Sink-source Transition in Peach Leaves during Shoot Development

Net photosynthesis, dark respiration, chlorophyll and carbohydrate content, and leaf and shoot growth of deciduous peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] saplings, grown in greenhouse conditions, were measured to assess changes in carbon balance during leaf development. The 6th, 12th, and 16th leaf node were measured from the first flush at the base through expansion to maturity (the first node being the oldest). Shoot and leaves expanded following a sigmoid pattern in all nodes. The shape of the logistic curve did not vary between the 6th and the 16th leaf node, while the 12th leaf node showed a steeper response, suggesting that the latter reached 50% expansion relatively earlier. Photosynthesis varied with leaf development as young leaves had low CO2 assimilation rates that were reflected in their chlorophyll concentration. Net daily CO2 assimilation was negative in young expanding leaves. The sink-source transition, defined to be the time when the increase in daily carbohydrate exchange rate exceeded the daily increase in leaf carbohydrate content, occurred before full leaf expansion. The transition from import to export was attained 11-12 days after budbreak (corresponding to 41% to 45% of full leaf expansion) for the 6th leaf, about 7-9 days after (38% to 52% of full expansion) for the 12th leaf and after 9-10 days (32% to 38% of full expansion) for the 16th leaf. Below 30% to 50% of full expansion leaves might not respond to assimilate requirements from sinks, being sinks themselves.

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Changes in Sink-source Relationships during Shoot Development in Olive

Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science ◽

10.21273/jashs.130.4.631 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 130 (4) ◽

pp. 631-637 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Susanna Marchi ◽

Luca Sebastiani ◽

Riccardo Gucci ◽

Roberto Tognetti

Keyword(s):

Exchange Rate ◽

Leaf Development ◽

Carbon Balance ◽

Shoot Growth ◽

Dark Respiration ◽

Chlorophyll Concentration ◽

Net Photosynthesis ◽

Carbohydrate Content ◽

First Flush ◽

Young Leaves

Net photosynthesis, dark respiration, chlorophyll and carbohydrate content, and leaf and shoot growth in plants of evergreen olive (Olea europaea L.) grown under controlled conditions were measured to assess changes in carbon balance during leaf development of the 6th, 12th, and 16th node (from the base, first flush) through expansion to maturity. Shoot and leaves expanded in a sigmoid pattern with differences among nodes. Photosynthesis varied with leaf development; young leaves had low CO2 assimilation rates that were reflected in their chlorophyll concentration. Net daily CO2 assimilation was negative in young expanding leaves. The sink-source transition, defined to be the time when the increase in daily carbohydrate exchange rate exceeds the daily increase in leaf carbohydrate content, occurred before full leaf expansion, between 10% and 30% expansion depending on the node.

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Photosynthetic Development in Relation to Leaf Expansion in Kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) Vines During Growth in a Controlled Environment

Functional Plant Biology ◽

10.1071/pp9960541 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 23 (5) ◽

pp. 541 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

DH Greer

Keyword(s):

Leaf Area ◽

Carbon Balance ◽

Photosynthetic Capacity ◽

Photochemical Efficiency ◽

Net Photosynthesis ◽

Growth Conditions ◽

Leaf Expansion ◽

Actinidia Deliciosa ◽

Controlled Environment ◽

Young Leaves

Kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa (A. Chev.) C.F. Liang et A.R. Ferguson) vines were grown in constant conditions for 3 months starting from budbreak to measure relationships between leaf development and photosynthesis during leaf expansion. Leaf area, net photosynthesis and fluorescence were repeatedly measured on the same leaves at regular intervals. At the growth conditions, the vines produced 0.5 leaves per day, with the earliest expanding leaves taking about 40 days and later emerging leaves up to 70 days to expand fully. Maximum leaf area increased up to leaf 9 then declined with later emerging leaves. Photosynthesis and photochemical efficiency depended on nodal position but were both highest in the earliest emerging leaves. Maximum photosynthetic capacity of individual leaves generally occurred in concert with leaves reaching full expansion but high rates of photosynthesis were observed within 10 days after budbreak. The early expanding leaves (positions 4 to 9) contributed up to 50% of the total net shoot carbon acquisition over the study period. Young leaves were also resistant to imposed photoinhibitory stresses. Early emerging leaves on kiwifruit vines appear physiologically well adapted to provide carbon in spring, when the plants are in a negative carbon balance.

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Productivity of Vegetable Crops in a Region of High Solar Input. III. Carbon Balance of Potato Crops

Functional Plant Biology ◽

10.1071/pp9740283 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 283 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

PJM Sale

Keyword(s):

Carbon Balance ◽

Dark Respiration ◽

Net Photosynthesis ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Gas Analysis ◽

Co2 Uptake ◽

Co2 Efflux ◽

Vegetable Crops ◽

Weight Changes ◽

Potato Crops

The carbon balance of potato crops has been studied by measuring canopy net photosynthesis and dark respiration losses with a field assimilation chamber and semi-closed gas analysis system. Results are given for the latter part of growth in both a spring-planted and a summer-planted crop. Net CO2 uptake increased with solar input to reach 35–40mg dm-2 (ground area) h-1 at 400–450 W m-2, but light saturation then occurred and little or no further uptake resulted from increases in solar input up to 1000 W m-2. This supports the previous conclusion that net photosynthesis in the potato is determined by the size of the 'sink' provided by the developing tubers. The imposed experimental variables of reduced solar input (21 and 34% shade) and soil moisture were found not to affect the relation between solar input and CO2 uptake, and the effect of chamber temperature was also very small. Dark respiration rates of the canopy were markedly sensitive to temperature, and also to the solar input prior to measurement. Respiration from the below-ground plant parts accounted for a considerable part of the total plant respiration. In all, 15–20 % of the net assimilation during daylight hours was lost by night respiration. There was little variation in CO2 efflux from uncropped soil during the experiments. Dry weight changes calculated from the gasometric measurements were in accordance with those found from previous growth analysis. * Part II, Aust. J. Agric. Res., 1973, 24, 751–62.

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The net carbon balance in relation to growth and biomass accumulation of grapevines (Vitis vinifera cv. Semillon) grown in a controlled environment

Functional Plant Biology ◽

10.1071/fp09037 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 36 (7) ◽

pp. 645 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Dennis H. Greer ◽

Sylvie M. Sicard

Keyword(s):

Vitis Vinifera ◽

Carbon Balance ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Biomass Accumulation ◽

Net Photosynthesis ◽

Vitis Vinifera L ◽

Controlled Environment ◽

Allometric Relationships ◽

High Demand ◽

Carbon Economy

Assessing the impacts of environmental stresses on plant growth and productivity requires an understanding of the growth processes and the carbon economy that underpins this growth. Potted grapevines of the Vitis vinifera L. cv. Semillon were grown in a controlled environment and canopy growth; leaf, bunch and stem extension and net photosynthesis were routinely measured from budbreak to harvest. Allometric relationships enabled dry matter to be determined and, with net photosynthesis, used to determine the shoot carbon economy. Stems, leaves and bunches all followed a sigmoid growth pattern with leaves and stems allocated similar amounts of biomass and carbon while bunches had twice as much. Rates of carbon sequestered as biomass exceeded rates of carbon acquisition through net photosynthesis for over 25 days after budbreak. Despite the high demand for biomass in bunch growth, rates of carbon sequestration actually declined and overall, the vines maintained a positive carbon balance throughout the period of bunch growth. The Semillon shoots relied on carbon reserves to commence growth then produced a 53% carbon surplus after leaf (9%), stem (10%) and bunch (28%) growth demands were satisfied. This suggests these vines also allocated carbon to reserves to sustain the next season’s growth.

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Diurnal and seasonal carbon balance of four tropical tree species differing in successional status

Brazilian Journal of Biology ◽

10.1590/s1519-69842008000400012 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 68 (4) ◽

pp. 781-793 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

GM. Souza ◽

RV. Ribeiro ◽

AM. Sato ◽

MS. Oliveira

Keyword(s):

Functional Groups ◽

Tree Species ◽

Carbon Balance ◽

Dark Respiration ◽

Tropical Tree ◽

Pioneer Species ◽

Wet Season ◽

Gross Photosynthesis ◽

Tropical Tree Species ◽

Successional Species

This study addressed some questions about how a suitable leaf carbon balance can be attained for different functional groups of tropical tree species under contrasting forest light environments. The study was carried out in a fragment of semi-deciduous seasonal forest in Narandiba county, São Paulo Estate, Brazil. 10-month-old seedlings of four tropical tree species, Bauhinia forficata Link (Caesalpinioideae) and Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. (Sterculiaceae) as light-demanding pioneer species, and Hymenaea courbaril L. (Caesalpinioideae) and Esenbeckia leiocarpa Engl. (Rutaceae) as late successional species, were grown under gap and understorey conditions. Diurnal courses of net photosynthesis (Pn) and transpiration were recorded with an open system portable infrared gas analyzer in two different seasons. Dark respiration and photorespiration were also evaluated in the same leaves used for Pn measurements after dark adaptation. Our results showed that diurnal-integrated dark respiration (Rdi) of late successional species were similar to pioneer species. On the other hand, photorespiration rates were often higher in pioneer than in late successional species in the gap. However, the relative contribution of these parameters to leaf carbon balance was similar in all species in both environmental conditions. Considering diurnal-integrated values, gross photosynthesis (Pgi) was dramatically higher in gap than in understorey, regardless of species. In both evaluated months, there were no differences among species of different functional groups under shade conditions. The same was observed in May (dry season) under gap conditions. In such light environment, pioneers were distinguished from late successional species in November (wet season), showing that ecophysiological performance can have a straightforward relation to seasonality.

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Tolerance of Prunus Rootstock to Potassium Carbonate-induced Chlorosis

Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science ◽

10.21273/jashs.120.2.283 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 120 (2) ◽

pp. 283-285 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Yan Shi ◽

D. H. Byrne

Keyword(s):

Prunus Persica ◽

Chlorophyll Concentration ◽

Commercial Fertilizer ◽

Nutrient Source ◽

Solution Ph ◽

Tolerance Level ◽

Leaf Chlorophyll ◽

Standardized Screening ◽

Fe Chlorosis ◽

Leaf Chlorophyll Concentration

A standardized screening procedure for tolerance to bicarbonate-induced Fe chlorosis using a commercial fertilizer mix (Plantex) as the nutrient source, high solution pH (8.5) and 1.5 m m bicarbonate to simulate a calcareous soil situation was used with a 1 vermiculite:1 perlite (v/v) support media, small pots and topping (pinching back the tops of shoots). The tolerance level of peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] rootstock could be assessed by leaf visual-chlorosis ratings and Spad-502 chlorophyll readings instead of extractable leaf-chlorophyll concentration or plant Fe concentration. Although most of the tolerant genotypes had almond [P. amygdalus (Mill.) D.A. Webb] in their parentage, a few peaches (`Swat', NJ672281007) showed high to moderate levels of tolerance.

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Photosynthetic response of geranium to elevated CO2 as affected by leaf age and time of CO2 exposure

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b91-308 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 69 (11) ◽

pp. 2482-2488 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

D. W. Kelly ◽

P. R. Hicklenton ◽

E. G. Reekie

Keyword(s):

Stomatal Density ◽

Leaf Age ◽

Net Photosynthesis ◽

Leaf Thickness ◽

Middle Aged ◽

Future Studies ◽

Structural Modifications ◽

Young Leaves ◽

Developmental Characteristics ◽

Density Results

Geranium plants were grown from seed in chambers maintained at 350 or 1000 μL∙L−1 CO2. Phtopsynthesis as affected by leaf age and by leaf position was determined. Elevated CO2 enhanced photosynthesis to the greatest extent in middle-aged leaves; very young leaves exhibited little enhancement, and net photosynthesis in the oldest leaves was depressed by elevated CO2. Temporary increases in net photosynthesis (relative to leaves developed at high CO2) resulted when young leaves grown at 350 μL∙L−1 CO2 were switched to 1000 μL∙L−1 CO2. Leaves switched later in development exhibited permanent enhancement. Middle-aged leaves exhibited a temporary depression followed by permanent enhancement. Leaves developed at high CO2 and switched to low CO2 did not exhibit any photosynthetic depression relative to plants grown continuously at low CO2. Similarly, leaves developed at low CO2, switched to high CO2 for various lengths of time, and returned to low CO2 showed no photosynthetic depression. Leaves developed at low CO2 and switched to high CO2 exhibited increases in specific leaf weight and leaf thickness. The increase in leaf thickness was proportional to length of time spent at high CO2. High CO2 depressed the rate at which stomata developed but did not affect final stomatal density. Results suggest that photosynthesis at low CO2 was limited by CO2 regardless of developmental environment, whereas photosynthesis at high CO2 was limited by the developmental characteristics of the leaf. Further, both biochemical and structural modifications appear to be involved in this response. Because of the very different responses of young versus old leaves, future studies should be careful to consider leaf age in assessing response to elevated CO2. Key words: carbon dioxide, elevated CO2, photosynthesis, geranium.

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Nutrients Assimilation and Chlorophyll Contents for Different Grapevine Varieties in Calcareous Soils in the Somontano DO (Spain)

Beverages ◽

10.3390/beverages4040090 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 4 (4) ◽

pp. 90 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

José Casanova-Gascón ◽

Pablo Martín-Ramos ◽

Clara Martí-Dalmau ◽

David Badía-Villas

Keyword(s):

Chlorophyll Content ◽

Fruit Set ◽

Chlorophyll Concentration ◽

Calcareous Soils ◽

Pinot Noir ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Cabernet Sauvignon ◽

Chlorophyll Contents ◽

Young Leaves ◽

The Impact

Lime-induced chlorosis (LIC) is an important abiotic constraint affecting the growth and yield of grapevines growing in calcareous soils in the Mediterranean region, and the sensory properties of the produced wine. In the work presented herein, the impact of LIC on the nutritional status and chlorophyll content was assessed for eleven varieties and a clone (Merlot, Pinot Noir, Cabernet Sauvignon, Tempranillo, Parraleta, Moristel, Aglianico, Macabeo, Sauvignon, Chardonnay, and Riesling), grafted to the same rootstock (1103 Paulsen). Macro- and micronutrient contents were determined in the fruit set and veraison stages by petiole analyses, while chlorophyll content in young leaves was monitored by SPAD. Significant differences were detected amongst varieties for all nutrients (including Fe), and inverse relationships between Fe and P contents in the petiole and chlorophyll concentration in the young leaves were found. Regarding LIC resistance, the Fe and chlorophyll contents suggest that Cabernet Sauvignon, Tempranillo and Aglianico varieties would show the best performance, while Sauvignon would be the least tolerant.

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