Response of Dry Matter Accumulation in Maize to Temperature: I. Dry Matter Partitioning

Crop Science ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 1239-1246 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Tollenaar
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Dry Matter Partitioning

Temperature response of dry matter accumulation, leaf photosynthesis, and chlorophyll fluorescence in an old and a new maize hybrid during early development

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 353-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Tollenaar ◽  
M. Mihajlovic ◽  
A. Aguilera
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll Fluorescence ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Temperature Tolerance ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Leaf Photosynthesis ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Dry Matter Partitioning ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Low Temperature Tolerance

Studies were conducted to investigate whether genetic improvement in dry matter accumulation of maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids recommended in Ontario from the late 1950s to the late 1980s is associated with cold-temperature tolerance during early phases of development. The maize hybrids Pride 5 (released in 1959) and Pioneer 3902 (released in 1988) were compared at 16/7, 23/14, and 33/24 °C under a 16-h photoperiod with a photosynthetic photon flux density of 650 μmol m−2 s−1 in long-term and short-term temperature experiments conducted in controlled-environment cabinets. In the long-term temperature experiment, plants were grown at the three temperature regimes from the 4- to the 12-leaf stage. Total and plant component dry matter was determined at the 8-, 10-, and 12-leaf stage, and leaf photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence were measured at the 10-leaf stage. In the short-term temperature experiment, plants were exposed to the three temperature regimes during a 3-d period after the 9-leaf stage, followed by 2 d at 23/14 °C. Dry matter accumulation during the 5-d period was measured and leaf photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence were measured during each of the last 3 d of the 5-d period. Results showed a highly significant temperature effect on all measured parameters. Dry matter of Pride 5 at the 10-leaf stage was higher than that of Pioneer 3902, but rates of dry matter accumulation and leaf photosynthesis did not differ among hybrids, and hybrid × temperature interactions were not significant for these parameters. Hybrid × temperature interactions were significant for dry matter partitioning and the fluorescence parameter Fv/Fm, suggesting better low-temperature tolerance for Pride 5. Results of the short-term temperature study showed a significant hybrid × temperature interaction for dry matter accumulation, with Pride 5 higher than Pioneer 3902 at the low temperature regime and Pride 5 lower than Pioneer 3902 at the high temperature regime. Results of these experiments suggest that improvement over the past 30 yr of Ontario maize hybrids is not associated with improved low-temperature tolerance during early development. Key words: Maize, low-temperature tolerance, dry matter accumulation, dry matter partitioning, photosynthesis, chlorophyll fluorescence

DYNAMICS OF ACCUMULATION AND PARTITIONING OF DRY MATTER AND FRUCTO-OLIGOSACCHARIDES IN PLANT FRACTIONS OF FORAGE CEREALS

2015 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 188-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. IANNUCCI ◽  
M. PIZZILLO ◽  
G. ANNICCHIARICO ◽  
M. FRAGASSO ◽  
V. FEDELE
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Emmer Wheat ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Dry Matter Partitioning ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Essential Components ◽  
Industrial Use ◽  
Management Approaches ◽  
Interesting Species

SUMMARYDuring growth, several cereals store significant amounts of fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS), which have important prebiotic properties. Cereal forage crops are also essential components of many Mediterranean agricultural systems, although little information is available on their dynamics of accumulation and partitioning of dry matter and FOS during growth. Oat (Avena sativaL.,cv. ‘Flavia’ andcv. ‘Genziana’), emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccumSchrank,cv. ‘Giovanni Paolo’), barley (Hordeum vulgareL.,cv. ‘Diomede’) and triticale (xTriticosecaleWittmack,cv. ‘Rigel’) were investigated for their synthesis of FOS, with a view to development of management approaches for harvesting high-quality forage, and to determine whether these species can be used as natural sources of FOS for commercial use. The study was conducted at Foggia (Italy) and Bella (Potenza, Italy) over two growing seasons (2008–2009; 2009–2010). Dry-matter accumulation and FOS contents were determined for plant fractions from heading to kernel-hard stages. There were large variations across these species for dry-matter partitioning and dry-matter yield (greatest for triticale: 1.24 kg m−2), and for FOS levels of total plants and plant fractions. Emmer wheat and triticale showed greater FOS production (52.0, 41.1 g m−2, respectively). Barley, emmer wheat and triticale showed higher FOS levels in total plants (4.11%, 5.93%, 4.33% dry matter, respectively). Barley, emmer wheat and triticale appear to be the most interesting species for production of forage biomass rich in FOS and as natural FOS sources for industrial use.

Phenology, Reproductive-Biology and Seed Development in Four Rush and Sedge Species From Western Australia

1988 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 711 ◽  
Author(s):  
KA Meney ◽  
KW Dixon
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Tissue Water ◽  
Dry Matter Partitioning ◽  
Study Species

Four species of Restionaceae and Cyperaceae from the Mediterranean-type climate region of Western Australia were studied to determine factor(s) limiting their reproductive performance. Ecdeiocolea monostachya (Ecdeiocoleaceae), Lepidobolus chaetocephalus (Restionaceae), Restio aff. sphacelatus (Restionaceae) and Mesomelaena pseudostygia (Cyperaceae) differed in the pattern of dry matter partitioning and phenological patterns. All species were moderately efficient at remobilising dry matter from senescing vegetative organs, maintaining constant tissue water to dry matter content in mature organs over the study period regardless of soil moisture availability. In situ nutrient and water supplements of study species did not elicit improved seed production or significant increases in dry matter accumulation (except for current and old culms of E. monostachya and spikelets of L. chaetocephalus). For all study species except L. chaetocephalus, seed production was low, while herbivore activity, insect predation andlor infection by a smut (Tolyposporium lepidiboli) reduced seed production potential in L. chaetocephalus and E. monostachya. Attempts at seed germination for all study species were not successful. Extracted embryos from mature seed of all species cultured in vitro grew rapidly, providing a reliable method for propagation of study species.

scholarly journals Biomass Yield and Dry Matter Partitioning in Greenhouse-grown Stinging Nettle under Different Fertilization Regimes

2012 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 751-756 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laban K. Rutto ◽  
Myong-Sook Ansari ◽  
Michael Brandt
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Biomass Yield ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Stinging Nettle ◽  
Dry Matter Partitioning ◽  
Specialty Crop ◽  
N Supply ◽  
K 12 ◽  
Aboveground Growth ◽  
Limiting Threshold

Stinging nettle (Urtica dioica) is a specialty crop with economic potential. Apart from being harvested and consumed as a leafy vegetable, stinging nettle has well-documented applications in alternative medicine and industry. However, research on stinging nettle mineral nutrition is insufficient and the current study is part of efforts to establish agronomic guidelines for managed cultivation. Greenhouse experiments were conducted over two seasons (summer and fall) to evaluate stinging nettle growth and dry matter partitioning in response to variations in the supply of nitrogen (N), and N in combination with potassium (K). In the first experiment, seedlings were transplanted into potted media amended with N applied at rates equivalent to 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, and 75 g·m−2, while Expt. 2 consisted of N (15, 45, and 75 g·m−2 equivalent) and K (4, 8, and 12 g·m−2 equivalent) applied in factorial combinations. In Expt. 1, stinging nettle growth was positively correlated with N supply up to 60 g·m−2 during the reproductive phase (summer) and 75 g·m−2 during the vegetative phase (fall), while there was a slight decline in growth and dry matter yield at the highest level of K (12 g·m−2) at all N levels in Expt. 2. In both experiments, growth and dry matter accumulation was higher in the fall than in summer, and high N accounted for significantly more vegetative growth with a concomitant increase in aboveground biomass. Our results suggest that K should be applied at a rate below the growth-limiting threshold of 12 g·m−2. In this study, N strongly stimulated aboveground growth suggesting it is the most important element in stinging nettle nutrition.

scholarly journals Dry Matter Partitioning and Productivity of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) as Influenced by Sowing Thermal Regimes and Bio-regulators

2020 ◽  
pp. 84-91
Author(s):  
Hansa Lakhran ◽  
O. P. Sharma ◽  
Rohitash Bajiya ◽  
H. P. Verma ◽  
Meena Choudhary
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Dry Matter Partitioning ◽  
Yield Parameters ◽  
Thermal Regimes ◽  
Control Water ◽  
Plot Design

A field experiment was carried out during the rabi seasons of 2016-17 and 2017-18 at Agronomy Farm, S.K.N. Agriculture University, Jobner, Jaipur, Rajasthan, to evaluate the effect of sowing at different thermal regimes and foliar sprays of bio-regulators on growth and yield of wheat. The treatments comprised three sowings (22ºC, 20ºC and 18ºC) and eight bio-regulators (control, water spray, SA @ 100 ppm, SA @ 200 ppm, TSA @ 100 ppm, TSA @ 200 ppm, TGA @ 100 ppm and TGA @ 200 ppm). The experiment was conducted in split plot design with 4 replications. Wheat sown at 20ºC showed superior performance in respect of dry-matter partitioning and yield parameters, i.e. grain, straw biological and yields as compared to sowing at 22ºC and 18ºC. Amongst the bio-regulators options, an application of SA @ 200 ppm resulted in better performance, being comparable with those of TSA @ 200 ppm and TGA @ 200 ppm. Crop sown at 20ºC along with SA @ 200 ppm was found to be a better option for maximum dry matter accumulation and productivity of wheat under heat stress.

Effects of water stress on dry matter content and partitioning in four grapevine cultivars (Vitis vinifera L.)

OENO One ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Gómez-del-Campo ◽  
Pilar Baeza ◽  
C. Ruiz ◽  
José Ramón Lissarrague
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Irrigation Treatment ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Full Irrigation ◽  
Dry Matter Partitioning ◽  
Accumulation Pattern

<p style="text-align: justify;">Three-year-old grapevines of four cultivars (Garnacha tinta (Grenache noir), Tempranillo, Chardonnay and Airén) were grown on 35 L container under full irrigation and restricted irrigation conditions in order to determine the effect of water stress on carbohydrate allocation. Total grapevine dry matter was measured at pruning, fruitset, veraison and harvest. Roots, wood, shoots, leaves and clusters were dried separately. Shoots were the most affected organs by water stress, while wood was the least affected. Vines under water stress partitioned more dry matter to wood and roots to the detriment of fruits and shoots. The period from fruitset to veraison was the most active for dry matter accumulation under conditions of stress, whereas non-water stressed vines accumulated more dry matter from veraison to harvest. Under both irrigation treatments, fruits competed with roots for dry matter partitioning. Irrigation treatment and cultivar determined fruit size. Fruit size determined dry matter partitioning between organs and the dry matter accumulation pattern.</p>

scholarly journals Effect of the duration of the vegetative phase on crop growth, development and yield in two contrasting pearl millet hybrids

1988 ◽  
Vol 110 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Q. Craufurd ◽  
F. R. Bidinger
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Pearl Millet ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Stem Growth ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Dry Matter Partitioning ◽  
Vegetative Phase

SummaryThe phenotype of medium duration pearl millet varieties grown in West Africa differs from that of the shorter duration millets grown in India. African varieties are usually much taller, have longer panicles, fewer productive tillers, and a lower ratio of grain to above-ground dry-matter (harvest index). The effect of crop duration on plant phenotype was investigated in two hybrids using extended daylengths to increase the duration of the vegetative phase (GSl: sowing to panicle initiation). The two hybrids, 841A × J104 and 81A × Souna B, were considered to represent the Indian and African phenotype, respectively. Tiller production and survival, leaf area, and dry-matter accumulation and partition, were monitored over the season. Grain yield and its components were determined at maturity.The two hybrids responded similarly to the short and long daylength treatments. The duration of GSl was increased from 20 to 30 days, resulting in increased number of leaves, leaf area, and stem and total dry-matter accumulation; there was no effect on tiller production and survival, or on panicle growth rate. Grain yield was, therefore, the same in both GSl treatments, and harvest index (HI) was much reduced in the long GSl treatment owing to the increased stem growth. One evident effect of a longer GSl was on dry-matter partitioning between shoots; partitioning to the main stem (MS) was increased, whereas partitioning to the tillers was reduced.There was no difference in crop development, growth or yield between the two hybrids in either GSl treatment. The only significant differences were in the efficiency with which intercepted radiation was converted to dry matter, which was greater in 841A × J104 than in 81A × Souna B, and in the balance between MS and tillers; the grain yield of the MS was significantly greater in 81A x Souna B than in 841A × J104, but at the expense of number of productive tillers.The results demonstrate that both African and Indian phenotypes are equally productive under good agronomic conditions. The lower HI in longer duration African millets is a consequence of a much extended stem growth phase and therefore increased competition between stem and panicle during grain filling. Possible ways to increase grain yield in the medium duration African millets are considered.

Effects of partial rootzone drying and rootstock vigour on dry matter partitioning of apple trees (Malus domesticacvar Pink Lady)

2011 ◽  
Vol 150 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. LO BIANCO ◽  
G. TALLUTO ◽  
V. FARINA
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Deficit Irrigation ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Dry Matter Partitioning ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Partial Rootzone Drying ◽  
Conventional Irrigation

SUMMARYThe effects of partial rootzone drying (PRD) and rootstock vigour on dry matter accumulation and partitioning among leaves, shoots, fruits, frame and roots of apple trees (Malus domesticaBorkh. cvar Pink Lady) were investigated in 2005 near Caltavuturo, in Sicily. In a first field trial, trees on MM.106 rootstock were subjected to: conventional irrigation (CI), maintaining soil moisture above 0·80 of field capacity; PRD irrigation, where alternating sides of the rootzone received 0·50 of the CI irrigation water; and continuous deficit irrigation (DI), where 0·50 of the CI water was equally applied to both sides of the rootzone. In a second trial, trees on M.9 or MM.106 were subjected to CI and PRD irrigation. In trial 1, dry matter accumulation was markedly reduced by DI irrigation and to a lesser extent by PRD; PRD trees partitioned 20% less to leaves, 31% less to fruits and 24% more to woody components than CI trees; DI trees partitioned 14% less to current shoots and 18% more to fruits than CI and had the highest fruit:leaf ratio. In trial 2, there was no interaction between rootstock and irrigation treatments. MM.106 induced greater leaf, shoot, frame and root dry weights (DWs) than M.9, resulting in more vegetative growth and larger trees. PRD reduced leaf, shoot, frame and fruit DWs, while root DWs were similar to CI, and thus PRD trees were 18% smaller than CI trees. Neither rootstock nor irrigation affected dry matter partitioning among organs or root:canopy ratio, whereas PRD trees or trees on MM.106 showed better water use efficiency than CI and M.9, respectively. The results show that PRD trees did not activate drought tolerance strategies in terms of dry matter allocation that could improve acquisition of water resources, regardless of rootstock. PRD irrigation increased above-ground dry matter partitioning towards woody components at the expense of leaves and fruits.

Responses of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) to sowing rate in south-western Australia II Canopy development, radiation absorption and dry matter partitioning

1998 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 999 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Jettner ◽  
S. P. Loss ◽  
L. D. Martin ◽  
K. H. M. Siddique
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Faba Bean ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Radiation Absorption ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Dry Matter Partitioning ◽  
Canopy Development ◽  
Green Area ◽  
Matter Production

Sowing rate influences plant density, canopy development, radiation absorption, dry matter production and its partitioning, and seed yield. The canopy development, radiation interception, and dry matter partitioning of faba bean (cv. Fiord) were examined using 6 sowing rate treatments from 70 to 270 kg/ha in field experiments conducted over 3 years at Northam as part of a larger investigation of sowing rate responses in faba bean in south-western Australia. High sowing rates resulted in significantly earlier canopy closure, larger green area indexes, more radiation absorption, more dry matter accumulation particularly during the early vegetative stages, and greater seed yield than treatments where a low plant density was established. The results suggest that further increases in canopy development, radiation absorption, dry matter accumulation, and seed yield are possible by using sowing rates in excess of 270 kg/ha. The rate of node appearance was relatively constant within and across seasons (1 every 65·9 degree-days), whereas the number of branches per plant declined with increasing plant density, and less branches survived through to maturity at high density. The peak photosynthetically active radiation absorption (75-85%) measured at green area index of 2·9-3·8 in the highest sowing rate treatment in this study is similar to previous reports for other crops. The estimated radiation use efflciency (1·30 g/MJ) was constant across sowing rate treatments and seasons. High sowing rates produced tall crops with the lowest pods further from the soil surface than those at low plant density, and hence, mechanical harvesting was easier. The growth of individual plants may have been limited by the low growing season rainfall (266-441 mm) and/or low soil pH (5·0 in CaCl2) at the site, and competition between plants for radiation was probably small even at the highest sowing rate. Early canopy closure and greater dry matter production with high sowing rates may also cause greater suppression of weeds and aphids.

Post-flowering dry matter accumulation and partitioning and timing of crop maturity in chickpea in western Canada

2007 ◽  
Vol 87 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yadeta Anbessa, Tom Warkentin ◽  
Rosalind Bueckert, Albert Vandenberg ◽  
Yantai Gan
Keyword(s):  
Harvest Index ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Dry Matter Partitioning ◽  
Early Maturity ◽  
Days To Maturity ◽  
Crop Maturity ◽  
Pod Harvest Index

A field experiment aimed at determining whether timing of crop maturity was related to patterns of dry matter (DM) accumulation and partitioning to reproductive organs in chickpea was conducted at different locations in Saskatchewan over two seasons, 2003 and 2004. Five genotypes 272-2, 298T-9, E100Ym, CDC Anna, and CDC Frontier were grown in a RCB design with four replications. Beginning at 60 d after seeding (DAS) and every 15 d following, plant samples were taken and separated into stem, leaf and pod fractions. Then dry weights of the sample fractions were determined. Total DM production showed an increasing trend over sampling dates, but the increase was at a decreasing rate beginning in mid-season. The early genotype 272-2 had a pattern of total DM accumulation similar to the others, but had significantly smaller vegetative (stem plus leaf) DM accumulation during the latter part of the growth period. This shows a relatively high proportion of DM partitioning to pod for 272-2. Also, the partitioning of resources to reproductive parts (allometric partitioning) and pod harvest index were each negatively associated with days to maturity, implying that assimilate partitioning for maximum pod DM is important for early maturity in chickpea in western Canada. Key words: days to maturity, post-flowering growth, dry matter, dry matter partitioning, pod harvest index

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