scholarly journals Capturing the Diversity of Wild Malus orientalis from Georgia, Armenia, Russia, and Turkey

2009 ◽  
Vol 134 (4) ◽  
pp. 453-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gayle M. Volk ◽  
Christopher M. Richards ◽  
Adam D. Henk ◽  
Ann A. Reilley ◽  
Patrick A. Reeves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Gene Diversity ◽  
Venturia Inaequalis ◽  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
Apple Scab ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Sampling Locations ◽  
Core Set ◽  
Average Gene ◽  
Malus Orientalis

Seeds from wild Malus orientalis trees were collected during explorations to Armenia (2001, 2002), Georgia (2004), Turkey (1999), and Russia (1998). Seedling orchards with between eight and 171 individuals from each collection location were established at the U.S. Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service Plant Genetic Resources Unit (PGRU) in Geneva, NY. Genotypic (seven microsatellite markers) and disease resistance data were collected for the 776 M. orientalis trees. The genetic diversity of the 280 individuals from Armenia and Georgia was compared with data previously published for the M. orientalis individuals from Russia and Turkey. A total of 106 alleles were identified in the trees from Georgia and Armenia and the average gene diversity ranged from 0.47 to 0.85 per locus. The genetic differentiation among sampling locations was greater than that found between the two countries. Six individuals from Armenia exhibited resistance to fire blight (Erwinia amylovora), apple scab (Venturia inaequalis), and cedar apple rust (Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae). The allelic richness across all loci in the individuals from Armenia and Georgia was statistically the same as that across all loci in the individuals from Russia and Turkey. A core set of 27 trees was selected to capture 93% of the alleles represented by the entire PGRU collection of 776 M. orientalis trees. This core set representing all four countries was selected based on genotypic data using a modified maximization algorithm. The trees selected for the M. orientalis core collection will be added to the main field collection at the PGRU.

scholarly journals Genetic Diversity and Disease Resistance of Wild Malus orientalis from Turkey and Southern Russia

2008 ◽  
Vol 133 (3) ◽  
pp. 383-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gayle M. Volk ◽  
Christopher M. Richards ◽  
Ann A. Reilley ◽  
Adam D. Henk ◽  
Patrick A. Reeves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Venturia Inaequalis ◽  
Apple Scab ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
Southern Russia ◽  
Sib Families ◽  
Small Clusters ◽  
Malus Orientalis

Genetic diversity and disease resistance are described for 496 seedlings from wild populations of Malus orientalis Uglitzh. collected in southern Russia and Turkey in 1998 and 1999. Eighty-five half-sib families were genotyped using seven microsatellite markers, and disease resistance was determined for apple scab (Venturia inaequalis Cooke), cedar apple rust (Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae Schwein), and fire blight (Erwinia amylovora Burrill). Individuals from the two Russian Caucasus collection locations were homogeneous compared with populations from the four Turkish collection locations. Within three of the Turkish collection locations, some half-sib families were highly diverse and several of these families had unusually high levels of disease resistance. In all, twenty individuals exhibited resistance to all three diseases. Bayesian analyses of the population structure revealed six distinct clusters. Most of the individuals segregated into two clusters, one containing individuals primarily from southern Russia and the other containing individuals from both Russia and northern Turkey. Individuals in the four small clusters were specific to Turkish collection locations. These data suggest wild populations of M. orientalis from regions around the Black Sea are genetically distinguishable and show high levels of diversity.

scholarly journals DNA Fingerprinting of Tetraploid Cherry Germplasm Using Simple Sequence Repeats

2001 ◽  
Vol 126 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudio Cantini ◽  
Amy F. Iezzoni ◽  
Warren F. Lamboy ◽  
Manuela Boritzki ◽  
Darush Struss
Keyword(s):  
Simple Sequence Repeats ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Gene Diversity ◽  
Sour Cherry ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Global Database ◽  
Usda Agricultural Research ◽  
The Individual ◽  
High Level ◽  
Simple Sequence

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS) tetraploid cherry (Prunus L. sp.) collection at Geneva, N.Y., contains ≈75 accessions of sour cherry (P. cerasus L.), ground cherry (P. fruticosa Pall.), and their hybrids. Accurate and unambiguous identification of these accessions is essential for germplasm preservation and use. Simple sequence repeats (SSRs) are currently the markers of choice for germplasm fingerprinting because they characteristically display high levels of polymorphism. Recently SSR primer pairs from sweet cherry (P. avium L.), sour cherry, and peach [(P. persica L. Batsch (Peach Group)] have been reported. Ten SSR primer pairs were tested on 59 tetraploid cherry accessions to determine if they could differentiate among the accessions. Scorable SSR fragments were produced with all primer-accession combinations. The cherry accessions exhibited high levels of polymorphism with 4 to 16 different putative alleles amplified per primer pair. Most of the putative alleles were rare with frequencies <0.05. Heterozygosity values ranged from 0.679 to 1.00, while gene diversity values ranged from 0.655 to 0.906. The primer pairs differentiated all but two of the 59 cherry accessions. Based upon the ability of the SSR data to differentiate the cherry accessions and the high level of gene diversity, we propose that all the tetraploid cherry accessions in the USDA/ARS collection be fingerprinted to provide a mechanism to verify the identity of the individual accessions. The fingerprinting data are available on the World Wide Web (http://www.ars-grin.gov/gen/cherry.html) so that other curators and scientists working with cherry can verify identities and novel types in their collections and contribute to a global database.

scholarly journals Evaluation of tomato accessions for flavour and flavour-contributing components

2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 106-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dilip R. Panthee ◽  
Joanne A. Labate ◽  
Larry D. Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Core Collection ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
The United States ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
United States Department ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Broad Variation ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Usda Agricultural Research

Flavour is one of the most highly demanded consumer traits of tomato at present; poor flavour is one of the most commonly heard complaints associated with modern varieties of tomato. In order to combine flavour with other desirable fruit traits in improved cultivars, it is important to determine how much variability exists in the crucial compounds that contribute most to flavour. The objective of the present study was to determine the variability of flavour-contributing components including total soluble solids (TSS) and total titratable acids (TTA) among other subjective traits related to flavour in a core collection of tomato accessions. The core collection was comprised of 173 tomato accessions with a wide genetic background from the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Services (ARS) Plant Genetic Resources Unit repository. The TTA varied from 0.20 to 0.64%, whereas the TSS ranged from 3.4 to 9.0%, indicating the availability of broad variation for these traits. Rinon (PI 118783), Turrialba, Purple Calabash and LA2102 were among the high TTA (>0.45%) containing accessions, whereas those with high TSS (>7.0%) were AVRDC#6, Sponzillo and LA2102. A positive correlation of overall flavour with TTA (r= 0.33; P< 0.05) and TSS (r= 0.37; P< 0.05) indicated that these two components play an important role in determining the overall flavour in tomato. Subjectively measured other traits including fruity odour and fruity flavour had positive correlations with overall flavour. Overall flavour is discussed in the context of other traits including fruit firmness. Information obtained from this study may be useful for tomato breeders aiming to improve tomato flavour.

scholarly journals From Villous Strawberry Shams to Hairy Huckleberries: The Wild Side of Berry Exploration

HortScience ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 46 (11) ◽  
pp. 1440-1443
Author(s):  
Kim E. Hummer
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
The United States ◽  
Gene Pools ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Fruit Species ◽  
Plant Yields ◽  
Usda Agricultural Research ◽  
The U.S

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service, National Clonal Germplasm Repository in Corvallis was established as the U.S. National Plant Germplasm System's berry genebank in 1981. Since then, the USDA has sponsored numerous explorations throughout the United States and foreign countries to obtain berry plant genetic resources. Species of Fragaria L. (strawberries), Ribes L. (currants and gooseberries), Rubus L. (raspberries and blackberries), and Vaccinium L. (blueberries and cranberries) are native to both domestic and international localities. With limited gene pools for cultivated strawberries, raspberries, and blackberries, expeditions have provided a wealth of genetic resources to expand opportunities for breeders to develop new cultivars. Particularly given the diverse species inherent in the development of cultivated blueberries, these trips have discovered unusual new blueberry relatives and forms available for expanding the range of production, increasing plant yields, and improving fruit antioxidant content. Along the way, new fruit species and new uses for known species were observed. Gathering the bounty of the world's berries resulted in encounters with diverse fauna, from snakes, bears, and bison to butterflies, mosquitoes, ticks, and chiggers. Avenging Toxicodendron species have added their mark on intrepid explorers. Remote sites with nothing but clear night stars and the satellite markers on the global positioning system offer radiant beauty and an abiding hope for the conservation of plant genetic diversity for all people for all time.

scholarly journals Genetic Diversity and Gene Flow of Four South African Venturia inaequalis (Apple Scab) Populations

2017 ◽  
Vol 107 (4) ◽  
pp. 455-462 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. A. Koopman ◽  
J. C. Meitz-Hopkins ◽  
A. E. Bester-van der Merwe ◽  
K. R. Tobutt ◽  
C. Bester ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Gene Flow ◽  
Ssr Markers ◽  
Gene Diversity ◽  
Venturia Inaequalis ◽  
Large Subunit ◽  
Apple Scab ◽  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Rpb1 Gene

Venturia inaequalis isolates were collected during the 2012/13 and 2013/14 seasons from the four principal apple growing regions of South Africa, Elgin (n = 114), Koue Bokkeveld (n = 126), Lower Langkloof (n = 92), and Upper Langkloof (n = 103). Sequence analysis of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) gene regions and genotyping with six (2012/13) and seven (2013/14) microsatellite (SSR) markers was conducted. A subset of 12 isolates from the individual ITS haplotype groups were sequenced for the translation elongation factor-1 alpha (TEF1) and the large subunit of the RNA polymerases II (RPB1) gene regions. Four haplotypes were found for ITS, whereas all isolates were identical for the TEF1 and RPB1 gene regions. The SSR markers revealed considerable variation with an average gene diversity (H) of 0.675. Multivariate analysis (discriminant analysis of principal components [DAPC]) revealed that the two Langkloof populations clustered together with the Koue Bokkeveld population. The population from the warmer winter region, Elgin, clustered separately from the rest of the populations (ΦPT = 0.076 to 0.116; P ≤ 0.05). Estimates of gene flow showed the highest migration rate from the Koue Bokkeveld, toward the Lower Langkloof (M = 151.1), and the least migration to and from the Elgin region (average M = 42.75). Occasionally, identical genotypes (clones) were detected across seasons in the Koue Bokkeveld and Elgin area, which might contribute to overwintering conidia. From this study, it is evident that South Africa most likely has V. inaequalis subpopulations linked to diverse climatic conditions of the coastal Elgin region compared with the mountainous inland regions of the Koue Bokkeveld and the Langkloof.

scholarly journals Identification of “Duplicate” Accessions within the USDA-ARS National Plant Germplasm System Malus Collection

2012 ◽  
Vol 137 (5) ◽  
pp. 333-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Briana L. Gross ◽  
Gayle M. Volk ◽  
Christopher M. Richards ◽  
Philip L. Forsline ◽  
Gennaro Fazio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
Allelic Diversity ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Plant Germplasm ◽  
Ssr Loci ◽  
National Plant Germplasm System ◽  
Taxonomic Groups ◽  
Agricultural Research Service

The U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS), Plant Genetic Resources Unit apple (Malus) collection in Geneva, NY, conserves over 2500 trees as grafted clones. We have compared the genotypes of 1131 diploid Malus ×domestica cultivars with a total of 1910 wild and domesticated samples representing 41 taxonomic designations in the NPGS collection to identify those that are genetically identical based on nine simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci. We calculated the probability of identity for samples in the data set based on allelic diversity and, where possible, use fruit images to qualitatively confirm similarities. A total of 237 alleles were amplified and the nine SSRs were deemed adequate to assess duplication within the collection with the caveat that “sport families” likely would not be differentiated. A total of 238 M. ×domestica and 10 samples of other taxonomic groups shared a genotype with at least one other M. ×domestica individual. In several cases, genotypes for cultivars matched genotypes of known rootstocks and indicated that these accessions may not accurately represent the indicated named clones. Sets of individuals with identical genotypes and similar cultivar names were assigned to sport families. These 23 sport families, comprised of 104 individuals, may have mutational differences that were not identified using the nine SSR loci. Five of the selected markers (CH01h01, CH02d08, CH01f02, G12, GD147) overlap with sets of markers that have been used to fingerprint European apple collections, thus making it possible to compare and coordinate collection inventories on a worldwide scale.

Constituents from Morus root bark against Venturia inaequalis – the causal agent of apple scab

Planta Medica ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 73 (09) ◽  
Author(s):  
JM Rollinger ◽  
R Spitaler ◽  
M Menz ◽  
P Schneider ◽  
EP Ellmerer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Venturia Inaequalis ◽  
Apple Scab ◽  
Causal Agent ◽  
Root Bark

The Birth, Growth and Future of Systems Approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 113-114
Author(s):  
Nelson Laville ◽  
Kenrick Witty ◽  
Ulises Garcia
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Systems Approach ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
United States Department ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
States Department ◽  
Global Team ◽  
Video Link ◽  
Agricultural Research Service ◽  
Research Service

The Beyond Compliance Global team held an interview by video link with Dr Eric Jang, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA/ARS), now retired. His lab was based in Hawaii, where he continues to reside. Eric was an early advocate and one of the originators of the concepts for Systems Approach.

Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism and Divergence in the Genomic Regions of High and Low Recombination in Self-Fertilizing and Cross-Fertilizing Aegilops Species

Genetics ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 148 (1) ◽  
pp. 423-434
Author(s):  
Jan Dvorřák ◽  
Ming-Cheng Luo ◽  
Zu-Li Yang
Keyword(s):  
Related Species ◽  
Gene Diversity ◽  
Single Copy ◽  
Species Variation ◽  
Recombination Rates ◽  
Distal Chromosome ◽  
Phylogenetic Status ◽  
Average Gene ◽  
Genomic Regions ◽  
Chromosome Regions

Abstract RFLP was investigated at 52 single-copy gene loci among six species of Aegilops, including both cross-fertilizing and self-fertilizing species. Average gene diversity (H) was found to correlate with the level of outcrossing. No relationship was found between H and the phylogenetic status of a species. In all six species, the level of RFLP at a locus was a function of the position of the locus on the chromosome and the recombination rate in the neighborhood of the locus. Loci in the proximal chromosome regions, which show greatly reduced recombination rates relative to the distal regions, were significantly less variable than loci in the distal chromosome regions in all six species. Variation in recombination rates was also reflected in the haplotype divergence between closely related species; loci in the chromosome regions with low recombination rates were found to be diverged less than those in the chromosome regions with high recombination rates. This relationship was not found among the more distantly related species.

scholarly journals Non-Destructive Lumber and Engineered Pine Products Research in the Gulf South U.S. 2005–2020

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 91
Author(s):  
R. Dan Seale ◽  
Rubin Shmulsky ◽  
Frederico Jose Nistal Franca
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Wood Products ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Mississippi State University ◽  
State University ◽  
White Oak ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Mass Timber ◽  
Structural Lumber

This review primarily describes nondestructive evaluation (NDE) work at Mississippi State University during the 2005–2020 time interval. Overall, NDE is becoming increasingly important as a means of maximizing and optimizing the value (economic, engineering, utilitarian, etc.) of every tree that comes from the forest. For the most part, it focuses on southern pine structural lumber, but other species such as red pine, spruce, Douglas fir, red oak, and white oak and other products such as engineered composites, mass timber, non-structural lumber, and others are included where appropriate. Much of the work has been completed in conjunction with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory as well as the Agricultural Research Service with the overall intent of improving lumber and wood products standards and valuation. To increase the future impacts and adoption of this NDE-related work, wherever possible graduate students have contributed to the research. As such, a stream of trained professionals is a secondary output of these works though it is not specifically detailed herein.

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