scholarly journals A comparison of nitrogen and carbon reserves in acid sulphate and non acid sulphate soils in western Finland

2008 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 57 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. PAASONEN-KIVEKÄS ◽  
M. YLI-HALLA
Keyword(s):  
Groundwater Level ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Density Field ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Total N ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Acid Sulphate ◽  
Agricultural Catchments ◽  
Acid Sulphate Soils ◽  
C And N

Previous studies suggest that nitrogen (N) loads from acid sulphate soil (AS soil) catchments in Finland are higher than those from other agricultural catchments. This study seeks to explain this difference by measuring carbon (C) and N profiles in both an AS soil and a neighbouring non AS soil. In Lapua, western Finland, two adjacent fields (Dystric Cambisols), subjected to similar agricultural practices, were analysed to the depth of 240 cm for pH, total C (Ctot), total N (Ntot), NH4 +-N, NO3 --N, sulphur and bulk density. Field A, an AS soil, contained sulfidic materials and 0.9% Ctot below 170 cm, while Field B, not an AS soil, had 0.3% Ctot in the subsoil and no sulfides. In these soils, the groundwater level declined below 200 cm in summer, subjecting the subsoil to oxidation. This study revealed large stocks of Ctot, Ntot, and mineral N in the subsoil, particularly in the AS soil. At 20–240 cm, Field A contained 292 tons of Ctot ha-1 and 25 tons of Ntot ha-1, while Field B had 152 tons of Ctot ha-1 and 11 tons of Ntot ha-1. Field A contained up to 435 kg of mineral N ha-1 in autumn, while in Field B there was only up to 137 kg of mineral N ha-1. In Field A, NH4 +-N dominated strongly, while NO3 --N dominated in Field B. It is suggested that the greater concentration of mineral N in the AS soil is due to 1) a greater stock of total (mineralizable) N and 2) the slower rate of nitrification resulting in substantial NH4 +-N retention on cation exchange sites.;

scholarly journals Mineralization of pig slurry compost treated with retorted oil shale and dicyandiamide in two contrasting soils

2021 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luanna Corrêa Monteiro ◽  
Celso Aita ◽  
Janquieli Schirmann ◽  
Stefen Barbosa Pujo ◽  
Diego Antônio Giacomini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oil Shale ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
N Immobilization ◽  
Pig Slurry ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Total N ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
C And N

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate carbon and nitrogen mineralization in the soil after the application of composts produced in an automated composting plant, using pig slurry (PS) with and without the addition of retorted oil shale (ROS) and dicyandiamide (DCD) during composting. Laboratory studies were carried out for 180 days on two soils with contrasting characteristics: sandy-loam Typic Paludalf and clay Rhodic Hapludox, which were managed for more than 10 years under a no-tillage system. The composts were thoroughly mixed with the soils. The mineralization of the C and N from the compost was evaluated by measuring continuously CO2 emissions and periodically mineral N (NH4+ + NO3-) content in the soils, respectively. The mineralization of the C from the compost without ROS and DCD was higher in the sandy-loam soil (20.5%) than in the clay soil (13.9%). Similarly, 19.4% of the total N from the compost was mineralized in the sandy-loam soil and 10.9% in the clay soil. The presence of ROS in the compost reduced C mineralization by 54%, compared with the treatment without additives, in the sandy-loam soil and caused net N immobilization in both soils during incubation. The addition of DCD during PS composting did not affect the mineralization of the C and N from the compost in both soils. The addition of ROS during the composting of PS favors the retention of the C from the compost in the soil, especially in the sandy-loam one, but results in a net N immobilization.

scholarly journals Measured and simulated effects of sophisticated drainage techniques on groundwater level and runoff hydrochemistry in areas of boreal acid sulphate soils

2008 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 98
Author(s):  
I. BÄRLUND ◽  
S. TATTARI ◽  
M. YLI-HALLA
Keyword(s):  
Groundwater Level ◽  
Best Management Practices ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Drainage Water ◽  
Acid Sulphate ◽  
Best Management ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Acid Sulphate Soils ◽  
Ph Level

To abate the environmental problems caused by the severe acidity and high metal concentrations in rivers draining acid sulphate (AS) soils of Western Finland, control drainage (CD) and lime filter drainage (LFD), and their combination, were investigated. The effectiveness of these best management practices (BMP’s) on drainage water quality was studied on plot scale in two locations. In Ilmajoki, where the sulphidic materials are more than 2 m below the soil surface, CD efficiently reduced the concentrations of sulphate, aluminium, manganese and iron concentrations and to some extent also increased the pH of the drainage waters. LFD, in contrast, effectively reduced the drainage water acidity and raised the pH level. Decrease of the groundwater level owing to strong evapotranspiration in summer could, however, not be properly prevented by CD. In Mustasaari where sulphidic materials were as shallow as 1 m below soil surface, the positive effects of LFD recognised in Ilmajoki were hardly seen. This shows, that the tested BMP’s work properly, and can thus be recommended, for intensively artificially drained AS soils like in Ilmajoki where most of the acidity has already been transported to watercourses. LFD can, however, not be recommended for as yet poorly leached and thus particularly problematic AS soils like in Mustasaari. This is, of course, a drawback of the tested BMP, as it is not effective for the soils which would need it most. The field data were tentatively utilised to test the performance of the HAPSU (Ionic Flow Model for Acid Sulphate Soils) simulation model developed to estimate the loads of harmful substances from AS soils.;

scholarly journals Cycling and retention of nitrogen in European beech (<i>Fagus sylvatica</i> L.) ecosystems under elevated fructification frequency

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 3763-3779
Author(s):  
Rainer Brumme ◽  
Bernd Ahrends ◽  
Joachim Block ◽  
Christoph Schulz ◽  
Henning Meesenburg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Litter ◽  
Fagus Sylvatica ◽  
European Beech ◽  
N Deposition ◽  
N Cycling ◽  
Total N ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Leaf Litterfall ◽  
C And N ◽  
Mineral Soils

Abstract. Atmospheric deposition of nitrogen (N) has exceeded its demand for plant increment in forest ecosystems in Germany. High N inputs increased plant growth, the internal N cycling within the ecosystem, the retention of N in soil and plant compartments, and the N output by seepage water. But the processes involved are not fully understood, notably the effect of fructification in European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) on N fluxes. The frequency of fructification has increased together with air temperature and N deposition, but its impact on N fluxes and the sequestration of carbon (C) and N in soils have been hardly studied. A field experiment using 15N-labeled leaf litter exchange was carried out over a 5.5-year period at seven long-term European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) monitoring sites to study the impact of current mast frequency on N cycling. Mean annual leaf litterfall contained 35 kg N ha−1, but about one-half of that was recovered in the soil 5.5 years after the establishment of the leaf litter 15N exchange experiment. In these forests, fructification occurred commonly at intervals of 5 to 10 years, which has now changed to every 2 years as observed during this study period. Seed cupules contributed 51 % to the additional litterfall in mast years, which creates a high nutrient demand during their decomposition due to the very high ratios of C to N and C to phosphorus (P). Retention of leaf litter 15N in the soil was more closely related to the production of total litterfall than to the leaf litterfall, indicating the role of seed cupules in the amount of leaf N retained in the soil. Higher mast frequency increased the mass of mean annual litterfall by about 0.5 Mg ha−1 and of litterfall N by 8.7 kg ha−1. Mean net primary production (NPP) increased by about 4 %. Mean total N retention in soils calculated by input and output fluxes was unrelated to total litterfall, indicating that mast events were not the primary factor controlling total N retention in soils. Despite reduced N deposition since the 1990s, about 5.7 out of 20.7 kg N ha−1 deposited annually between 1994 and 2008 was retained in soils, notably at acid sites with high N/P and C/P ratios in the organic layers and mineral soils, indicating P limitation for litter decomposition. Trees retained twice as much N compared to soils by biomass increment, particularly in less acidic stands where the mineral soils had low C/N ratios. These results have major implications for our understanding of the C and N cycling and N retention in forest ecosystems. In particular the role of mast products in N retention needs more research in the future.

scholarly journals Nitrogen Cycling in a Norway Spruce Plantation in Denmark — A SOILN Model Application Including Organic N Uptake

2001 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 394-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claus Beier ◽  
Henrik Eckersten ◽  
Per Gundersen
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Control Plot ◽  
Organic N ◽  
N Addition ◽  
Control Data ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Total N ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
C And N

A dynamic carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) circulation model, SOILN, was applied and tested on 7�years of control data and 3 years of manipulation data from an experiment involving monthly N addition in a Norway spruce (Picea abies, L. Karst) forest in Denmark. The model includes two pathways for N uptake: (1) as mineral N after mineralisation of organic N, or (2) directly from soil organic matter as amino acids proposed to mimic N uptake by mycorrhiza. The model was parameterised and applied to the data from the control plot both with and without the organic N uptake included. After calibration, the model�s performance was tested against data from the N-addition experiment by comparing model output with measurements. The model reproduced well the overall trends in C and N pools and the N concentrations in soil solutions in the top soil layers whereas discrepancies in soil-solution concentrations in the deeper soil layers are seen. In the control data, the needle-N concentration was well reproduced except for small underestimations in some years because of drought effects not included in the model. In the N-addition experiment, SOILN reproduces the observed changes; in particular, the changes in needle-N concentrations and the overall distribution within the ecosystem of the extra added 3.5 g N m�2 year�1 parallel the observations. When organic N uptake is included, the simulations indicate that in the control plot receiving c. 1.9 g N m�2 year�1, the organic N uptake in average supplies 35% of the total plant N uptake. By addition of an extra 35 kg N ha�1 year�1, the organic N uptake is reduced to 16% of the total N uptake. Generally, inclusion of the pathway for organic N uptake improves model performance compared with observations for both C and N. This is because mineral N uptake alone implies a larger mineralisation rate, leading to bigger concentrations of N in the soil and soil water, bigger N losses, and net loss of c. 100 kg C ha�1 year�1, thereby causing depletion of the organic soil layer.

Afforestation of pastures with Pinus radiata influences soil carbon and nitrogen pools and mineralisation and microbial properties

Soil Research ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 40 (8) ◽  
pp. 1303 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Ross ◽  
K. R. Tate ◽  
N. A. Scott ◽  
R. H. Wilde ◽  
N. J. Rodda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Carbon ◽  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Forest Litter ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Total N ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Microbial Properties ◽  
C And N ◽  
Microbial C

In New Zealand, Pinus radiata D. Don is frequently planted on land under pasture primarily for production forestry, but with the added advantage of potentially offsetting carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from energy and industrial sources. Conversion of pasture to P. radiata plantations can, however, result in lowered contents of soil carbon (C) at some sites. We here examine the effects of this land-use change on soil C and nitrogen (N) pools, and on microbial properties involved in the cycling of these nutrients, at 5 paired sites, each with an established pasture and P. radiata plantation. Four sites had first-rotation trees aged 12–30 years and the other site second-rotation trees aged 20 years. In mineral soil at 0–10 cm depth, total and microbial C and N, extractable C, CO2-C production, and, generally, net mineral-N production were lower under P. radiata than under pasture; differences were significant (P < 0.05), except for total and extractable C at 2 sites. Differences between these land uses were less distinct in soil at 10–30 cm depth. On an area basis, total C in 0–30 cm depth soil was lower under P. radiata than under pasture at most sites, but significantly lower at only one site. Total N, microbial C and N, and CO2-C and net mineral-N production were, however, again generally significantly lower under P. radiata. These ecosystem differences were less marked, although still present, except for CO2-C production, when forest litter (LFH material) was included in the area calculations. Overall, our study suggests that afforestation with P. radiata leads to a reduction in total N, microbial biomass, and microbial activity, but a less consistent effect on soil C storage after one rotation.

scholarly journals Dynamics of C and N in a clay loam soil amended with biochar and corn straw

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
George O. Odugbenro ◽  
Zhihua Liu ◽  
Yankun Sun
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Microbial Biomass C ◽  
Microbial Biomass N ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Corn Straw ◽  
Clay Loam Soil ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Total N ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
C And N

An incubation study was conducted to determine the influence of biochar and corn straw on CO2-C emission, soil organic C, microbial biomass C and N, total N, and mineral N (NH4+-N and NO3--N) in a clay loam soil. Six treatments viz., CK (Control); S (Soil + 1% straw); B1 (Soil + 0.5% biochar); B2 (Soil + 2% biochar); SB1 (Soil + 1% straw + 0.5% biochar); SB2 (Soil + 1% straw + 2% biochar) were tested with three replications. Results showed that straw addition to soil with or without biochar increased CO2-C emission while sole-biochar addition (2%) reduced it. Straw and biochar also increased the soil microbial biomass C and N but greatest increase in microbial biomass N (111.9 µg g-1) was recorded by biochar-straw combination. SOC and total N significantly increased following biochar and straw additions which suggest that organic amendments can improve soil chemical properties. Additionally, for soil mineral N, biochar reduced NH4+-N and NO3--N concentrations while straw increased NH4+-N concentration but greatly reduced that of NO3--N.

The effects of liming and soil pH on carbon and nitrog contained in the soil biomass

1983 ◽  
Vol 101 (3) ◽  
pp. 553-558 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. McM. Adams ◽  
S. N. Adams
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Total N ◽  
Organic C ◽  
C And N ◽  
Lime Application ◽  
Chloroform Fumigation ◽  
Chloroform Fumigation Method

SUMMARYThe C and N in the biomass of soils from eight grassland field experiments where lime had been applied was determined by the chloroform fumigation method. Lime application increased C and N in the biomass by approximately 30% overall, although there was no effect at two sites. In the unlimed plots basal CO2 production, biomass C, and flush of mineral N production (FN) increased with soil pH. Biomass C and FN were correlated with total N content but not with organic C.Differences in the apparent C/N ratio of the biomass were found in unlimed soils of pH ≤ 4·5 and in those of pH > 4·5, the ratios being 4·2 and 5·8 respectively. For limed soils the ratio was 5·2. It is probable that the chloroform fumigation method is not suited to soils of very low pH, and that the C/N ratio obtained in soils of pH < 4·5 is artificially low.

Agricultural practices and diffuse nitrogen pollution in Denmark: empirical leaching and catchment models

1999 ◽  
Vol 39 (12) ◽  
pp. 257-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans E. Andersen ◽  
Brian Kronvang ◽  
Søren E. Larsen
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Animal Manure ◽  
Annual Runoff ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
N Loss ◽  
Total N ◽  
Model Calculations ◽  
N Removal

An empirical leaching model was applied to data on agricultural practices at the field level within 6 small Danish agricultural catchments in order to document any changes in nitrogen (N) leaching from the root zone during the period 1989-96. The model calculations performed at normal climate revealed an average reduction in N-leaching that amounted to 30% in the loamy catchments and 9% in the sandy catchments. The reductions in N leaching could be ascribed to several improvements in agricultural practices during the study period: (i) regulations on livestock density; (ii) regulations on the utilisation of animal manure; (iii) regulations concerning application practices for manure. The average annual total N-loss from agricultural areas to surface water constituted only 54% of the annual average N leached from the root zone in the three loamy catchments and 17% in the three sandy catchments. Thus, subsurface N-removal processes are capable of removing large amounts of N leached from agricultural land. An empirical model for the annual diffuse N-loss to streams from small catchments is presented. The model predicts annual N-loss as a function of the average annual use of mineral fertiliser and manure in the catchment and the total annual runoff from the unsaturated zone.

scholarly journals Effects of two wood-based biochars on the fate of added fertilizer nitrogen—a 15N tracing study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Subin Kalu ◽  
Gboyega Nathaniel Oyekoya ◽  
Per Ambus ◽  
Priit Tammeorg ◽  
Asko Simojoki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Uptake ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Organic N ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Total N ◽  
Application Rates

AbstractA 15N tracing pot experiment was conducted using two types of wood-based biochars: a regular biochar and a Kon-Tiki-produced nutrient-enriched biochar, at two application rates (1% and 5% (w/w)), in addition to a fertilizer only and a control treatment. Ryegrass was sown in pots, all of which except controls received 15N-labelled fertilizer as either 15NH4NO3 or NH415NO3. We quantified the effect of biochar application on soil N2O emissions, as well as the fate of fertilizer-derived ammonium (NH4+) and nitrate (NO3−) in terms of their leaching from the soil, uptake into plant biomass, and recovery in the soil. We found that application of biochars reduced soil mineral N leaching and N2O emissions. Similarly, the higher biochar application rate of 5% significantly increased aboveground ryegrass biomass yield. However, no differences in N2O emissions and ryegrass biomass yields were observed between regular and nutrient-enriched biochar treatments, although mineral N leaching tended to be lower in the nutrient-enriched biochar treatment than in the regular biochar treatment. The 15N analysis revealed that biochar application increased the plant uptake of added nitrate, but reduced the plant uptake of added ammonium compared to the fertilizer only treatment. Thus, the uptake of total N derived from added NH4NO3 fertilizer was not affected by the biochar addition, and cannot explain the increase in plant biomass in biochar treatments. Instead, the increased plant biomass at the higher biochar application rate was attributed to the enhanced uptake of N derived from soil. This suggests that the interactions between biochar and native soil organic N may be important determinants of the availability of soil N to plant growth.

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