Soil Compaction Caused by Cut-to-Length Forest Operations and Possible Short-Term Natural Rehabilitation of Soil Density

The traffic of machines is the main cause of compaction of forest soils, causing soil deformations, due to the pressures exerted by the machines, both at the time of cutting and in the transshipment of wood. In this sense, this work had as objective to evaluate soil compaction, caused by the traffic of machines, in the mechanized thinning operation of Eucalyptus saligna Smith. This study was carried out in forest stands, in the municipality of Butiá, RS. Changes in soil physical properties were evaluated in three treatments: with no traffic; after cutting; and after wood transshipment. The forest inventory and collection of undisturbed soil samples were carried out to determine microporosity, macroporosity and bulk density. The experimental design was the completely randomized, in a bifactorial arrangement, with subdivided plots. For the comparison of the physical attributes, the Tukey test (p≤0.05) of significance was used. The results evidenced increase in soil density values, mainly in the treatment after transshipment and decrease in macropores, with values close to and below the limit considerable as detrimental to the development of the plants. The knowledge of soil deformations caused by forest operations contributes to the improvement of future processes aiming to guide the physical quality of the soil, in order to offer beneficial conditions to the growth of the plants.

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SOIL DENSITY AND OPTIMUM MOISTURE FOR SOIL COMPACTION IN FIVE SOIL CLASSES IN WESTERN BAHIA STATE

Revista Engenharia na Agricultura - REVENG ◽

10.13083/reveng.v28i.8005 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 28 ◽

pp. 211-222

Author(s):

Gustavo Tenório Araújo ◽

Joaquim Pedro Soares Neto ◽

Heliab Bomfim Nunes

Keyword(s):

Regression Analysis ◽

Organic Carbon ◽

Principal Components ◽

Soil Compaction ◽

Soil Structure ◽

Clay Content ◽

Native Forest ◽

Sand Content ◽

Soil Density ◽

Natural Ecosystems

The transformation of natural ecosystems into agricultural environments modifies the soil structure and it may result in its compaction. Therefore, the objective of this work was to determine the optimum moisture for soil compaction (wot) and maximum soil compaction density (Dsmax) in different soil classes in western Bahia State. The samples were collected in five sites covering different soil classes: Orthic Quartzarenic Neosol (RQ), Orthic Ebanic Vertisol (VEo), Haplic Cambisol (CX) and two Red-Yellow Latosol, one already cropped (LVA) and another with native forest (LVA1). Wot and Dsmax were determined according to ABNT NBR 7182 (1986) standards. Data were submitted to a regression analysis and also to the analysis of the principal components (PCA). Wot presented a decreasing order: VEo> LVA> LVA1> CX> RQo, ranging between 8.20 and 15.00% and Dsmax showed the following order RQo> LVA> LVA1> CX> VE, ranging between 1.34 and 1,92 Mg.m-3. The wot was directly proportional to the clay content and the organic carbon and inversely proportional to the soil sand content. For Dsmax, the influence of the clay was inversely proportional whereas in wot, this variable promoted the growth.

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Influence of Cultural Management on Compaction of a Cerrado Latosol

Journal of Experimental Agriculture International ◽

10.9734/jeai/2019/v38i130293 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1-11

Author(s):

Matheus Azevedo Dos Santos ◽

Aloisio Bianchini ◽

Pedro Silvério Xavier Pereira ◽

Rodrigo Fernandes Daros ◽

Matheus Santos de Deus ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cover Crops ◽

Soil Compaction ◽

Technological Development ◽

Block Design ◽

Soil Conditions ◽

Soil Density ◽

Cultural Management ◽

Randomized Complete Block Design ◽

The One ◽

Alternative Practices

Soil compaction is a process that negatively affects the availability of water and nutrients to plants. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate alternative practices of cultural management in order to reduce soil compaction. The experimental area is located in the Foundation for Research and Technological Development Rio Verde, where 13 treatments were installed with different systems of cultural management, all rotated with soy. A randomized complete block design (DBC) was used for this experiment, with three blocks (one repetition per block), thirteen treatments and two depths of soil (0-10 cm and 10-20 cm). Physical analyzes were soil resistance to penetration, soil density, and soil moisture at the time of collection. The treatment in which the soil was stirred during the fallow period was the one that presented the lowest resistance of the soil to penetration, followed by the treatment where a mixture of cover crops was used in the second harvest, and the treatment where soybean was harvested and brachiaria in the second crop, using corn with brachiaria every two years, was the one that presented lower soil density, followed by the treatment with stirring during fallow season. Planting areas with a greater diversity of rotating plants presented as a good proposal of soil management, as they provide ideal soil conditions for the crop and for the use of rainwater or irrigation.

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Retention of eucalyptus harvest residues reduces soil compaction caused by deep subsoiling

Journal of Forestry Research ◽

10.1007/s11676-021-01370-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Raphael Oliveira de Melo ◽

Aymbiré Angeletti da Fonseca ◽

Nairam Félix de Barros ◽

Raphael Bragança Alves Fernandes ◽

Rafael da Silva Teixeira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Forest Soils ◽

Soil Compaction ◽

Total Porosity ◽

Residue Management ◽

Soil Tillage ◽

Mechanical Resistance ◽

Soil Density ◽

Undisturbed Soil ◽

Harvest Residues ◽

Tillage Operations

AbstractEucalyptus harvesting, forwarding and soil tillage operations are among the main causes for compaction of forest soils, with potential impacts on productivity. This concern is especially important in areas with soils that are naturally compacted (fragipans and duripans). In these soils, tillage operations include the use of subsoilers that can reach depths of more than one meter and require heavy tractors that exert high pressure on the soil. One of the ways to try to minimize the effect of this compaction is by retaining harvest residues. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impacts of eucalyptus harvesting on soil physical attributes, as well as to determine the potential of different types of residue management to reduce compaction from the soil tillage operation. Two experiments were conducted in the same area with a Yellow Argisol. In the first experiment, compaction caused by mechanized harvesting with harvester + forwarder was evaluated. In the second experiment, different managements of harvest residues were examined as potential modifiers of soil compaction during tillage for new plantings. For this, three managements systems were tested: (1) retention of all harvest residues and litter from the previous rotation (HR + L), (2) retention of litter from the previous rotation (L), and (3) removal of harvest residues and litter from the previous rotation (WR). Before and after harvest, sampling was carried out in the planting rows and inter-rows, and after tillage, samples were collected in the traffic line of the subsoiler-tractor set. In both experiments, undisturbed soil samples were collected from the center of the 0–10, 10–20, 20–40, 40–60, and 60–100 cm layers to determine soil density and total porosity. In each period and site of evaluation, mechanical resistance to penetration up to the 60-cm depth was also determined. The harvesting operation increased soil density at 0–10 and 60–100 cm depths only in the inter-rows. Retention of harvest residues and litter (HR + L) after harvesting avoided increases in soil density and penetration resistance caused by machine traffic during tillage. The results indicate the importance of retaining harvest residues on forest soils for achieving sustainable utilization and for conserving soil quality.

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Planting dates and placement of the Sophora plantation on the irrigated lands of the Tashkent oasis

IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science ◽

10.1088/1755-1315/939/1/012040 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 939 (1) ◽

pp. 012040

Author(s):

M M Kalandarov ◽

KH T Mashrapov ◽

G M Salokhiddinov

Keyword(s):

Soil Compaction ◽

Growing Season ◽

Mineral Fertilizers ◽

First Year ◽

Short Term ◽

Planting Dates ◽

Planting Pattern ◽

Climatic Zones ◽

Air Temperatures ◽

Lateral Shoots

Abstract This article is very relevant to set out organizing plantations in the conditions of the Tashkent oasis. Climatic zones of desert and semi-desert under the influence of new conditions (abundance of light and thermal solar energy, a very long growing season, artificial irrigation), the growth and development of sophora is favorable. Annual seedlings under the influence of mineral fertilizers reach a height of up to 110 cm, the growth of lateral shoots of seedlings in the first year after planting is 33 cm.In the conditions of the Tashkent oasis, sophora favorably tolerates short-term winter low air temperatures (up to 30°C), tolerates soil compaction and has established itself gas-, dust-resistant decorative breed. The number of inflorescences on one tree ranges from 16 to 60 pieces, depending on the layout of the seats. Abundant flowering of sophora was noted with a planting pattern of 5.0x4.0, 5.0x3.0 with sufficient sunlight. The content of rutin in fruit elements ranges from 3.9 to 14.7% and depends on agrotechnical care, the state of the plantings themselves and their location.

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EFFECT OF TRAFFIC INTENSITIES OF A DIRECTIONAL FELLER AND SKIDDER ON THE COMPACTION OF A BRUNO NITISOL

Revista Árvore ◽

10.1590/1806-90882019000100011 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 43 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Tamara Izabel de Andrade Payá ◽

Eduardo da Silva Lopes ◽

Karina Maria Vieira Cavalieri-Polizeli ◽

Henrique Soares Koehler ◽

Marcelo Marques Lopes Muller ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Soil Compaction ◽

Total Porosity ◽

Regression Equations ◽

Traffic Intensity ◽

Soil Density ◽

Soil Layers ◽

Wood Harvesting ◽

Four Blocks ◽

Level Of Significance ◽

Traffic Simulations

ABSTRACT This study evaluated the compaction of a Bruno Nitisol caused by traffic intensities by a directional feller and skidder used to wood harvesting in a Pinus taeda stand. Data were collected at a forest company located in Parana State, Brazil. Samples were performed using an installation of four blocks (30 × 15 m) with subdivided plots and the treatments included a combination of five traffic simulations of directional feller and skidder machines, with the simulations performed in the plots at four soil depths, referred to as subplots. Compaction was evaluated by soil density, total porosity, microporosity, and macroporosity. The data were submitted to analysis of variance and the means were compared with the Tukey test at a 5% level of significance. Linear regression equations were also adjusted to represent the relation between traffic intensity, depth, and the variable of interest. The results showed that machine traffic caused higher compaction of the superficial soil layers, resulting in a 14.6% increase in soil density compared to the soil subjected to no machine traffic. The increase in traffic intensity of the skidder tractor reduced macroporosity by 62.5% and 53.8% at depths of 0-10 and 10-20 cm, respectively. Dragging of the logs by the skidder tractor increased soil compaction due to the several trips by the machine in a single line.

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Past and future for tillage for grain crops

Agrarian Bulletin of the ◽

10.32417/1997-4868-2020-194-3-21-27 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 194 (3) ◽

pp. 21-27

Author(s):

A. Konischev

Keyword(s):

Soil Compaction ◽

First Generation ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

Growing Season ◽

Moisture Regime ◽

Soil Density ◽

Entire Area ◽

Soil Cultivation ◽

Anthropogenic Soil ◽

The Impact

Abstract. The purpose of the research is to show and explain why it is impossible to eliminate anthropogenic soil compaction and reduce the dependence of crop productivity on the weather conditions of the growing season with the help of first-generation soil cultivation technologies. Methods. To achieve this goal, the analysis of the impact of the results of the application of first-generation technologies on the yield of cultivated crops. On the basis of which, with the help Of the theory of solving inventive problems, the laws of creating second-level technologies are developed and the directions of their implementation are determined. The scientific novelty lies in the development of a new direction of improving the technology of soil cultivation for crops. Results. It is established that the creation of the first generation of technologies took place on the “layer-plane” principle, implemented according to the scheme “deep-less deep-very shallow”. Given that plants for maximum productivity does not need any specific soil density, and requires an optimal combination of density and moisture regime, this led to a chronic predisposition of the first generation technologies to anthropogenic soil compaction and complete dependence of crops on current weather conditions. It is possible to eliminate the specified lacks at transition to technologies of the second level. By abandoning today's “horizontal” principle of minimizing processing, and moving to minimize the “vertical”, when not all the area of the field will be processed to the same depth and with the same intensity. In practice, this is realized by dividing the entire area of the field into many micro plots, each of which creates a soil density that provides maximum yield under a particular regime of moisture. Mutual influence and addition of sites to each other reduces the overall dependence of crop yield on weather conditions of the growing season. The increase in barley yield is up to 11 % compared to the technology based on plowing and up to 20 % compared to the minimum processing. Spring wheat, respectively: 15 % and 23 %.

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Calculation of the Ecological Thresholds of Normal Pressure of Machine Propulsion Drive in Working on Clay Soils

Agricultural machinery and technologies ◽

10.22314/2073-7599-2020-14-4-43-48 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 14 (4) ◽

pp. 43-48

Author(s):

A. N. Panasyuk ◽

A. V. Lipkan

Keyword(s):

Soil Moisture ◽

Soil Compaction ◽

Normal Load ◽

Normal Pressure ◽

Amur Region ◽

Soil Density ◽

Land Productivity ◽

Limit Value ◽

Ecological Threshold ◽

Limiting Value

One of the conditions for achieving maximum land productivity is optimal soil density. In the Amur Region, ecological compaction thresholds for cereals are 1.0-1.24 grams per cubic centimeter, for soybeans – 1.09-1.25, which corresponds to a normal pressure of 80-120 kilopascals, depending on soil moisture. The authors showed that the tractors used in the Amur Region, acting on the soil, exceed the ecological compaction threshold. (Research purpose) To substantiate the ecological compatibility of mobile fi eld energy, primarily tractors engaged in fi eld work, in terms of the compacting eff ect from the normal load transmitted by their propulsion drive to the soil. (Materials and methods) The authors analyzed the experimental data on changes in density, hardness and resistance of soil to processing. An empirical dependence was obtained for calculating the increase in resistance to soil cultivation from the compaction load in a layer of 0-20 centimeters. (Results and discussion) The authors established an increase in plowing resistance of 12-25 percents at a normal load of 138-170 kilopascals, transmitted by the machine propulsion drive, which corresponded to a soil density of 1.25-1.30 grams per cubic centimeter; at a load of 180-250 kilopascals, the resistance increased by 43-50 percents which was equivalent to a soil density of 1.30-1.35 grams per cubic centimeter; at a pressure of 300-350 kilopascals, these indicators increased by 60-67 percents and up to 1.40-1.45 grams per cubic centimeter; and at 400 kilopascals, they showed an increase in resistance of 70-90 percents which is comparable to a density of 1.48 grams per cubic centimeter. (Conclusions) It was determined that the limit value of the normal pressure under the machine propulsion drive in fi eld work should be limited to 150-175 kilopascals. The ecological threshold of normal pressure was established – no more than 120-135 kilopascals with soil moisture of 20-23 percents which was comparable to the soil density of 1.2-1.25 grams per cubic centimeter. The limiting value of the normal pressure of the propulsion drive on the soil was calculated – 350 Pa, which corresponded to the critical soil compaction of 1.30 grams per cubic centimeter.

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