Cosmetic Stay-green Trait in Snap Bean and the Event Cascade That Reduces Seed Germination and Emergence

The persistent color (pc) trait in snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is a member of the stay-green gene family and falls into the cosmetic subclass. Cosmetic stay-green variants remain green but lose photosynthetic competence during senescence. It is an economically useful trait in snap bean as a result of its effects on pod quality. The trait produces a dark-green, uniform appearance of fresh pods, but has other pleiotropic effects, including a light-green seed color, bleached-white cotyledons on emergence, and foliage and pods that remain green even while senescing. One additional pleiotropic effect is reduced field germination and emergence compared with white- and colored-seeded genotypes. Nevertheless, with the aid of seed-applied fungicides, pc types occupy ≈40% of commercial snap bean acreage in the United States. This research project was aimed at understanding why and how germination and emergence is affected in pc beans. The effect is thought to be related to soil-borne pathogens because fungicide treatment of pc seeds increases germination and emergence rates to levels comparable to treated white- and colored-seeded genotypes. For our experiments, we increased seeds of 45 experimental lines and commercial cultivars (25 of which were pc) under uniform growing conditions. Initial experiments documented that, in the laboratory, all seeds analyzed in a tetrazolium test had high viability. Furthermore, untreated seeds of pc and non-pc types germinated in the laboratory showed no difference in germinability, whereas in the field, germination of pc types was reduced significantly. In addition, pc types showed substantially greater infection rates of seeds and seedlings, with the main pathogen being Fusarium oxysporum Schl. f. sp. phaseoli Kendrick & Snyder. Water uptake by green pc seeds was significantly more rapid than white and colored seeds. Measurements of electrical conductivity revealed that pc types had greater solute leakage than other seed types. When seed anatomic structure was examined, pc types had a significantly thinner testa, especially the osteosclereid layer. The reduction in germination and emergence appears to begin with a thinner, more fragile testa showing increased cracking that may happen during seed harvest and conditioning (but certainly does happen during imbibition), allowing more rapid water uptake during germination that leads to testa rupture. Increased and rapid solute diffusion into the surrounding spermosphere stimulates and attracts pathogens to colonize the seeds before seedlings can become established. Seed handling and conditioning processes before planting could be modified to improve field emergence and stand establishment. Selection for thicker testa may also mitigate some of the damage observed during germination of pc cultivars.

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Stay-green alleles individually enhance grain yield in sorghum under drought by modifying canopy development and water uptake patterns

New Phytologist ◽

10.1111/nph.12869 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 203 (3) ◽

pp. 817-830 ◽

Cited By ~ 82

Author(s):

Andrew K. Borrell ◽

Erik J. van Oosterom ◽

John E. Mullet ◽

Barbara George-Jaeggli ◽

David R. Jordan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Water Uptake ◽

Stay Green ◽

Canopy Development ◽

Water Uptake Patterns

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Leaf Spot of Arugula, Caused by Alternaria japonica, in California

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-01-14-0084-pdn ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 98 (9) ◽

pp. 1272-1272 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

T. E. Tidwell ◽

C. L. Blomquist ◽

S. Rooney-Latham ◽

H. J. Scheck

Keyword(s):

Its Region ◽

The United States ◽

Green Leaf ◽

Academic Press ◽

Leaf Spots ◽

Agar Plug ◽

Half Strength ◽

Dark Green ◽

Hydroponically Grown ◽

Dark Green Leaf

Arugula (Eruca vesicaria subsp. sativa (Mill.) Thell. is a Cruciferous plant used for culinary purposes. From 2012 to 2013, a foliar disease seriously impacted the growth and quality of about 0.1 ha of hydroponically grown arugula at a Santa Barbara County nursery. Samples of affected arugula seedlings exhibited adaxial and abaxial symptoms of mottling with circular to oval, water soaked, dark green leaf spots, each 1 to 3 mm in diameter, and some of which coalesced. Conidia of an Alternaria sp. were observed on the foliage. Symptomatic leaf pieces were disinfested with 0.6% NaOCl, blotted dry, and plated on acidified potato dextrose agar (APDA). Cultures were incubated under near-UV lights for 24 h/day. Olivaceous-grey colonies of the same Alternaria species observed on the leaves grew after 7 days. After 21 days on carrot-piece agar (3), the fungus produced beakless conidia with longitudinal and constricted transverse septa that measured 30.0 to 69.0 × 12.5 to 20.0 μm and were borne singly or in short chains of 2 to 3 conidia. In addition, knots of dark, thick-walled micro-chlamydospores were produced by the hyphae. The fungus was identified morphologically as Alternaria japonica Yoshii (2), and the species confirmed by sequence analysis. A portion of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) was amplified using ITS1 and ITS4 primers (4). The sequence (GenBank Accession No. KJ126846) was 100% identical to the ITS rDNA sequence of an isolate of A. japonica (KC584201) using a BLASTn query. A. japonica was also detected in seeds of the lot used to grow the affected arugula crop. Pathogenicity of a single isolate was tested by inoculating four 37-day-old plants each of arugula, cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata), and broccoli (B. oleracea L. var. botrytis L.). Inoculum was obtained from 11-day-old cultures of the isolate grown at 24°C on half-strength APDA. Half of a 2.5 cm diameter agar plug containing hyphae and conidia was ground in 2 ml of sterilized water, and the volume of water increased to 45 ml. Leaves of four plants/host species were sprayed with 3.5 to 4.0 ml of inoculum. The inoculated plants and four control plants of each species treated similarly with sterilized water were immediately incubated in a dark dew chamber at 23°C. After 72 h in the dew chamber, inoculated plants of all three hosts produced similar symptoms of wilting, water soaking, and dark green leaf spotting as the original symptomatic field plants. Conidia formed in the leaf spots on both sides of inoculated leaves. A. japonica was re-isolated from all of the inoculated plants but from none of the symptomless control plants using the method previously described. Pathogenicity tests were repeated, with similar results. Although reported in Italy in 2013 (1), to our knowledge, this is the first report of A. japonica on arugula in the United States. References: (1) G. Gilardi et al. Acta Hort. 1005:569, 2013. (2) E. G. Simmons. Page 368 in: Alternaria, An Identification Manual. CBS Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, 2007. (3) S. Werres et al. Z. Planzenkr. Pflanzensh. 108:113, 2001. (4) T. J. White et al. Page 315 in: PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 1990.

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FRUIT AND VEGETABLE INTAKES BY INDIVIDUALS IN THE 1987-88 NATIONWIDE FOOD CONSUMPTION SURVEY

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1110b ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 25 (9) ◽

pp. 1110b-1110

Author(s):

Cecilia Wilkinson Enns

Keyword(s):

Food Consumption ◽

Fruits And Vegetables ◽

Vegetable Consumption ◽

The United States ◽

United States Department ◽

Fruit And Vegetable ◽

Black And White ◽

Food Consumption Survey ◽

Dark Green ◽

Consumption Survey

Using data from the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Nationwide, Food Consumption Survey (NFCS) conducted from April 1987 through Summer 1988, 1-day intakes of fruits and vegetables by 10, 138 individuals are described. Mean intakes and percentages of individuals using total fruits, citrus fruits and juices, apples, bananas, other fruits and mixtures mainly fruit, noncitrus juices and nectars, total vegetables, white potatoes, tomatoes, dark-green and deep-yellow vegetables, and other vegetables are presented. Fruit and vegetable consumption patterns by age and sex (18 groups), by race (black and white), by region (Northeast, Midwest, South, and West), and by income level as a percentage of poverty (under 131%, 131-300%, and over 300%) are illustrated.

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Development of a Pinkeye-type Southernpea Cultivar with Green Cotyledons: A Progress Report

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.32.4.606e ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 32 (4) ◽

pp. 606E-606

Author(s):

R.L. Fery

Keyword(s):

Rapid Development ◽

Field Testing ◽

The United States ◽

Progress Report ◽

Seed Color ◽

Breeding Lines ◽

Green Seed ◽

Detailed Evaluation ◽

The Subject ◽

Advanced Generation

The development of southernpea (Vigna unguiculata) cultivars with a persistent green seed color has been the subject of much interest for more than two decades because seeds of such cultivars can potentially be harvested at the near-dry seed stage of maturity without loss of their fresh green color. The success of the cream-type cultivar Bettergreen, which is homozygous for the gc gene conditioning green cotyledons, demonstrated that the development of cultivars with persistent green seed color is feasible. In 1990, an effort was initiated to develop a pinkeye-type southern pea cultivar homozygous for the gc gene. The pinkeye is the major cultivar class of southernpea utilized for processing in the United States. Seeds containing embryos homozygous for the gc gene are easily identified, and this ability to select in the seed stage greatly facilitated the rapid development of advanced breeding lines. More than two dozen advanced generation pinkeye lines with green cotyledons were ready for preliminary field testing in 1995, and seven were selected for detailed evaluation in 1996. Results of the 1996 tests indicate that the gc gene has been successfully incorporated into elite pinkeye germplasm.

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(192) Commercial Evaluation of Green Snap Bean Varieties in Northwest Mexico

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.40.4.1031e ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 40 (4) ◽

pp. 1031E-1032

Author(s):

Raul Leonel Grijalva-Contreras ◽

Rubén Macias-Duarte ◽

Fabián Robles-Contreras ◽

Manuel de Jesus Valenzuela-Ruiz

Keyword(s):

Irrigation System ◽

Sowing Date ◽

Good Alternative ◽

High Yield ◽

Market Prices ◽

Snap Bean ◽

Snap Beans ◽

Northwest Mexico ◽

Pod Quality ◽

Dark Green

Production of green snap beans is a good alternative for Caborca, Sonora, Mexico. This vegetable can be harvested during the last week of November when market prices are good, and has good adaptation, and high yield and pod quality. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate 11 green snap bean varieties. This experiment was carried out on a commercial field, where seed was sown on 25 Aug. 2003. Density was 20 seeds/m (60 kg·ha-1). In this trial, we used a drip-irrigation system on beds 2 m apart and two rows with 36 cm of separation per bed. The first harvest was 68 days after the sowing date and lasted for 20 days, with four cuttings during that time. The varieties with greater yield were `Castaño', `Festina', and `Landmark' with 541, 494, and 463 boxes/ha (>30 pounds/box), respectively. The varieties with low yield were `Espada' and `Leader' with only 52 and 75 boxes/ha, respectively. The control `Savannah' yielded 235 boxes/ha. The pod quality distribution was 20%, 35%, and 45% for first, second, and third classification, respectively. `Savannah' and `Festina' had the best pod color (dark green). None of the varieties evaluated had pest or disease problems.

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A New Genotype for White Seed Coat Discovered in `Early Wax' Snap Bean

Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science ◽

10.21273/jashs.116.1.131 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 116 (1) ◽

pp. 131-136 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mark J. Bassett ◽

Arie Blom

Keyword(s):

Seed Coat ◽

Supporting Evidence ◽

Seed Color ◽

Breeding Line ◽

Gene Model ◽

Snap Bean ◽

New Genotype ◽

Recessive Genes ◽

Progeny Tests ◽

New Hypothesis

The white-seeded snap bean `Early Wax' (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) was crossed with a black-seeded breeding line 5-593. The F2 segregation data are consistent with a three-gene model, in which all three genes must be homozygous recessive to give white seed coat. One of the genes is t because of segregation in F2 for plants with white flowers and partial seed coat coloration. We hypothesize that the genes ers and ers2 in the presence of f block all seed color expression in all genes for partial coloration of seed. The hypothesis of three recessive genes was confirmed in a backcross test involving `Early Wax' x F1. The interaction of ers and ers2 was tested in progeny tests of partly colored BC-F1 plants. One of the erasure genes, ers2, blocks color expression in color zones close to the hilum, but only in the presence of ers. The other erasure gene, ers, blocks color expression only in color zones beyond those close to the hilum in a manner similar to the restr locus of Prakken (1972). The old hypothesis that partly colored seed phenotypes require the presence of a second factor e in addition to t, where the function of e is vague and unspecified, should be discarded for lack of supporting evidence, Under the new hypothesis, soldier series phenotypes (e.g., bipunctata, arcus, virgata, and virgarcus) may express in t ers Ers2 by action of ers or in t Ers Ers2 by action of various genes for partly colored seeds other than ers.

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Heel Pain with an Osteopathic Component

Osteopathic Family Physician ◽

10.33181/13044 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 29-40

Author(s):

Jack Italiano, III, DO, RT (R) ◽

Adam Bitterman

Keyword(s):

Family Medicine ◽

The United States ◽

Heel Pain ◽

Foot And Ankle ◽

First Line ◽

Anatomic Structure ◽

Common Complaint ◽

Complex Anatomy ◽

Professional Care ◽

The Many

Family medicine is a field that is exposed to a large amount of musculoskeletal complaints. More than 100 million people present with musculoskeletal disease annually in the United States. This translates to over $320B in healthcare costs per year. Due to these astonishing numbers, it is imperative that family medicine physicians, who typically make up the first line of management, properly identify the many causes of musculoskeletal pain. Heel pain is a common complaint of patients seeking professional care. Due to the complex anatomy of the foot, identification and proper management can be challenging and thus prolong care. The present article reviews the anatomic structure, clinical evaluation, differential diagnoses, and diverse treatment with an osteopathic approach surround the foot and ankle.

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EFFECT OF DAMONOZIDE, ANCYMIDOL AND PACLBUTRAZOL ON HEIGHT CONTROL OF POTTED MUSSAENDA

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.28.4.257a ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 28 (4) ◽

pp. 257A-257

Author(s):

Christopher S. Cramer ◽

Mark P. Bridgen

Keyword(s):

Plant Height ◽

Growth Regulators ◽

The United States ◽

The Philippines ◽

Ornamental Plant ◽

Single Application ◽

Height Control ◽

Plant Culture ◽

Dark Green ◽

Dark Pink

Mussaenda, a tropical, hybrid ornamental plant from India and the Philippines, is being evaluated as a potential greenhouse ported crop in the united States. Showy sepals of white, picotee (White with rosy edges), light pink, dark pink, or red complemented by fragrant, yellow flowers and dark green, pubescent foliage make Mussaenda a very attractive potted plant. However, sometimes the height of Mussaenda is unsuitable for pot plant culture. With the use of chemical growth regulators. plant height is reduced thus making Mussaenda a more feasible potted crop. In the summer of 1992, a growth regulator study was conducted to evaluate three growth regulators and concentrations capable of reducing plant height in Mussaenda. Daminozide (B-Nine SP), ancymidol (A-Rest), or paclobutrazol (Bonzi) was applied at two concentrations each. Daminozide was tested as a spray at 2500 ppm and 5000 ppm. Ancymidol was applied as a spray at 33 ppm and 66 ppm or as a drench at 0.25 mg/pot and 0.50 mg/pot. Paclobutrazol was tested as a spray at 25 ppm and 50 ppm or as a drench at 0.125 mg/pot and 0.25 mg/pot. Growth regulators were applied as a single application or a double application with two weeks separating applications. Daminozide at 2500 ppm and 5000 ppm was most effective in controlling plant height. Ancymidol as a drench at 0.25 mg/pot and 0.50 mg/pot was also effective in plant height control. Two applications of these growth regulators were more effective in controlling plant height than a single application.

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Calcium Uptake and Whole-plant Water Use Influence Pod Calcium Concentration in Snap Bean Plants

Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science ◽

10.21273/jashs.129.6.0890 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 129 (6) ◽

pp. 890-895 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Kirk W. Pomper ◽

Michael A. Grusak

Keyword(s):

Water Use ◽

Water Uptake ◽

Xylem Sap ◽

Plant Water ◽

Snap Bean ◽

Plant Water Uptake ◽

Plant Water Use ◽

Whole Plant ◽

Pod Development ◽

Two Stages

Understanding the mechanisms that regulate xylem transport of calcium (Ca) to snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) pods could allow approaches to increase pod Ca concentration and enhance the nutritional value of edible pods. Using the snap bean cultivars Hystyle and Labrador, which exhibit high and low pod Ca levels, respectively, we wished to determine whether there were differences between the two cultivars in stem xylem-sap Ca concentration and whether any differences in sap Ca concentration were related to differences in whole-plant water uptake or Ca import between the cultivars. Well-watered greenhouse-grown plants were placed in a growth chamber at a constant light intensity for an equilibration period. Pot weight loss was measured to determine whole-plant water use and stem xylem exudate was subsequently collected from the severed base of the shoot at flowering and at two stages of pod development. `Hystyle' displayed an exudate Ca concentration that was 50% higher than `Labrador' during pod development. `Labrador' showed 35% greater total water transport through the stem than `Hystyle'. `Labrador' plants also showed a significantly larger leaf area than `Hystyle' plants. Additional plants were used to determine total, long-term Ca influx. No difference was observed between cultivars in total Ca influx into the aerial portion of the plant. With whole-shoot Ca influx being equivalent and pod transpiration rate identical in the two cultivars, our results suggest that the higher whole-plant water uptake in `Labrador' led to a dilution of Ca concentration in the xylem stream and thus less total Ca was transported to developing pods, relative to that in `Hystyle'. Increased transpiration efficiency, enhanced root uptake of Ca, or reduced Ca sequestration in the xylem pathway of the stem could lead to an enhancement in pod Ca concentration in future cultivars of snap bean.

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Mapping Snap Bean Pod and Color Traits, in a Dry Bean × Snap Bean Recombinant Inbred Population

Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science ◽

10.21273/jashs.141.2.131 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 141 (2) ◽

pp. 131-138 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Christina H. Hagerty ◽

Alfonso Cuesta-Marcos ◽

Perry Cregan ◽

Qijian Song ◽

Phil McClean ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Genetic Variation ◽

Linkage Map ◽

Recombinant Inbred ◽

Type I ◽

Seed Color ◽

Breeding Line ◽

Seed Shape ◽

Dry Bean ◽

Snap Bean ◽

Pod Wall

Snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) breeding programs are tasked with developing cultivars that meet the standards of the vegetable processing industry and ultimately that of the consumer, all the while matching or exceeding the field performance of existing cultivars. While traditional breeding methods have had a long history of meeting these requirements, genetic marker technology, combined with the knowledge of important quantitative trait loci (QTL), can accelerate breeding efforts. In contrast to dry bean, snap bean immature pods and seeds are consumed as a vegetable. Several pod traits are important in snap bean including: reduced pod wall fiber, absence of pod suture strings, and thickened, succulent pod walls. In addition, snap bean pods are selected for round pod cross section, and pods tend to be longer with cylindrical seed shape. Seed color is an important trait in snap bean, especially those used for processing, as processors prefer white-seeded cultivars. The objective of this study was to investigate the genetic control of traits important to snap bean producers and processors. RR6950, a small seeded brown indeterminate type IIIA dry bean accession, was crossed to the Oregon State University (OSU) breeding line OSU5446, a type I Blue Lake four-sieve breeding line to produce the RR138 F4:6 recombinant inbred (RI) mapping population. We evaluated the RR138 RI population for processing and morphological traits, especially those affecting pods. The RR138 population was genotyped with the BARCBean6K_3 Beadchip, and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were used to assemble a linkage map, and identify QTL for pod traits. The linkage map produced from this study contained 1689 SNPs across 1196cM. The map was populated with an average of one SNP per 1.4 cM, spanning 11 linkage groups. Seed and flower color genes B and P were located on Pv02 and Pv07, respectively. A QTL for string:pod length (PL) ratio was found on Pv02 controlling 32% of total genetic variation. QTL for a suite of important processing traits including pod wall fiber, pod height, pod width, and pod wall thickness were found clustering on Pv04 and controlled 21%, 26%, 18%, and 16% of genetic variation for each of these respective traits. A QTL for PL was found on Pv09 controlling 5% of genetic variation.

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