Antibacterial Effectiveness of Calcium Hydroxide Combined with Cresotin against Enterococcus faecalis

The goal of endodontic treatment is to prevent and control of pulp and periradicular infections. Calcium hydroxide has a beneficial biological property as an intracanal medicament and can be combined with cresotin to disinfect bacteria in root canals, especially Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) which is the most frequently isolated strain in the root canals. The aim of this study was to investigate in vitro the antimicrobial activity of calcium hydroxide, cresotin, and combination calcium hydroxide and cresotin (Ca[OH]2+Cresotin, 1:1 and 1:2) against E. faecalis. Antibacterial activity was determined by the agar diffusion method. The test medicaments were placed inside the hole that made in the inoculated agar medium. The zone of growth inhibition was measured and recorded after incubation for each plate, and the result was analysed statistically with ANOVA. The in vitro antimicrobial effects of combination calcium hydroxide and cresotin (Ca[OH]2+Cresotin, 1:2) has more prominent antimicrobial activity than others, and calcium hydroxide is more effective than cresotin alone. The antimicrobial activity of combined calcium hydroxide and cresotin is more effective in killing E. faecalis in comparison to the other treatments.

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In vitro antimicrobial activity of calcium hydroxide pastes and their vehicles against selected microorganisms

Brazilian Dental Journal ◽

10.1590/s0103-64402002000300002 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 155-161 ◽

Cited By ~ 46

Author(s):

Brenda Paula Figueiredo de Almeida Gomes ◽

Caio Cezar Randi Ferraz ◽

Morgana Eli Vianna ◽

Pedro Luiz Rosalen ◽

Alexandre Augusto Zaia ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Stainless Steel ◽

Growth Inhibition ◽

Calcium Hydroxide ◽

Agar Medium ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Root Canals ◽

Zones Of Inhibition ◽

Agar Diffusion Method

The aim of this study was to investigate in vitro the antimicrobial activity of calcium hydroxide in combination with several vehicles against some microorganisms commonly isolated from root canals. Antimicrobial activity was determined by the agar diffusion method. Stainless-steel cylinders were placed on each inoculated agar medium. The test medicaments and their controls were placed inside the cylinders. The zones of growth inhibition were measured and recorded after incubation for each plate and the results were analyzed statistically (ANOVA). The in vitro antimicrobial effects of the medications were ranked from strongest to weakest as follows: Ca(OH)2 + CMCP + glycerine, Ca(OH)2 + CMCP, Ca(OH)2 + glycerine, Ca(OH)2 + anesthetic, Ca(OH)2 + saline, Ca(OH)2 + H2O, Ca(OH)2 + polyethyleneglycol. The pastes with oily vehicles showed significantly larger mean zones of inhibition compared to those with aqueous or viscous vehicles. It was concluded that diffusion and antimicrobial activity of calcium hydroxide were affected by the type of vehicle used.

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Antibacterial effectiveness in vitro of different formulations of calcium hydroxide paste

RGO - Revista Gaúcha de Odontologia ◽

10.1590/1981-863720170002000013127 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 65 (4) ◽

pp. 293-298

Author(s):

Israel Alexandre De Araujo SENA ◽

Isaac Jordão De Souza ARAÚJO ◽

Marquiony Marques Dos SANTOS ◽

Isabela Pinheiro Cavalcanti LIMA

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Calcium Hydroxide ◽

Enterococcus Faecalis ◽

Significant Inhibition ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Significance Level ◽

Root Canals ◽

Infected Root ◽

Inhibition Zones

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the antibacterial activity of four formulations of calcium hydroxide paste against microorganisms commonly found in infected root canals. Methods: To evaluate antibacterial activity through the agar diffusion method, pastes of calcium hydroxide were made from its pro-analysis form, diffused into four separate vehicles: distilled water, camphorated p-monochlorophenol, propylene glycol and Otosporin®, testing the antimicrobial activity of these on strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and Enterococcus faecalis. After the incubation period, the presence or otherwise of inhibition zones were observed and their sizes in three stages: 24h, 48h and 72h. With this data, the median between the four dishes was obtained and the consequent value was submitted to Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric statistical analysis, with post-tests of Mann-Whitney and Bonferroni correction, at a significance level of 5%. Results: Only pastes with camphorated p-monochlorophenol and Otosporin vehicles caused the formation of significant inhibition zones, with medians of 8.0 mm. Against the strains of Enterococcus faecalis, only pastes with the camphorated p-monochlorophenol vehicle resulted in the formation of significant inhibition zones, with a median of 3.0 mm. Conclusion : Otosporin and CMCP vehicles provide greater antimicrobial potential to calcium hydroxide against the studied bacteria. However, only the Ca(OH)2 and CMCP combination was effective against all the strains, and can thus be regarded as the paste formulation with the greatest antimicrobial effectiveness in this study.

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Action of Chlorhexidine, Zingiber officinale, and Calcium Hydroxide on Candida albicans, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, and Endotoxin in the Root Canals

The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice ◽

10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1812 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

pp. 114-118 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Marcia C Valera ◽

Sarah AC Oliveira ◽

Lilian E Maekawa ◽

Flávia GR Cardoso ◽

Adriana Chung ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Candida Albicans ◽

Calcium Hydroxide ◽

Enterococcus Faecalis ◽

Root Canal ◽

Zingiber Officinale ◽

Human Teeth ◽

Root Canals

ABSTRACT Aim The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of 2% chlorhexidine gel (CHX) as auxiliary chemical substance and intracanal medications on Candida albicans, Candida albicans, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, and their endotoxins in the root canals. Materials and methods The study was conducted on 48 single-rooted human teeth divided into four groups (n = 12), according to intracanal medications used: (1) Calcium hydroxide + apyrogenic saline solution (Ca(OH)2 + SS), (2) 20% ginger glycolic extract (GEN), (3) calcium hydroxide + 20% ginger glycolic extract (Ca(OH)2 + GEN), (4) apyrogenic SS (control). Collections were made from the root canal content before preparation (baseline–S1), immediately after instrumentation (S2), 7 days after instrumentation (S3), after 14 days the action of intracanal medication (S4), and 7 days after removal of the intracanal medication (S5). The antimicrobial activity and endotoxin content were analyzed for all collections. The results were statistically analyzed by the Kruskal–Wallis and Dunn tests at a significance level of 5%. Results After instrumentation with CHX, there was complete elimination of E. coli and C. albicans, except for E. faecalis, which was significantly reduced and then completely eliminated after intracanal medication. There was significant reduction of endotoxin after instrumentation. Comparison of collection after instrumentation and intracanal medication revealed reduction of endotoxins in all groups; this reduction was greater in group Ca(OH)2 followed by the group GEN. Conclusion It was concluded that the instrumentation using CHX and intracanal medication used were able to eliminate the microorganisms from the root canal; the endotoxins were reduced, yet not completely eliminated. Clinical significance This study is important and relevant for searching alternatives during endodontic therapy, since it aims to study the effect of Zingiber officinale on microorganisms and endotoxins present in root canals. How to cite this article Valera MC, Oliveira SAC, Maekawa LE, Cardoso FGR, Chung A, Silva SFP, Carvalho CAT. Action of Chlorhexidine, Zingiber officinale, and Calcium Hydroxide on Candida albicans, Candida albicans, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, and Endotoxin in the Root Canals. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016; 17(2):114-118.

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In vitro evaluation of the effectiveness of the chemomechanical preparation against Enterococcus faecalis after single- or multiple-visit root canal treatment

Brazilian Oral Research ◽

10.1590/s1806-83242007000400005 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 21 (4) ◽

pp. 308-313 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Eduardo Diogo Gurgel-Filho ◽

Nilton Vivacqua-Gomes ◽

Brenda Paula Figueiredo de Almeida Gomes ◽

Caio Cezar Randi Ferraz ◽

Alexandre Augusto Zaia ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Calcium Hydroxide ◽

Enterococcus Faecalis ◽

Root Canal ◽

Control Groups ◽

Single Visit ◽

Root Canals ◽

Multiple Visit ◽

Microbial Samples ◽

Chlorhexidine Gel

The purpose was to assess the elimination of Enterococcus faecalis in vitro in human mandibular premolars after chemomechanical preparation with or without the use of a calcium hydroxide dressing. After 60 days of contamination with E. faecalis, the root canals were prepared using the Crown-Down technique combined with 2% chlorhexidine gel irrigation. Then, the specimens were divided into two experimental groups, treated in a single visit or in multiple visits, and two control groups. The multiple-visit group received a dressing with calcium hydroxide for 14 days (CalenTM) and the single-visit group did not receive any medication. In the two control groups, the canals were filled with BHI after chemomechanical preparation with 2% chlorhexidine gel or distilled water. Microbial samples were taken from the root canals for colony forming unit count for each phase of the treatment using sterile paper points inside the root canal lumen. Data were ranked and analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis statistical test. The residual microbial colonies were then assessed. The results showed that chemomechanical preparation using 2% chlorhexidine gel with no intra-canal dressing reduced by 100% the E. faecalis contamination of the root canal lumen. The calcium-hydroxide group that received the 14-day intra-canal dressing allowed a small number of bacteria to grow between visits, but without statistical differences between groups.

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Evaluation of the antimicrobial effect of calcium hydroxide combined to different vehicles

Revista Odonto Ciência ◽

10.15448/1980-6532.2016.2.21522 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 31 (2) ◽

pp. 89

Author(s):

Tatiana Dantas Piana ◽

Maria de Fátima Malvar Gesteira ◽

Erica Dos Santos Carvalho ◽

Josilene Borges Torres Lima Matos ◽

Monica Franca ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Calcium Hydroxide ◽

Enterococcus Faecalis ◽

Antimicrobial Effect ◽

Antimicrobial Action ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Agar Diffusion ◽

Inhibition Zones ◽

Agar Diffusion Method

Objective: To evaluate the potentiating effect of different substances in antimicrobial action of calcium hydroxide.Methods: The agar diffusion method, was used with well technique, to analyze seven substances associated to calcium hydroxide to make some pastes, they are: chlorexidine, saline, anesthetic, malvatricin, propolis, hypochlorite, paramonochlorophenol.Results: The pastes with malvatricin and paramonochlorophenol presented greater inhibition zones against Enterococcus faecalis.Conclusion: There was potentialization in antimicrobial effect of calcium hydroxide when associated to paramonochlorophenol and to malvatricin especially against Enterococcus faecalis. Low increase of the antimicrobial capacity was observed when using chlorexidine as vehicle to calcium hydroxine paste.

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In Vitro Alkaline pH Resistance of Enterococcus faecalis

Brazilian Dental Journal ◽

10.1590/0103-6440201301731 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 24 (5) ◽

pp. 474-476 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Paulo Henrique Weckwerth ◽

Ronald Ordinola Zapata ◽

Rodrigo Ricci Vivan ◽

Mário Tanomaru Filho ◽

Amanda Garcia Alves Maliza ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Enterococcus Faecalis ◽

Bacterial Species ◽

Clinical Isolates ◽

Bacterial Suspension ◽

Alkaline Ph ◽

Root Canals ◽

Ph Values ◽

Positive Controls

Enterococcus faecalis is a bacterial species often found in root canals with failed endodontic treatment. Alkaline pastes are widely used in Endodontics because of their biocompatibility and antimicrobial activity, but this microorganism can resist alkalinity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate in vitro the alkaline pH resistance of E. faecalis for different periods up to 14 days. Samples were obtained from the oral cavity of 150 patients from the Endodontic clinic. The pH of the experimental tubes (n=84) was first adjusted with 6M NaOH to pH values of 9.5, 10.5, 11.5 and 12.5 (21 tubes per pH). Twenty clinical isolates and the ATCC 29212 strain were tested. The 5 positive controls and experimental tubes of each pH were inoculated with 10 µL of bacterial suspension and incubated at 36 °C for 24, 48 and 72 h, 7 and 14 days. For each period, the turbidity of the medium was visually compared with a 0.5 McFarland standard. The presence of the microorganism was confirmed by seeding on M-Enterococcus agar. Four tubes containing BHI broth adjusted to the tested pHs were incubated for 14 days to verify if pH changes occurred. The pH of inoculated BHI broth was also measured on day 14 to determine if the microorganism acidified the medium. The growth of all E. faecalis strains occurred at pH 9.5 to 11.5 in all periods. Although turbidity was not observed at pH 12.5, there was growth of 13 and 2 strains at 24 and 48 h, respectively, on M-Enterococcus agar. No tube showed growth at pH 12.5 after 72 h. It was concluded that E. faecalis can survive in highly alkaline pH, and some clinical isolates require 72 h at pH 12.5 to be killed.

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Heteroaromatization with 4-Phenyldiazenyl-1-naphthol. Part IV: Synthesis of Some New Heterocyclic Compounds with Potential Biological Activity

Current Organic Synthesis ◽

10.2174/1570179416666190719101727 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (6) ◽

pp. 931-938

Author(s):

Hany M. Mohamed ◽

Ashraf H.F. Abd El-Wahab

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Agar Medium ◽

Potassium Hydroxide Solution ◽

Antimicrobial Activities ◽

Azo Compounds ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Bacterial Strains ◽

Pharmacological Agents ◽

Tetrazole Derivatives

Background: Synthetic azo compounds and their derivatives have been studied extensively due to their biological and pharmacological activities. Pyranopyridines, pyranopyrimidines and tetrazoles derivatives have emerged as a promising and attractive scaffold in the development of potent biological and pharmacological agents. Objectives: To design a series of new benzochromeno(pyridine/pyrimidine/tetrazole) derivatives and evaluate their antimicrobial activity against some bacterial strains (Gram-positive and Gram-negative) and some fungal strains. Materials and Methods: The (E)-7-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-(phenyldiazenyl)-10-thioxo-7,9,10,11-tetrahydro-8Hnaptho[ 1,2-b]pyrano[2,3-d]pyrimidin-8-one (4) was synthesized by the reaction of 4H-naphtho[1,2-b]pyran-3- carbonitrile (3) with carbon disulfide in alcoholic potassium hydroxide solution. Reaction of 3 with sodium azide in DMF and in presence of ammonium chloride afforded 6-(phenyldiazenyl)-3-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-4Hbenzo[ h]chromen-2-amine (7) while with malononitrile, thiourea or urea gave chromeno[2,3-b]pyridine-9- carbonitrile (8), chromeno[2,3-d]pyrimidine-10-thione (9) and chromeno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-10-one (10), respectively. The assignment structures were established on the basis of spectral data. Results: In this study, the antimicrobial activity of the synthesized compounds 3-12 was examined for their in vitro antimicrobial activity by using agar diffusion method such as Mueller-Hinton agar medium for bacteria and Sabouraud’s agar medium for fungi. Ampicillin and mycostatine were included in the experiments as reference drugs. Conclusion: A series of new benzochromeno(pyridine/pyrimidine/tetrazole) derivatives were synthesized in this work. All compounds were evaluated in antimicrobial activities.

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Comparison of Antibacterial Effects of Photodynamic Therapy, Modified Triple Antibiotic Paste and Calcium Hydroxide on Root Canals Infected With Enterococcus faecalis: An In Vitro Study

Journal of lasers in medical sciences ◽

10.15171/jlms.2019.s5 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (5) ◽

pp. S23-S29 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Mohammad Asnaashari ◽

Mohammad Jafar Eghbal ◽

Amirali Sahba Yaghmayi ◽

Mehdi Shokri ◽

Saranaz Azari-Marhabi

Keyword(s):

Photodynamic Therapy ◽

Calcium Hydroxide ◽

Enterococcus Faecalis ◽

Root Canal ◽

Control Group ◽

Root Canals ◽

Anterior Teeth ◽

Triple Antibiotic Paste ◽

Working Length

Introduction: A pivotal issue to achieve success in the treatment of the root canal is root canal disinfection. One of the most important bacteria that infect the root canal is Enterococcus faecalis. This study seeks to examine the effectiveness of 3 methods for disinfecting the root canal: photodynamic therapy, modified triple antibiotic paste (MTAP), and calcium hydroxide. Methods: Sixty-two single-rooted extracted anterior teeth were collected. After cleaning and disinfecting the teeth, their crowns were cut at the CEJ point. The root canals were shaped to the working length up to file F3 ProTaper (F1, F2, F3). EDTA 17% and sodium hypochlorite 2.5% were used for 5 minutes to wash and remove the smear layer, and then the apical foramen was sealed using composite. After that, the teeth were sterilized in an autoclave at 121°C for 15 minutes. Then 10 samples were taken randomly as the negative control. The remaining samples were immersed and cultivated in a suspension containing E. faecalis for 21 days. Then the samples were divided into 5 groups: 2 positive control groups, 1 group treated with the antibiotic paste with the concentration of 1 mg/mL, 1 group treated with calcium hydroxide, and 1 group treated with photodynamic therapy. Then, to collect the biofilm, the ProTaper file F4 was used. After that, the microbial suspension was provided and counting the colonies was carried out to compare the groups. Results: The findings indicated that the amount of CFU/mg of MTAP samples, including clindamycin, metronidazole, ciprofloxacin in the concentration of 1 mg/mL and photodynamic therapy and calcium hydroxide was lower than that in the control group. Antibiotic paste cleansed the root canal up to 99.9%. Photodynamic therapy reduced the amount of CFU/mg to 98.8%, and calcium hydroxide reduced the amount of CFU/mg to 94.13%. Conclusion: Using photodynamic therapy causes a reduction in the biofilm and inhibits the growth of the E. faecalis bacterium. In addition, in this study, MTAP with a concentration of 1 mg/mL was used, which expunged the bacteria completely. Meanwhile, calcium hydroxide had the weakest effect of all on the E. faecalis bacterium.

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Antimicrobial Activity of Calcium Hydroxide Synthesized from Indonesian Limestone against Enterococcus faecalis

Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1044.171 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1044 ◽

pp. 171-177

Author(s):

Myrna Nurlatifah Zakaria ◽

Ida Rodiyah Siti Halimah ◽

Atia Nurul Sidiqa ◽

Ira Artilia ◽

Arief Cahyanto

Keyword(s):

Calcium Hydroxide ◽

Enterococcus Faecalis ◽

Root Canal ◽

Antimicrobial Property ◽

Antimicrobial Effect ◽

Antimicrobial Activities ◽

Negative Control ◽

Root Canals ◽

Infected Root

Recurrent endodontic infections of treated teeth are mainly linked to microbial persistency in the root canal system. Enterococcus faecalis is a bacterium that is often identified in these recurrent infections. Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) is a widely used root canal medicament and is now being developed to be produced from natural materials. Ca(OH)2, which is synthesized from natural limestone from Palimanan, Indonesia, has a structure similar to Ca(OH)2, which is often used as a root canal medicament. The purpose of this study was to determine the antimicrobial property of Ca(OH)2 paste synthesized from natural limestone compared to conventional Ca(OH)2 paste. This study is an in vitro experimental study consists of 3 groups (n=24, namely, conventional Ca(OH)2 paste, limestone synthesized Ca(OH)2 paste, and saline as the negative control, for 2 intervals of time and evaluated by Total Plate Counting (TPC) method. Samples were mandibular first premolar root canal prepared by root canal preparation and contaminated with E. faecalis (ATCC 29212). The infected root canals of each group were treated by the medicaments, and samples from the root canals were taken on day 7 (n=4) and 14 (n=4). Results showed that both Ca(OH)2 groups had antimicrobial activities against E. faecalis. The limestone Ca(OH)2 paste group had the least amount of bacterial colonies on the 7th day compared to other groups. In contrast, on the 14th day, the conventional Ca(OH)2 paste had the least bacterial colonies. It can be concluded that the Ca(OH)2 paste synthesized from natural limestone has an antimicrobial effect on E. faecalis, the antimicrobial effect was higher on the 7th day but decreases on the 14th day, whereas the conventional Ca(OH)2 had a higher antimicrobial effect on day 14 compared to day 7. Further studies are expected to improve the long-term antimicrobial effectiveness and sustainability of the natural limestone synthesized Ca(OH)2 paste.

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