scholarly journals Storage Responses of `Empire' Apples to Benzyladenine and Other Chemical Thinners

1994 ◽  
Vol 119 (2) ◽  
pp. 253-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.C. Elfving ◽  
E.C. Lougheed
Keyword(s):  
Malus Domestica ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Starch Hydrolysis ◽  
Naphthaleneacetic Acid ◽  
Full Bloom ◽  
Ethylene Evolution ◽  
Flesh Firmness

In three trials over 3 years, foliar BA applications for fruitlet thinning of `Empire' apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees produced small and inconsistent effects on flesh firmness at harvest and after air storage. Soluble solids concentrations at harvest and after air storage were consistently increased by BA alone or together with GA4+7 [Promalin (PR)], and were also increased by CB in one trial. Starch hydrolysis was slightly delayed by BA applications in 1990. Ethylene evolution at harvest was increased by NAA in 1988 and slightly increased by PR applied 29 days after full bloom (DAFB) in 1990, while poststorage ethylene evolution was stimulated by BA and PR treatments in 1990 except BA at 29 DAFB. Incidence of poststorage disorders was low and largely uninfluenced by thinning treatments. Chemical names used: N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purine-6-amine [benzyladenine (BA)]; BA plus gibberellins A4 and A7 (GA 4+7) [Promalin (PR)]; 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA); 1-naphthalenyl methylcarbamate [carbaryl (CB)].

scholarly journals Daminozide, Root Pruning, Trunk Scoring, and Trunk Ringing Effects on Fruit Ripening and Storage Behavior of `McIntosh' Apple

1991 ◽  
Vol 116 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.C. Elfving ◽  
E.C. Lougheed ◽  
R.A. Cline
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Starch Hydrolysis ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Full Bloom ◽  
Ethylene Evolution ◽  
Flesh Firmness ◽  
Solids Concentration ◽  
Storage Behavior

A midsummer foliar daminozide (DZ) application (750 mg a.i./liter) to `Macspur McIntosh'/M.7 apple trees (Malus domestics Borkh.) reduced preharvest drop and retarded flesh firmness loss and starch hydrolysis when tested at harvest; DZ also reduced fruit ethylene production at harvest and after 19 weeks of storage at 0.5C. Root pruning at full bloom (May) resulted in increased soluble solids concentration (SSC) and firmer flesh and less starch hydrolysis at harvest, but not consistently each year. Full-bloom root pruning reduced the incidence of stem-cavity browning and brown core, but again not each year. Full-bloom root pruning did not influence ethylene evolution at harvest but did reduce post-storage ethylene evolution in two of three seasons. Full-bloom root pruning generally was less effective than DZ in altering fruit behavior, while root pruning later than full bloom had virtually no effect. Trunk scoring or ringing increased SSC and retarded loss of flesh firmness before harvest and following storage, but had little effect on starch hydrolysis. Scoring or ringing decreased incidence of some disorders and reduced post-storage ethylene evolution, although these treatments had little effect on ethylene production at harvest. Trunk scoring influenced some fruit characteristics more strongly than DZ. Fruit size was not affected by any treatment in any year. Chemical name used: butanedioic acid mono (2,2 -dimethylhydrazide) (daminozide).

scholarly journals Effects of Daminozide, Paclobutrazol, and Uniconazole Treatments on `McIntosh' Apples at Harvest and Following Storage

1990 ◽  
Vol 115 (5) ◽  
pp. 750-756 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.C. Elfving ◽  
E.C. Lougheed ◽  
C.L. Chu ◽  
R.A. Cline
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Fruit Color ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Starch Hydrolysis ◽  
Soluble Solids Content ◽  
Full Bloom ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Flesh Firmness ◽  
Butanedioic Acid ◽  
Solids Content

Foliar daminozide (DZ) applications to `McIntosh' apple trees (Malus domestics Borkh.) increased fruit color, reduced preharvest drop, resulted in greater firmness at harvest and after air storage, delayed starch hydrolysis, and reduced fruit ethylene production at harvest and after storage. Foliar paclobutrazol (PBZ) reduced preharvest drop and flesh firmness loss if applied within 5 weeks after full bloom (WAFB). Later applications had no effect. PBZ did not influence the progress of starch hydrolysis or ethylene production at harvest but reduced poststorage ethylene production in one season. Stem-cavity browning and brown core were increased by PBZ applied at 5 and 9 WAFB in 1987. In 1988, fruit soluble solids content (SSC) was reduced by a double application of PBZ and by uniconazole (UCZ). UCZ had little effect on `McIntosh' fruit other than the reduction in SSC. PBZ applications were less consistent in their effects than DZ. Chemical names used: butanedioic acid mono(2,2-dimethylhydrazide) (daminozide); ß-[(4-chlorophenyl) methyl]-α- -(l,l-dimethylethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-1-ethanol (paclobutrazol); ß-[(4-chlorophenyl)methylene]-α-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-1-ethanol (uniconazole).

scholarly journals AVG, NAA, boron, and magnesium influence preharvest fruit drop and fruit quality of ‘Honeycrisp’ apples

2018 ◽  
Vol 98 (3) ◽  
pp. 741-752 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle H. Arseneault ◽  
John A. Cline
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Starch Degradation ◽  
Naphthaleneacetic Acid ◽  
Full Bloom ◽  
Ethylene Evolution ◽  
Malus Domestica Borkh ◽  
Fruit Drop ◽  
Honeycrisp Apples ◽  
Colour Development

Preharvest fruit drop (PFD) of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) can cause significant losses resulting in up to 50% reduction in yield in some years. In a 2-yr study, ‘Honeycrisp’ trees were treated with six foliar treatments including 20 mg·L−1 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) 2 wk before anticipated harvest (WBAH), 125 mg·L−1 aminoethoxyvinylglycine hydrochloride (AVG) 4 WBAH, AVG plus NAA 2 WBAH, and repeat sprays of 200 mg·L−1 B, and 2000 mg·L−1 Mg applied 48–93 d after full bloom to evaluate their effect on PFD and fruit quality. Fruit drop associated with broken pedicels and physiological causes was monitored. During a year with ∼43% PFD on untreated control trees, AVG retained up to ∼35% and NAA retained up to ∼27% of the total fruit number, relative to the control trees. The combination of AVG plus NAA had similar PFD compared with AVG alone, while B and Mg were similar to the control. The proportion of PFD associated with broken pedicels was ∼5%. Aminoethoxyvinylglycine delayed starch degradation, ethylene evolution, and blush skin colour development of fruit. This study supports the use of AVG 4 WBAH and NAA 2 WBAH to manage ‘Honeycrisp’ PFD, which may offer economic advantages for growing quality apples. Foliar sprays of Mg or B failed to reduce PFD.

scholarly journals Thinning Activity of Benzyladenine on Several Apple Cultivars

1990 ◽  
Vol 115 (3) ◽  
pp. 394-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duane W. Greene ◽  
Wesley R. Autio ◽  
Paul Miller
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Size ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Naphthaleneacetic Acid ◽  
Cell Numbers ◽  
Flesh Firmness ◽  
Solids Concentration ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Return Bloom ◽  
Butanedioic Acid ◽  
Soluble Solids Concentration

Postbloom sprays of BA thinned `McIntosh', `Delicious', `Golden Delicious', `Mutsu, `Empire', and `Abas' apples. BA at 75 to 100 mg·liter-1 was equal to NAA at 6 to 7.5 mg·liter-1 or carbaryl at 600 to 800 mg·liter-1. BA increased fruit size, flesh firmness, and soluble solids concentration (SSC) on all cultivars evaluated. Since BA is applied during the time when cell division is occurring, it is concluded that the increased fruit size and flesh firmness were due to Increased cell numbers. Increased SSC was not due solely to increased leaf: fruit ratio. Thinning with BA was additive with other chemical thinners and no interactions were found on fruit abscission. In most eases, BA increased return bloom. Chemical names used: N-(phenylmethyl)1H-purine-6-amine [benzyladenine (BA)]; 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA); 1-naphthalenyl methylcarbamate (carbaryl); butanedioic acid mono(2,2dimethylhydrazide (daminozide); (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon).

scholarly journals Modifying Alternate Bearing of Spur-Type `Delicious' Apple with Ethephon

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (7) ◽  
pp. 1606-1611 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin J. Bukovac ◽  
Paolo Sabbatini ◽  
Philip G. Schwallier
Keyword(s):  
Malus Domestica ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Flower Initiation ◽  
Alternate Bearing ◽  
Full Bloom ◽  
Ethylene Concentration ◽  
Maturity Indices ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Harvest Maturity

The effect of ethephon on flowering and cropping of strongly alternate bearing spur-type `Delicious' apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) was evaluated in a 6-year study. Ethephon (200 mg·L–1), applied at 3, 3 + 6, and 3 + 6 + 9 weeks after full bloom in “on years,” increased flowering in “off years” by 33% and reduced flowering in “on years” by 17% compared with the control. The mean yield per tree for ethephon-treated trees over three “on years” and three “off years” was almost identical to that of the controls (82 vs. 80 kg/tree). However, the distribution of yield between “on” and “off” years was changed, 24% greater in “off years” and 10% less in “on years.” Ethephon reduced both the variation in yield, particularly in “off years,” and the magnitude of alternation. Ethephon had a direct effect on flower initiation because 1) it did not reduce shoot growth or yield in the “on years” (years of ethephon application) and 2) ethephon-treated trees initiated more flowers per kilogram of fruit produced than did the controls. The additional flowers initiated were functional because the amount of fruit produced per unit bloom density did not differ between control and ethephon-treated trees. Harvest maturity indices, namely internal ethylene concentration, firmness, starch index, soluble solids, and color, were not significantly affected, although internal ethylene concentration and starch index tended to be higher in fruit from treated trees.

THE RELATIONSHIP OF MINERAL CONTENT TO QUALITY IN GOLDEN DELICIOUS APPLES

1979 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 525-526
Author(s):  
M. MEHERIUK ◽  
O. L. LAU
Keyword(s):  
Skin Color ◽  
Mineral Content ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Full Bloom ◽  
Flesh Firmness ◽  
Golden Delicious ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Skin color of Golden Delicious apples harvested at 140–145 days after full bloom was negatively correlated with fruit N, Ca, Mg and Mn and positively correlated with flesh firmness and soluble solids. Flesh firmness was negatively correlated with fruit Ca and Mg. Levels of soluble solids were negatively correlated with fruit Ca and Mg and positively correlated with flesh firmness and titratable acidity.

scholarly journals Performance of the apple (Malus domestica Borkh) cultivar Imperial Double Red Delicious grafted on five rootstocks

2008 ◽  
Vol 35 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 7-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Sotiropoulos Τ
Keyword(s):  
Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Malus Domestica ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Soluble Solids Content ◽  
Flesh Firmness ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations ◽  
Solids Content ◽  
Leaf Photosynthetic Rate

The performance of the apple (<I>Malus domestica</I> Borkh) cultivar Imperial Double Red Delicious (Imperial D.R.D.) grafted on the following 5 rootstocks: (<I>I</I>) seedling, (<I>ii</I>) M 7, (<I>ii</I>) MM 104, (<I>iv</i) MM 106, and (<I>v</I>) MM 109 was investigated. The highest yield per tree was recorded for trees on seedling rootstock, while the lowest for the cultivar grafted on M 7. Production efficiency of Imperial D.R.D. was higher when grafted on MM 106 and M 7, intermediate on seedling and MM 104, and the lowest on MM 109. The highest leaf photosynthetic rate (Pn) was measured for scions grafted on seedling although it was not significantly different from MM 109. Nitrogen concentrations of leaves of the cv. Imperial D.R.D. grafted on M 7 and MM 106 were significantly lower in comparison to the seedling variant. Flesh firmness at harvest, pH of juice at harvest, soluble solids content and titratable acidity at harvest and after four months of storage were not significantly different among the rootstocks.

THINNING SPARTAN APPLES WITH CARBARYL AND 1-NAPHTHALENEACETIC ACID: INFLUENCE OF SPRAY VOLUME AND COMBINATIONS OF CHEMICALS

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. E. LOONEY ◽  
J. E. McKELLAR
Keyword(s):  
Malus Domestica ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Naphthaleneacetic Acid ◽  
Full Bloom ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Fruit Thinning ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Spray Volume ◽  
Flowering Intensity

In three of four experiments conducted between 1979 and 1981, significantly better fruit thinning of Spartan apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) was achieved with 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) (17–34 g/ha) tank-mixed with carbaryl (1.67–2.25 kg/ha) than with either chemical applied singly. NAA usually thinned more effectively than carbaryl. Spray volume (from 560 to 4400 L/ha) was not a major factor influencing the thinning result but in the two experiments where it was a significant main effect, better thinning was achieved with reduced spray volume. Sprays applied at 15 days after full bloom were more effective than those applied at 25 days. In three experiments, the number of blossom clusters per unit of branch cross-sectional area (’flowering intensity’) was a highly significant covariate with proportionally fewer fruits setting when flowering intensity was high. Therefore, an analysis of covariance permitted better resolution of the spray treatment effects.Key words: Chemical thinning, fruit set, Malus domestica

scholarly journals Ethylene Evolution from Detached Apple Spurs in Response to Chemical Thinners

HortScience ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 662-665 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven J. McArtney
Keyword(s):  
Phosphonic Acid ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Average Diameter ◽  
Naphthaleneacetic Acid ◽  
Similar Amount ◽  
Full Bloom ◽  
Ethylene Evolution ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Fruit Abscission ◽  
Initial Drop

Ethylene evolution from detached fruiting apple spurs was measured after application of various bloom and post-bloom thinning agents. Ethylene evolution from fresh detached spurs of `Splendor' apple trees increased one day after application of a bloom thinning spray of ethephon or NAA, and remained higher than rates of ethylene evolution by detached spurs from unsprayed control trees for 6 (NAA) or 10 (ethephon) days. Both ethylene evolution and fruit abscission during the initial drop period were higher on trees treated with ethephon compared to NAA, however final fruit set was similar for these two treatments. Ethylene evolution was significantly higher following NAA application onto `Fuji' trees compared with NAAm, but final fruit set was reduced by a similar amount (≈20%) for both of these materials. Application of BA to `Pacific Rose™' apple trees when the average diameter of spur fruit was either 4 mm (6 days after full bloom) or 7 mm (12 days after full bloom) resulted in a significant increase in the rate of ethylene evolution and also reduced final fruit set. When application of BA was delayed until the average diameter of spur fruit was 14 mm (24 days after full bloom) neither the rate of ethylene evolution or final fruit set was affected. Although an increase in the rate of ethylene evolution was a prerequisite for thinning in the present experiments, the magnitude of this increase was not related to the final thinning efficacy. Chemical names used: benzyladenine (BA); 2-chloroethyl phosphonic acid (ethephon); naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA); naphthalene acetamide (NAAm).

scholarly journals 069 EFFECTS OF APPLE BRANCH GIRDLING ON RETENTION AND QUALITY OF FRUIT AND VEGETATIVE GROWTH

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 437g-438
Author(s):  
Carl E. Mitchell ◽  
John A. Barden
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Full Bloom ◽  
Flesh Firmness ◽  
Control Score ◽  
Complete Ring ◽  
Golden Delicious

In 1992, branches on `Triple Red Delicious'/M.7 were girdled. A factorial of treatments (control, 9mm girdle-uncovered, 9mm girdle-covered) and timings: 0, 15, 30, 60, & 90 days after full bloom(DAFB) was used. With `Golden Delicious'1M.7, branch treatments were: control, score, and 6mm, 9mm, & 12 mm covered girdles, each applied at 0, 15, 30, & 60 DAFB. In 1993, treatments were: control, 9mm uncovered girdle, & pruning saw cut; each was applied 0, 7, 14, and 21 DAFB. Each girdle was a complete ring of bark; scoring was a knife cut through the bark. The 2 cultivars responded similarly to girdling. Effects were greatest to treatments at 0-30 DAFB, and included increased fruit set or retention, temporary suppression of vegetative growth, and increased levels of soluble solids in the fruit. Treatments affected starch levels in the fruit and flesh firmness, but these effects were inconsistent.

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