Genetic Basis for Varied Levels of Injury to Sweet Corn Hybrids from Three Cytochrome P450-metabolized Herbicides

Some sweet corn (Zea mays L.) hybrids and inbreds can be severely injured or killed after postemergence applications of certain P450-metabolized herbicides. Consequently, existing hybrids are regularly evaluated for tolerance to new herbicides, and new hybrids are evaluated for tolerance to existing herbicides. In 2005 and 2006, the University of Wisconsin Cooperative Extension Service coordinated 12 trials in six states in which a total of 149 sweet corn hybrids were evaluated for tolerance to three cytochrome P450-metabolized herbicides: nicosulfuron, foramsulfuron, and mesotrione. Hybrid responses differed substantially within and among locations. The objective of this study was to determine if alleles affecting herbicide sensitivity (e.g., cytochrome P450 alleles) were associated with differences in levels of injury to sweet corn hybrids in these trials. Based on responses of F2 progeny to nicosulfuron, foramsulfuron, and mesotrione, 95 hybrids were classified as homozygous for alleles conditioning herbicide tolerance; 47 hybrids were classified as heterozygous with one allele each conditioning tolerance and sensitivity; and two hybrids were classified as homozygous for alleles conditioning sensitivity. When trial mean levels of injury after applications of mesotrione, nicosulfuron, and foramsulfuron in the herbicide trials were above 1%, 4%, and 5%, respectively, the response of the three genotypic classes of hybrids followed a consistent pattern. Homozygous-sensitive hybrids were injured most severely and often were killed by the two acetolactate synththase-inhibiting herbicides, nicosulfuron and foramsulfuron. Heterozygous hybrids had an intermediate response to all three herbicides that was more similar to homozygous-tolerant hybrids than homozygous-sensitive hybrids; however, injury to heterozygous hybrids was 1.5 to 2.3 times greater and significantly (P < 0.05) different from homozygous-tolerant hybrids based on t tests of group means and comparisons of predicted values from regressions of genotypic means on trial means. Based on responses of the 149 hybrids in this trial, the potential for and level of crop injury from use of nicosulfuron, mesotrione, and foramsulfuron on any specific sweet corn hybrid is conditioned largely by alleles at a single locus.

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Further Evidence of a Genetic Basis for Varied Levels of Injury to Sweet Corn Hybrids from Cytochrome P450-metabolized Herbicides Applied Postemergence

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.43.7.2093 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 43 (7) ◽

pp. 2093-2097 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Martin M. Williams ◽

Loyd M. Wax ◽

Jerald K. Pataky ◽

Michael D. Meyer

Keyword(s):

Cytochrome P450 ◽

Genetic Basis ◽

Sweet Corn ◽

Corn Hybrids ◽

Intermediate Response ◽

Using Data ◽

The University ◽

Postemergence Herbicides ◽

Corn Hybrid ◽

Screening Trials

Over the last two decades, sweet corn injury from postemergence herbicides has resulted in routine screening of combinations of new and existing hybrids and herbicides. Sensitivity of sweet corn to several cytochrome P450-metabolized herbicides is simply inherited and has a common genetic basis, a single P450 locus that may account for a large amount of the variation in sweet corn injury commonly observed among screening trials. Using data from 13 hybrid-herbicide screening trials, the objective of this work was to determine the extent to which injury from P450-metabolized herbicides was associated with the genotypes of hybrids at a locus affecting herbicide sensitivity. Of the 703 hybrids evaluated in the University of Illinois sweet corn hybrid nurseries from 2002 to 2007, previous work showed that a total of 104, 70, and nine of the hybrids were known to be homozygous-tolerant, heterozygous, or homozygous-sensitive, respectively, for an allele affecting herbicide response. Nurseries from 2002 to 2007 included six trials with mesotrione, three trials with nicosulfuron, and one trial each with foramsulfuron, tembotrione, halosulfuron, and carfentrazone. When means of hybrids in genotypic classes were compared, homozygous-sensitive hybrids were consistently injured more severely than homozygous-tolerant and heterozygous hybrids. When environmental conditions favored crop injury, heterozygous hybrids had an intermediate response that was closer to homozygous-tolerant hybrids than homozygous-sensitive hybrids. These data are further evidence that the probability of injury from several P450-metabolized herbicides, including mesotrione, nicosulfuron, foramsulfuron, tembotrione, halosulfuron, and carfentrazone, is highest in homozygous-sensitive hybrids and least in homozygous-tolerant hybrids and that variability of responses among sweet corn hybrids to these P450-metabolized herbicides can be explained largely by the genotype of a hybrid at a single locus.

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Factors Affecting Differential Sensitivity of Sweet Corn to HPPD-Inhibiting Herbicides

Weed Science ◽

10.1614/ws-d-09-00058.1 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 58 (3) ◽

pp. 289-294 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Martin M. Williams ◽

Jerald K. Pataky

Keyword(s):

Cytochrome P450 ◽

Mutant Allele ◽

Genetic Basis ◽

Sweet Corn ◽

Differential Sensitivity ◽

Corn Hybrids ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Functional Allele ◽

Herbicide Metabolism ◽

Corn Hybrid

Mutation of a cytochrome P450 (CYP) allele on the short arm of chromosome 5 affects sensitivity in sweet corn to mesotrione and to tembotrione plus isoxadifen applied POST. Hybrids that are homozygous for the functional allele (i.e.,CYPCYP) are rarely injured at registered use rates, hybrids that are homozygous for mutant alleles (i.e.,cypcyp) are frequently injured, and hybrids that are heterozygous for a functional and mutant allele (i.e.,CYPcyp) have more variable responses over trials. The objectives of this work were (1) to conduct side-by-side comparisons of sweet corn hybrid responses to mesotrione, tembotrione plus isoxadifen, and topramezone under field conditions; and (2) to compare dose–response relationships amongCYPCYP,CYPcyp, andcypcyphybrids. Among 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) inhibitors used POST in sweet corn, topramezone was safe on the 746 hybrids tested. When environmental conditions favored crop growth, mesotrione injured the largest number of hybrids, and these hybrids were almost exclusivelycypcyporCYPcyp. The safener isoxadifen added to the tembotrione product greatly reduced occurrence of injury to theCYPcypgenotypic class but not to thecypcyphybrids. Despite a common genetic basis for herbicide metabolism, genotypic classes of sweet corn hybrids did not have identical field responses to mesotrione, tembotrione plus isoxadifen, and topramezone.

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Stability and Adaptability of Yield among Earliness Sweet Corn Hybrids in West Java, Indonesia

International Journal of Agronomy ◽

10.1155/2020/4341906 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

Dedi Ruswandi ◽

Yuyun Yuwariah ◽

Mira Ariyanti ◽

Muh Syafii ◽

Anne Nuraini

Keyword(s):

Sweet Corn ◽

Smallholder Farmers ◽

West Java ◽

Corn Hybrids ◽

Stability Parameters ◽

The Stability ◽

On Farm ◽

Main Effects ◽

Gge Biplots ◽

Corn Hybrid

Multienvironment testing is an important phase to study the interaction of G × E and to select stable hybrids for a broad environment or for a specific environment. To study the interaction of G × E and the stability of earliness and yield of Indonesian new sweet corn hybrids under different locations and seasons in West Java, Indonesia, eighteen hybrids were evaluated in six environments in West Java, Indonesia, and were analysed using parametric and nonparametric stability models, additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI), and GGE biplots. Results showed that the most promising sweet corn hybrids including hybrids G5 (SR 24 x SR 17) and G11 (SR 31 x SR 17) were identified. The parametric and nonparametric stability parameters and ASV were complement to the AMMI and GGE biplots in selecting stable and adaptable hybrids in terms of earliness and yield. G5 was selected as a high-response hybrid for grain yield to Jatinangor (E1, E2), Lembang (E3, E4), and Wanayasa (E5, E6), as well as earliness to Jatinangor (E2), Lembang (E3, E4), and Wanayasa (E5, E6). G5 sweet corn hybrid, therefore, is suggested to be extensively evaluated on farm and produced for smallholder farmers in West Java, Indonesia.

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Sweet Corn Hybrid Sensitivity to Clopyralid

Weed Technology ◽

10.1614/wt-04-121r2 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 19 (2) ◽

pp. 342-345 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Nader Soltani ◽

Shane Diebold ◽

Darren E. Robinson ◽

Peter H. Sikkema

Keyword(s):

Plant Height ◽

Detrimental Effect ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Sweet Corn ◽

Yield Response ◽

Limited Information ◽

Marketable Yield ◽

Corn Hybrids ◽

Growing Conditions ◽

Corn Hybrid

Limited information exists on sweet corn tolerance to postemergence (POST) applications of clopyralid under Ontario growing conditions. Eight sweet corn hybrids were evaluated for tolerance to clopyralid in three field experiments conducted in 2001 and 2002 in Ontario. Clopyralid was applied POST at 200 and 400 g ai/ha, the proposed and twice the proposed registered rate for use in sweet corn in Ontario. Sweet corn response to clopyralid did not vary among the hybrids tested. In 2001, visual injury among hybrids 7 d after treatment (DAT) with clopyralid at 400 g/ha was less than 3%. Subsequent visual injury evaluations at 14 and 28 DAT showed no differences among sweet corn hybrids at either rate of clopyralid evaluated. The application of clopyralid at 200 and 400 g/ ha had no detrimental effect on plant height or marketable yield of any of the eight sweet corn hybrids. On the basis of visual injury, height, and marketable yield response ‘Calico Belle’, ‘CNS 710’, ‘DelMonte 2038’, ‘GG 222’, ‘GG 246’, ‘GH 2684’, ‘Reveille’, and ‘Rival’ are all tolerant to the POST application of clopyralid.

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Sweet Corn Hybrid Responses to Thifensulfuron-methyl

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.40.5.1381 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 40 (5) ◽

pp. 1381-1383 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Nader Soltani ◽

Peter H. Sikkema ◽

Darren E. Robinson

Keyword(s):

Weed Management ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Sweet Corn ◽

Yield Reduction ◽

Limited Information ◽

Corn Hybrids ◽

Height Reduction ◽

Effect On Yield ◽

Growing Conditions ◽

Corn Hybrid

Limited information exists on sweet corn (Zea mays) tolerance to postemergence (POST) applications of thifensulfuron-methyl under Ontario growing conditions. Eight sweet corn hybrids were evaluated for tolerance to thifensulfuron-methyl in four field experiments conducted in 2003 and 2004. Thifensulfuron-methyl was applied POST at 6 and 12 g·ha–1 a.i., the registered and twice the registered rate for use in soybean in Ontario. Sweet corn hybrid responses to thifensulfuron-methyl varied. Delmonte 2038 was the most sensitive to thifensulfuron-methyl and had as much as 92% visual injury, 76% height reduction, and 98% yield reduction compared to the nontreated control. Empire, GH1861, GH2298, and GH2684 hybrids showed visual injury of 53%, 55%, 53%, and 61%, height reduction of 34%, 31%, 32%, and 26% and yield reduction of 77%, 68%, 68%, and 51%, respectively. GG214, GH2547, and GSS9299 sweet corn hybrids were not as sensitive to thifensulfuron-methyl. The initial sensitivity observed in these hybrids was minimal and transient with no effect on yield. Although thifensulfuron-methyl is safe for use on some sweet corn hybrids, it has the potential to cause severe crop injury and yield reduction in other hybrids and therefore it should not be recommended for weed management in sweet corn production in Ontario.

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Sweet corn hybrid tolerance to weed competition under three weed management levels

Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems ◽

10.1017/s1742170515000204 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 31 (4) ◽

pp. 281-287 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

R.A. Boydston ◽

M.M. Williams

Keyword(s):

Leaf Area ◽

Weed Management ◽

Sweet Corn ◽

Field Trials ◽

Integrated Weed Management ◽

Weed Competition ◽

Corn Hybrids ◽

Weed Biomass ◽

Management Level ◽

Corn Hybrid

AbstractNearly all commercial sweet corn fields contain weeds that escaped management and, therefore, sweet corn often suffers yield losses due to weed competition. For this reason, field trials were conducted from 2009 to 2011 near Prosser, WA and Urbana, IL to evaluate the responses of weeds and four sweet corn hybrids to three levels of weed management; weed free, high intensity cultivation (HC), and low intensity cultivation (LC). Weed management level had the greatest impact on early season weed densities and HC reduced final weed biomass more than LC in 2 of 4 site-years. Two taller sweet corn hybrids with greater leaf area suppressed final weed biomass more than two shorter hybrids with less leaf area in 3 of 4 site-years. When grown with less intense weed management that resulted in more weeds, taller sweet corn hybrids with greater leaf area maintained yields better than shorter, less competitive sweet corn hybrids. Utilizing hybrids with greater tolerance to weeds and greater ability to suppress weeds could be a valuable component of an integrated weed management system.

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First Report of Puccinia sorghi Virulent on Sweet Corn with the Rp1-D Gene in Florida and Texas

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis.2000.84.10.1154a ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 84 (10) ◽

pp. 1154-1154 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

M. C. Pate ◽

J. K. Pataky ◽

W. C. Houghton ◽

R. H. Teyker

Keyword(s):

New York ◽

North America ◽

Sweet Corn ◽

Leaf Tissue ◽

Tween 20 ◽

Experimental Unit ◽

Corn Hybrids ◽

Widespread Occurrence ◽

Puccinia Sorghi ◽

Corn Hybrid

For the past 15 years, the Rp1-D gene has controlled common rust on sweet corn in North America. In August and September 1999, isolates of Puccinia sorghi were collected from Rp1-D sweet corn hybrids in Illinois, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Michigan, and New York. This was the first widespread occurrence in the continental United States of P. sorghi virulent on the Rp1-D gene (1). Isolates of P. sorghi collected from Los Mochis, Mexico, in March 2000 had a pattern of virulence similar to the pattern for the isolates collected in the Midwest in 1999 (2). In April and May 2000, small uredinia were observed on Rp1-D sweet corn in Florida and Texas. In Florida, isolates were collected from six different locations within a 13-km radius near Belle Glade. Three isolates were collected each from Rp1-D and non-Rp sweet corn hybrids. Isolates also were collected from two Rp1-D sweet corn hybrids and a non-Rp sweet corn hybrid near Hondo, TX. Inocula of isolates were increased through one uredinial generation in the greenhouse. Several 1-cm2 pieces of leaf tissue with sporulating uredinia were placed in 15 ml of a solution of water and Tween 20. This inoculum was placed in whorls of five two-leaved seedlings of a susceptible hybrid, ‘Primetime.’ Urediniospores from newly formed uredinia were collected 10 days later and used as inocula to assay each isolate. Two isolates from Florida (one each from an Rp1-D and a non-Rp hybrid) were assayed on a non-Rp susceptible check, 20 different single Rp genes, and nine compound Rp genes. Other isolates were assayed on two replicates of a non-Rp susceptible check, a source of Rp1-D, and five single Rp genes that were effective against the isolates collected from the Midwest in 1999 and from Mexico in 2000. Each experimental unit consisted of five plants grown in 10-cm-diameter pots. Plants at the two-leaf stage were inoculated three times within 5 days by filling whorls with a urediniospore suspension. Rust reactions were rated 10 days after the final inoculation. Isolates collected in Florida from non-Rp hybrids were avirulent on Rp1-D but those collected in Texas from non-Rp hybrids were virulent on Rp1-D. Isolates collected in Florida and Texas from Rp1-D hybrids had a similar pattern of virulence as isolates collected from the Midwest in 1999 and from Mexico in March 2000; that is, effective single Rp genes included Rp1-E, Rp-G, Rp1-I, and Rp1-K. A source that we previously believed was Rp1-L now appears to be Rp-G. These are the first reports from Florida and Texas of P. sorghi virulent on Rp1-D, and they are the first occurrences of virulence against Rp1-D in the continental U.S. in 2000. Apparently, P. sorghi with virulence against Rp1-D has become established in an area where common rust inocula for North America overwinters. References: (1) J. K. Pataky and W. F. Tracy. Plant Dis. 83:1177, 1999. (2) J. K. Pataky et al. Plant Dis. 84:810, 2000.

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Performance of Imazethapyr-Resistant Corn (Zea mays) Compared with Susceptible Near-Isogenic and Commercial Hybrids

Weed Technology ◽

10.1017/s0890037x00041439 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 110-117 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Chris M. Boerboom ◽

Joe G. Lauer

Keyword(s):

Zea Mays ◽

First Generation ◽

Agronomic Traits ◽

Yield Potential ◽

Corn Hybrids ◽

Herbicide Resistant ◽

University Of Wisconsin ◽

Grain Moisture ◽

Resistance Trait ◽

The University

Farmers need information on herbicide technology and crop performance to assess the profitability of new herbicide-resistant crop technologies. First-generation imazethapyr-resistant corn hybrids evaluated at the University of Wisconsin yielded less than other commercial hybrids. To determine if this resistance trait affected yield or agronomic traits, 10 near-isogenic pairs of imazethapyr-resistant and -susceptible corn hybrids were compared. Whether treated with imazethapyr or not, imazethapyr-resistant hybrids yielded the same when averaged across hybrids, although yield varied among a few individual hybrids within single experiments. Seven of the imazethaypr-resistant hybrids yielded the same, two yield more, and one yielded less than their susceptible near-isogenic counterpart during eight site-years. Grain moisture was not affected, but imazethapyr-resistant hybrids had fewer broken stalks than did susceptible hybrids. The imazethapyr resistance trait does not appear to affect yield potential, but the backcrossing procedure may have caused early resistant hybrids to lag behind in yield compared to other new hybrids.

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Reduction in Common Rust Severity Conferred by the Rp1D Gene in Sweet Corn Hybrids Infected by Mixtures of Rp1D-Virulent and Avirulent Puccinia sorghi

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-91-11-1484 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 91 (11) ◽

pp. 1484-1488 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Jerald K. Pataky ◽

M. Andrea Campaña

Keyword(s):

Sweet Corn ◽

Corn Hybrids ◽

Breeding Programs ◽

Residual Resistance ◽

Initial Inoculum ◽

Puccinia Sorghi ◽

Commercial Breeding ◽

Rust Severity ◽

Linear Regressions ◽

Corn Hybrid

The Rp1D gene confers a hypersensitive, chlorotic-fleck, resistant reaction to Puccinia sorghi, the casual agent of common rust of corn. About 40% of commercial sweet corn hybrids carry the Rp1D gene. Sine 1999, Rp1D-virulent (D-virulent) isolates of P. sorghi have occurred regularly in populations of P. sorghi in North America. Observations from sweet corn hybrid nurseries and other trials indicate that the frequency of D-virulent isolates affects severity of rust on Rp1D hybrids; however, the frequency of D-virulence at which the Rp1D gene is rendered completely ineffective is not known. The objective of this study was to assess whether common rust severity is reduced by the Rp1D gene in sweet corn hybrids infected by mixtures of D-virulent and Rp1D-avirulent (avirulent) P. sorghi. Forty pairs of Rp1D-resistant and susceptible (rp1d) versions of sweet corn hybrids from six different commercial breeding programs were evaluated in 2003 and 2004 in trials inoculated with one of five different ratios of avirulent:D-virulent inocula: 100:0, 90:10, 80:20, 60:40, or 0:100. When D-virulent P. sorghi was 100% of initial inoculum, common rust was equally severe on Rp1D and rp1d versions of the same hybrid. Thus, the Rp1D gene did not confer partial or residual resistance in these trials. When initial inocula consisted of 40% or less D-virulent P. sorghi, rust was significantly less severe on Rp1D versions than on rp1d versions of the same hybrids. Relationships between rust severity on Rp1D and rp1d versions of hybrids were explained by linear regressions in all trials. Slope coefficients (i.e., rust severity on Rp1D hybrids as a proportion of that on rp1d hybrids) were related to the percentage of D-virulent P. sorghi in the initial inoculum and were 0.21, 0.29, 0.51, 0.64, and 0.93 in 2003 and 0.25, 0.50, 0.67, 0.76, and 1.0 in 2004 for trials inoculated with 0, 10, 20, 40, and 100% D-virulent P. sorghi, respectively. Thus, the Rp1D gene may convey levels of control in proportion to the frequency of virulence in mixed populations of D-virulent and avirulent P. sorghi when the frequency of virulent isolates is less than 40%.

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Some Biological Applications of High Voltage Electron Microscopy

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100051505 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 32 ◽

pp. 298-299

Author(s):

Hans Ris

Keyword(s):

High Voltage ◽

Chromosome Structure ◽

Nerve Fibers ◽

Good Resolution ◽

High Voltage Electron Microscopy ◽

Voltage Electron ◽

University Of Wisconsin ◽

High Voltage Electron ◽

One Year ◽

The University

The High Voltage Electron Microscope Laboratory at the University of Wisconsin has been in operation a little over one year. I would like to give a progress report about our experience with this new technique. The achievement of good resolution with thick specimens has been mainly exploited so far. A cold stage which will allow us to look at frozen specimens and a hydration stage are now being installed in our microscope. This will soon make it possible to study undehydrated specimens, a particularly exciting application of the high voltage microscope.Some of the problems studied at the Madison facility are: Structure of kinetoplast and flagella in trypanosomes (J. Paulin, U. of Georgia); growth cones of nerve fibers (R. Hannah, U. of Georgia Medical School); spiny dendrites in cerebellum of mouse (Scott and Guillery, Anatomy, U. of Wis.); spindle of baker's yeast (Joan Peterson, Madison) spindle of Haemanthus (A. Bajer, U. of Oregon, Eugene) chromosome structure (Hans Ris, U. of Wisconsin, Madison). Dr. Paulin and Dr. Hanna are reporting their work separately at this meeting and I shall therefore not discuss it here.

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