily access the various financial products. Microfinance is one such strategy for inclusive growth. Microfinance can change the life of the poor though not completely but a reasonable change can be ensured. In different phases of life women play a crucial role despite the discrimination that is faced by them. But equality can be endowed to women by enhancing the entrepreneurial skills in them. This is possible through Self Help Groups (SHGs). In India women produce around 30% of the total food consumed but she gets only 10% of the property or wealth of the country. Development of women is inevitable for the development and growth of any economy. SHGs happen to be a positive step in this direction. Along with these mediums there should be a cheap and easy source of credit for them and Microfinance fulfills the requirement. This study aims to find the role of this strong medium of Microfinance in the advancement of SHGs in India

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