Photosynthetic Development in Relation to Leaf Expansion in Kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) Vines During Growth in a Controlled Environment

1996 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 541 ◽  
Author(s):  
DH Greer
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Carbon Balance ◽  
Photosynthetic Capacity ◽  
Photochemical Efficiency ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Leaf Expansion ◽  
Actinidia Deliciosa ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Young Leaves

Kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa (A. Chev.) C.F. Liang et A.R. Ferguson) vines were grown in constant conditions for 3 months starting from budbreak to measure relationships between leaf development and photosynthesis during leaf expansion. Leaf area, net photosynthesis and fluorescence were repeatedly measured on the same leaves at regular intervals. At the growth conditions, the vines produced 0.5 leaves per day, with the earliest expanding leaves taking about 40 days and later emerging leaves up to 70 days to expand fully. Maximum leaf area increased up to leaf 9 then declined with later emerging leaves. Photosynthesis and photochemical efficiency depended on nodal position but were both highest in the earliest emerging leaves. Maximum photosynthetic capacity of individual leaves generally occurred in concert with leaves reaching full expansion but high rates of photosynthesis were observed within 10 days after budbreak. The early expanding leaves (positions 4 to 9) contributed up to 50% of the total net shoot carbon acquisition over the study period. Young leaves were also resistant to imposed photoinhibitory stresses. Early emerging leaves on kiwifruit vines appear physiologically well adapted to provide carbon in spring, when the plants are in a negative carbon balance.

scholarly journals Sink-source Transition in Peach Leaves during Shoot Development

2005 ◽  
Vol 130 (6) ◽  
pp. 928-935 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanna Marchi ◽  
Luca Sebastiani ◽  
Riccardo Gucci ◽  
Roberto Tognetti
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Development ◽  
Carbon Balance ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Dark Respiration ◽  
Chlorophyll Concentration ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Carbohydrate Content ◽  
Leaf Expansion ◽  
Leaf Node ◽  
Young Leaves

Net photosynthesis, dark respiration, chlorophyll and carbohydrate content, and leaf and shoot growth of deciduous peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] saplings, grown in greenhouse conditions, were measured to assess changes in carbon balance during leaf development. The 6th, 12th, and 16th leaf node were measured from the first flush at the base through expansion to maturity (the first node being the oldest). Shoot and leaves expanded following a sigmoid pattern in all nodes. The shape of the logistic curve did not vary between the 6th and the 16th leaf node, while the 12th leaf node showed a steeper response, suggesting that the latter reached 50% expansion relatively earlier. Photosynthesis varied with leaf development as young leaves had low CO2 assimilation rates that were reflected in their chlorophyll concentration. Net daily CO2 assimilation was negative in young expanding leaves. The sink-source transition, defined to be the time when the increase in daily carbohydrate exchange rate exceeded the daily increase in leaf carbohydrate content, occurred before full leaf expansion. The transition from import to export was attained 11-12 days after budbreak (corresponding to 41% to 45% of full leaf expansion) for the 6th leaf, about 7-9 days after (38% to 52% of full expansion) for the 12th leaf and after 9-10 days (32% to 38% of full expansion) for the 16th leaf. Below 30% to 50% of full expansion leaves might not respond to assimilate requirements from sinks, being sinks themselves.

The net carbon balance in relation to growth and biomass accumulation of grapevines (Vitis vinifera cv. Semillon) grown in a controlled environment

2009 ◽  
Vol 36 (7) ◽  
pp. 645 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis H. Greer ◽  
Sylvie M. Sicard
Keyword(s):  
Vitis Vinifera ◽  
Carbon Balance ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Vitis Vinifera L ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Allometric Relationships ◽  
High Demand ◽  
Carbon Economy

Assessing the impacts of environmental stresses on plant growth and productivity requires an understanding of the growth processes and the carbon economy that underpins this growth. Potted grapevines of the Vitis vinifera L. cv. Semillon were grown in a controlled environment and canopy growth; leaf, bunch and stem extension and net photosynthesis were routinely measured from budbreak to harvest. Allometric relationships enabled dry matter to be determined and, with net photosynthesis, used to determine the shoot carbon economy. Stems, leaves and bunches all followed a sigmoid growth pattern with leaves and stems allocated similar amounts of biomass and carbon while bunches had twice as much. Rates of carbon sequestered as biomass exceeded rates of carbon acquisition through net photosynthesis for over 25 days after budbreak. Despite the high demand for biomass in bunch growth, rates of carbon sequestration actually declined and overall, the vines maintained a positive carbon balance throughout the period of bunch growth. The Semillon shoots relied on carbon reserves to commence growth then produced a 53% carbon surplus after leaf (9%), stem (10%) and bunch (28%) growth demands were satisfied. This suggests these vines also allocated carbon to reserves to sustain the next season’s growth.

Effects of water stress on leaf expansion, net photosynthesis, and vegetative growth of soybeans and cotton

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (13) ◽  
pp. 1492-1498 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A. Bunce
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Leaf Expansion ◽  
Soil Water Stress ◽  
Unit Leaf ◽  
Low Humidity ◽  
Net Assimilation

Soybeans and cotton were subjected to humidities from 40 to 80% at 23 °C and to soil drought during early vegetative growth under controlled conditions. Measurements were made of leaf water potentials, leaf expansion rates, leaf diffusive resistances to water vapor, and whole-shoot net photosynthesis rates. Net assimilation rates were calculated from harvest data. Low humidity resulted in low leaf water potential and low turgor in all cases and resulted in reduced leaf expansion rates in some, but not all, cases. Low humidity reduced dry weight growth only where leaf expansion rates were reduced. Net photosynthesis rates per unit leaf area were unaffected by low humidity, despite up to 1.5-fold increases in diffusive resistance to water vapor. During soil water stress, leaf expansion rates were reduced 1–2 days before net photosynthesis rates per unit leaf area were reduced, but leaf expansion continued at night after net photosynthesis rates were severely reduced by stress. As a result, the relative importance of leaf area expansion and net assimilation rate to growth in dry weight during soil water stress was dependent on the degree and duration of stress.

The productivity of irrigated legumes in northern Victoria. 2. Effect of grazing management

2005 ◽  
Vol 45 (12) ◽  
pp. 1577 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. B. Kelly ◽  
C .R. Stockdale ◽  
W. K. Mason
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Carbon Balance ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
First Year ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Persian Clover

The productivity of irrigated white (Trifolium repens L.) and red (Trifolium pratense L.) clover swards was compared in an experiment of more than 3 years duration. It was hypothesised that white clover would be more productive than red clover when defoliation was frequent and intense, and less productive when defoliation was infrequent and lax. The experiment was a factorial design involving 2 species of clover [white clover (cv. Haifa) and red clover (cv. Redquin)], 2 grazing frequencies and 2 grazing intensities (with the criteria for both being based on quantities of herbage present before/after grazing). There were 4 extra treatments sown: perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. cv. Grasslands Nui) and white clover (cv. Haifa), lucerne (Medicago sativa L. cv. Validor), Persian clover (Trifolium resupinatum L. cv. Maral) or subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L. cv. Trikkala), but only 1 defoliation treatment was used for each of these treatemnts. There were 4 replicated blocks of all treatments. Apparent growth rates [calculated from measurements of dry matter (DM) removed by grazing] of white clover ranged from a low of 10 kg DM/ha.day in winter to a high of 70 kg DM/ha.day in summer. The growth rates of white clover swards were superior to those of ryegrass and white clover swards over summer, but were generally lower from May to October. In 2 of the 4 years, frequent grazing of white clover resulted in greater (P<0.05) production than infrequent grazing (average of 12.8 v. 10.7 t DM/ha) whereas intensity of grazing only affected DM net accumulation in the first year (P<0.05). The data show no evidence of a decline in productivity over time. Sward structure of white clover was influenced by grazing treatment with the numerically highest yielding treatment (frequent and hard) having the highest density of stolon tips (vegetative buds). In relation to days of regrowth, the frequently grazed treatment had higher levels of net photosynthesis in spring and summer compared with the infrequently grazed treatment. The frequently grazed treatment achieved positive carbon balance immediately after grazing and reached maximum levels of photosynthesis at 8–10 days, whereas the infrequent treatment showed negative carbon balance for the first 2–3 days after grazing with maximum photosynthesis being achieved later than in the frequently grazed treatment. When net photosynthesis was related to leaf area, there were fewer differences between the 2 treatments. The exception was in spring when photosynthesis was lowest where the initial leaf area was highest in the infrequent and hard treatment. Maximum photosynthesis was achieved at diminishing leaf area index from spring through to winter. Red clover was the most productive legume in the first year after establishment, but it did not persist beyond the second year and its DM net accumulation was reduced by more frequent grazing (12.4 v. 15.3 t DM/ha in the first year and 6.1 v. 9.1 t DM/ha in the second year; P<0.05). The DM net accumulation of lucerne was greater than that in any other treatment (an average of 16.7 t DM/ha in the 2 completed years), whereas the annual legumes, subterranean clover and Persian clover, averaged 6.6 and 10.7 t DM/ha.year, respectively. The seasonal growth rate data showed that lucerne had very good summer production whereas the annuals tended to be at least as good as the perennials from May to October.

Temperature-dependence of carbon acquisition and demand in relation to shoot and fruit growth of fruiting kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) vines grown in controlled environments

2003 ◽  
Vol 30 (9) ◽  
pp. 927 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis H. Greer ◽  
Chiara Cirillo ◽  
Cara L. Norling
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Carbon Balance ◽  
Fruit Growth ◽  
Actinidia Deliciosa ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Carbon Demand ◽  
Leaf Area Expansion ◽  
Consequent Reduction ◽  
Controlled Environments ◽  
Area Expansion

Fruiting kiwifruit [Actinidia deliciosa (A. Chev.) C.F. Liang et A.R. Ferguson] vines were grown in two controlled temperatures of 28 / 22 and 17 / 12°C (day / night) for 160 and 215 d, to measure shoot and fruit growth and carbon demand, and to examine competition between fruit and the shoot. Leaf area, internode lengths, fruit diameters, photosynthesis and respiration were measured at regular intervals. The net daily carbon balance per shoot was determined from the net carbon acquisition of shoots, and carbon sequestration as shoot biomass. Vines grown at high temperature had 200% more leaf area, similar stem lengths and 100% more biomass than vines grown at low temperature. Leaf area expansion and stem extension were transiently reduced when fruit growth was maximal. Photosynthetic and respiration rates were affected by temperature, leading to net carbon acquisition of 450 g shoot–1 for 28 / 22°C-grown vines and 253 g shoot–1 for 17 / 12°C-grown vines, 54% being used for leaf, stem and fruit growth. Reallocation of carbon occurred from leaves to fruit, and the consequent reduction in leaf area strongly reduced the overall carbon balance compared with vegetative vines at similar temperatures. The data support the conclusion that at low temperatures especially, there is insufficient carbon to meet the full demands of both fruit and shoot growth.

Temperature-dependence of carbon acquisition and demand in relation to shoot growth of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) vines grown in controlled environments

1998 ◽  
Vol 25 (7) ◽  
pp. 843 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis H. Greer ◽  
Daniel Jeffares
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Carbon Balance ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Carbon Accumulation ◽  
Actinidia Deliciosa ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Total Surplus ◽  
Carbon Demand ◽  
Temperature Regimes

Kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa (A. Chev) C.F. Liang et A.R. Ferguson) vines were grown at day/night temperature regimes of 28/22 and 17/12˚C for 5 months starting from budbreak to measure the relationship between shoot growth and carbon demand and to determine the temperature-sensitivity of these processes. Leaf area, internode length, photosynthesis and respiration were measured on the same leaves at regular intervals in both growth temperatures. From daily net carbon acquisition of the shoots and carbon accumulation in biomass, daily net carbon balance per shoot was determined. High temperature-grown shoots had 100% more leaf area and 20% longer stems than low temperature-grown shoots and, although photosynthetic and respiration rates were only slightly affected by temperature, shoots at 17/12˚C acquired a net gain of 35 g carbon and 182 g at 28/22˚C, of which 94% and 54%, respectively, were used in shoot biomass growth. Net carbon balance was negative for 35–57 days after budbreak, but shoots at 17/12˚C had a total surplus of 1.4 g over 5 months whereas shoots at 28/22˚C accumulated 46 g of carbon in this time. Results suggest potential for growth of fruit from surplus carbon is likely to be highly dependent on temperatures in early summer.

scholarly journals Changes in Sink-source Relationships during Shoot Development in Olive

2005 ◽  
Vol 130 (4) ◽  
pp. 631-637 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanna Marchi ◽  
Luca Sebastiani ◽  
Riccardo Gucci ◽  
Roberto Tognetti
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Leaf Development ◽  
Carbon Balance ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Dark Respiration ◽  
Chlorophyll Concentration ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Carbohydrate Content ◽  
First Flush ◽  
Young Leaves

Net photosynthesis, dark respiration, chlorophyll and carbohydrate content, and leaf and shoot growth in plants of evergreen olive (Olea europaea L.) grown under controlled conditions were measured to assess changes in carbon balance during leaf development of the 6th, 12th, and 16th node (from the base, first flush) through expansion to maturity. Shoot and leaves expanded in a sigmoid pattern with differences among nodes. Photosynthesis varied with leaf development; young leaves had low CO2 assimilation rates that were reflected in their chlorophyll concentration. Net daily CO2 assimilation was negative in young expanding leaves. The sink-source transition, defined to be the time when the increase in daily carbohydrate exchange rate exceeds the daily increase in leaf carbohydrate content, occurred before full leaf expansion, between 10% and 30% expansion depending on the node.

scholarly journals A Canopy Transpiration Model Based on Scaling Up Stomatal Conductance and Radiation Interception as Affected by Leaf Area Index

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 252
Author(s):  
Muhammad Shahinur Alam ◽  
David William Lamb ◽  
Nigel W. M. Warwick
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Radiation Energy ◽  
Scaling Up ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Canopy Conductance ◽  
Individual Layer ◽  
Area Index

Estimating transpiration as an individual component of canopy evapotranspiration using a theoretical approach is extremely useful as it eliminates the complexity involved in partitioning evapotranspiration. A model to predict transpiration based on radiation intercepted at various levels of canopy leaf area index (LAI) was developed in a controlled environment using a pasture species, tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea var. Demeter). The canopy was assumed to be a composite of two indistinct layers defined as sunlit and shaded; the proportion of which was calculated by utilizing a weighted model (W model). The radiation energy utilized by each layer was calculated from the PAR at the top of the canopy and the fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (fAPAR) corresponding to the LAI of the sunlit and shaded layers. A relationship between LAI and fAPAR was also established for this specific canopy to aid the calculation of energy interception. Canopy conductance was estimated from scaling up of stomatal conductance measured at the individual leaf level. Other environmental factors that drive transpiration were monitored accordingly for each individual layer. The Penman–Monteith and Jarvis evapotranspiration models were used as the basis to construct a modified transpiration model suitable for controlled environment conditions. Specially, constructed self-watering tubs were used to measure actual transpiration to validate the model output. The model provided good agreement of measured transpiration (actual transpiration = 0.96 × calculated transpiration, R2 = 0.98; p < 0.001) with the predicted values. This was particularly so at lower LAIs. Probable reasons for the discrepancy at higher LAI are explained. Both the predicted and experimental transpiration varied from 0.21 to 0.56 mm h−1 for the range of available LAIs. The physical proportion of the shaded layer exceeded that of the sunlit layer near LAI of 3.0, however, the contribution of the sunlit layer to the total transpiration remains higher throughout the entire growing season.

scholarly journals Interactive Effects of Nitrogen and Sulfur Nutrition on Growth, Development, and Physiology of Brassica carinata A. Braun and Brassica napus L.

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 7355
Author(s):  
Shivendra Kumar ◽  
Ramdeo Seepaul ◽  
Ian M. Small ◽  
Sheeja George ◽  
George Kelly O’Brien ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Transport ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Photosynthetic Pigments ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Brassica Carinata ◽  
Internode Length ◽  
Erucic Acid Content ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Node Number ◽  
S 100

Brassica carinata (carinata) has emerged as a potential biofuel source due to its high erucic acid content, making it desirable for various industrial applications. Nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) are required as primary sources of nutrition for growth and development in different oilseed crops and their utilization is interdependent. The purpose of the study was to analyze the interactive effect of N and S nutrition on the growth and other physiological activities of carinata and B. napus (napus). Four treatments, i.e., optimum NS (+N+S, 100% N and 100% S); N limited (−N+S, 0% N, 100% S); S limited (+N−S, 100% N, 0% S), and NS limited (−N−S, 0% N and 0% S) of N and S in full-strength Hoagland solution were imposed in the current study. Effect of different NS treatments was observed on vegetative traits such as number of primary and secondary branches, total leaf area, total biomass production and allocation, and physiological traits such as production of photosynthetic pigments, net photosynthesis, electron transport, and other aspects for both carinata and napus. The traits of stem elongation, number of nodes, node addition rate, internode length, number of primary and secondary branches were 60%, 36%, 50%, 35%, 56%, and 83% lower, respectively, in napus in comparison to carinata. Different NS treatments also positively influenced the production of photosynthetic pigments such as chlorophyll (Chl) a and b and carotenoids in carinata and napus. The concentration of Chla was 11% higher in napus in comparison to carinata. The rate of net photosynthesis, electron transport, and fluorescence was 12%, 8%, and 5% higher based on overall value, respectively, in napus compared to carinata. On the other hand, the overall value for stomatal conductance decreased by 5% in napus when compared to carinata. Different growth-related traits such as vegetative (plant height, node number, internode length, leaf area, number of primary and secondary branches), reproductive (pod number, pod length, seeds per pod), and photosynthetic capacity in oilseed brassicas are correlated with the final seed and oil yield and chemical composition which are of economic importance for the adoption of the crop. Thus, the analysis of these traits will help to determine the effect of NS interaction on crop productivity of carinata and napus.

scholarly journals Exogenous melatonin improves the salt tolerance of cotton by removing active oxygen and protecting photosynthetic organs

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Jiang ◽  
Bin Lu ◽  
Liantao Liu ◽  
Wenjing Duan ◽  
Yanjun Meng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Oxidative Damage ◽  
Photosynthetic Capacity ◽  
Photochemical Efficiency ◽  
Photochemical Quenching ◽  
Plant Tolerance ◽  
Signal Molecule ◽  
Ion Balance ◽  
Photosynthetic System

Abstract Background As damage to the ecological environment continues to increase amid unreasonable amounts of irrigation, soil salinization has become a major challenge to agricultural development. Melatonin (MT) is a pleiotropic signal molecule and indole hormone, which alleviates the damage of abiotic stress to plants. MT has been confirmed to eliminate reactive oxygen species (ROS) by improving the antioxidant system and reducing oxidative damage under adversity. However, the mechanism by which exogenous MT mediates salt tolerance by regulating the photosynthetic capacity and ion balance of cotton seedlings still remains unknown. In this study, the regulatory effects of MT on the photosynthetic system, osmotic modulators, chloroplast, and anatomical structure of cotton seedlings were determined under 0–500 μM MT treatments with salt stress induced by treatment with 150 mM NaCl. Results Salt stress reduces the chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO2 concentration, transpiration rate, PSII photochemical efficiency, PSII actual photochemical quantum yield, the apparent electron transfer efficiency, stomata opening, and biomass. In addition, it increases non-photochemical quenching. All of these responses were effectively alleviated by exogenous treatment with MT. Exogenous MT reduces oxidative damage and lipid peroxidation by reducing salt-induced ROS and protects the plasma membrane from oxidative toxicity. MT also reduces the osmotic pressure by reducing the salt-induced accumulation of Na+ and increasing the contents of K+ and proline. Exogenous MT can facilitate stomatal opening and protect the integrity of cotton chloroplast grana lamella structure and mitochondria under salt stress, protect the photosynthetic system of plants, and improve their biomass. An anatomical analysis of leaves and stems showed that MT can improve xylem and phloem and other properties and aides in the transportation of water, inorganic salts, and organic substances. Therefore, the application of MT attenuates salt-induced stress damage to plants. Treatment with exogenous MT positively increased the salt tolerance of cotton seedlings by improving their photosynthetic capacity, stomatal characteristics, ion balance, osmotic substance biosynthetic pathways, and chloroplast and anatomical structures (xylem vessels and phloem vessels). Conclusions Our study attributes help to protect the structural stability of photosynthetic organs and increase the amount of material accumulation, thereby reducing salt-induced secondary stress. The mechanisms of MT-induced plant tolerance to salt stress provide a theoretical basis for the use of MT to alleviate salt stress caused by unreasonable irrigation, fertilization, and climate change.

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