scholarly journals Tactical decisions of concentrate level, slaughter age and carcass weight of bulls of five beef breeds under Norwegian conditions

2008 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 101 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. BONESMO ◽  
L. NORDANG ◽  
L. DAVIES
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Beef Production ◽  
New Production ◽  
Daily Return ◽  
Slaughter Age ◽  
Concentrate Level

Beef production based on suckler cow breeds is a relatively new production system in Norway as in most Nordic countries. To ensure the continuation of this production, profitable management practices designed for Norwegian conditions have to be established. Thus a simulation model was developed that integrates the daily feed intake, the daily live weight (LW) gain, silage net energy concentration for beef production (feed units beef (FUb) kg?1 dry matter) and price, concentrate level and price, and carcass price for bulls of the country's five most common beef breeds. In this work the model was combined with production statistics to find general recommendations in the finishing of beef bulls under Norwegian conditions. Among all the five breeds the Limousin bulls had the highest estimated mean daily return and the Hereford bulls the lowest estimated mean daily return from 20 g concentrate kg?1 LW0.75 for the 940 FUb kg?1 silage dry matter, and from 40 g concentrate kg?1 LW0.75 for the 800 FUb kg?1 silage dry matter. Our estimated optimal slaughter ages and carcass weights shows that it pays to more intensively feed during the finishing period for all five breeds. Current farming practice in Norway for the five major breeds studied is that slaughter age is at least two months later with lighter carcass weights than the results expected from following our model estimated recommendations.

Comparison of techniques for estimation offorage dry matter intake bygrazing beef cattle

2008 ◽  
Vol 88 (4) ◽  
pp. 693-701 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Undi ◽  
C. Wilson ◽  
K. H. Ominski ◽  
K. M. Wittenberg
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Energy Equation ◽  
Extreme Values ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Prediction Equations ◽  
Wide Range

Four techniques were compared for their ability to estimate forage dry matter intake (DMI) of grazing animals. In the Cage technique, 10 grazing cages were placed within each pasture, and forage inside and outside the cages was clipped from 0.25-m2 quadrats after 12 to 20 d of grazing. The difference between forage inside and outside the grazing cage represented forage consumed by grazing animals. The second technique used n-alkane controlled release capsules to measure DMI of individual grazing animals (N-alkane marker technique). The remaining two techniques were prediction equations; one utilized body weight (BW) and average daily gain (ADG) to estimate DMI (Minson equation) and the other related dietary net energy concentration and BW to DMI (Net Energy equation). The four methodologies were applied to a 3-yr study evaluating liquid hog manure on the productivity of grass pastures. The study utilized steers of a relatively uniform body size on six continuously grazed grass pastures. When individual animal intakes were compared, the Net Energy equation estimated lower (P < 0.05) DMI than the Minson equation, with the N-alkane marker technique being intermediate. Dry matter intake (mean ± SD, kg d-1) was 5.3 ± 0.76, 7.4 ± 1.86, and 6.5 ± 2.58 for the Net Energy equation, Minson equation, and N-alkane marker technique, respectively. The Cage technique estimated average DMI of animals in each pasture of 17.5 ± 11.61 kg d-1 and this was higher (P < 0.05) than estimates from the other techniques. Dry matter intake estimates from different techniques were ranked: Cage technique > Minson equation > N-alkane marker technique > Net Energy equation. The DMI estimates generated by the Cage technique were associated with the largest coefficient of variation, with extreme values representing a range from 0.3 to 15.2% BW. The N-alkane marker technique estimated DMI that ranged from 0.6 to 4.5% BW. The strongest correlation (r = 0.30; P = 0.001) in DMI estimates was between the Net Energy and Minson equations due to the inclusion of BW as a component in both equations. Results of this study suggest that prediction equations can be useful for rapid DMI estimation. The N-alkane marker technique may be the preferred technique when a wide range of pasture conditions is anticipated. Key words: Grazing cages, n-alkanes, prediction equations, dry matter intake, grazing animals

The utilization of the dietary energy of pangola and setaria by young growing beef cattle

1982 ◽  
Vol 98 (2) ◽  
pp. 395-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. D. Tudor ◽  
D. J. Minson
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Initial Energy ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Lower Efficiency ◽  
Tropical Grasses

SUMMARYThe net energy values for growth and fattening of two artificially dried tropical grasses-, pangola (Digitaria decumbens) and setaria (S. sphacelata var. sericea cv. Nandi), of similar estimated metabolizable energy content (8·07 and 7·96 MJ/kg D.M.) were determined with cattle using a slaughter technique. Growing cattle with a mean initial weight of 175 kg were given equal quantities of dry matter of the two grasses at each of three planes of nutrition above maintenance for a period of 152 days.The initial energy, fat and protein content of the total body of the 24 test animals was estimated from regressions relating fasted live weight to theśe components, derived from 12 similar cattle slaughtered at the beginning of the feeding period. The final energy, fat and protein content of the test animals was determined directly by chemical analysis. The metabolizable energy (ME) content of the grasses was estimated from the level of digestible energy (DE) determined with eight cattle, assuming that ME = 0·815 DE.The cattle fed pangola gained more live weight, empty-body weight, fat, protein and energy than animals fed similar quantities of setaria. The net energy value for growth and fattening (NEf) was determined using regressions relating energy retention to the quantity of dry matter eaten. NEf in MJ/kg dry matter was 2·27 for pangola and 1·31 for setaria.Efficiency of utilization of ME for growth and fattening (kf) was.27·7% for pangola and 16·9% for setaria. These values for tropical grasses are lower than any values reported for temperate pasture species. Thus the lower efficiency of utilization of ME may cause the lower production of cattle which graze tropical grasses.It was concluded that as the kf values of different tropical grasses are not constant, kf values should be measured on a wider range of tropical grasses so that this factor can be taken into account when evaluating grasses in animal production systems.

The voluntary intake and utilization of roughage–concentrate diets by sheep. 1. Concentrate supplements for hay and straw

1971 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Crabtree ◽  
G. L. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Ewe Lambs ◽  
Unit Increase ◽  
Level 3 ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Concentrate Level

SUMMARYFour levels of a proprietary concentrate (0, 100, 200 and 400 g/day) were offered to Welsh Mountain ewe lambs receiving hay or straw ad libitum for 14 weeks. The apparent digestibility of the energy and nitrogen in the various diets was determined in a concurrent digestibility trial.The voluntary intakes of the straw and hay dry matter when given alone were 242 and 451 g/day respectively (28·4 and 49·2 g/kg W0·73 per day). Straw intake increased with an increase in concentrate feeding up to a level of 25% concentrate in the total dry matter and then declined. Hay intake declined linearly with increasing concentrate level (3 g/day decline per unit increase in the percentage of concentrate). In each case the total intake of dry matter and digestible energy increased with an increase in concentrate level.There was a positive within-treatment relationship between initial live weight and voluntary intake, an additional 0·019 Meal ME/day being consumed per kg increase in live weight. Within treatment groups lambs consuming relatively more food also made relatively higher weight gains. Estimates based on published standards of the metabolizable energy intakes required to produce the live weight changes observed on each treatment were considerably higher than the intakes recorded in the trial.

Effect of dietary net energy concentration on dry matter intake and energy partition in cows in mid-lactation under heat stress

2016 ◽  
Vol 87 (11) ◽  
pp. 1352-1362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fangquan Yan ◽  
Bai Xue ◽  
Liangrong Song ◽  
Jun Xiao ◽  
Siyan Ding ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Energy Partition

scholarly journals Nitrogen and phosphorus dynamics in Nile tilapia farming in excavated rearing ponds

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. e1319119699
Author(s):  
Anderson Coldebella ◽  
Antonio Cesar Godoy ◽  
André Luis Gentelini ◽  
Pitágoras Augusto Piana ◽  
Priscila Ferri Coldebella ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Production Cycle ◽  
Harvest Time ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
New Production ◽  
Feed Composition ◽  
Nutritional Recommendations ◽  
Harvesting Process ◽  
Supply Water

The purpose of this study was to determine the total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) balance during intensive tilapia farming in excavated ponds. To quantify TN and TP released into the environment, the supply water, effluents at the harvest time, fish composition, feed, and sediment were analysed. The mass balance between the amount of nutrients that is inserted through the feed, which is transformed into biomass by the fish and is retained in the sediment was calculated based on dry matter. The nutrient load arriving from the supply water was calculated as a function of the concentration of TN and TP. The TN and TP dynamics during the harvesting process in three different pond sizes identified that, on average, 2.37% of TN and 2.05% of TP inserted into the system during rearing is eliminated with 10.64% TN and 37.01% TP are retained in the sediment. The TN and TP input into the system occurs through the water supply, young fish, and the feed, the latter being responsible for about 92.87% TN and 96.05% TP. The feed composition indicates that the P level of the food is above the nutritional recommendations for the species. The amount of TP accumulated in the sediments indicates that there is a need for good management practices for water quality during the rearing and sediment management period before the beginning of a new production cycle.

Intensive beef production. 12. Replacement of concentrates with chopped dried grass

1971 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Kay ◽  
R. Massie ◽  
A. MacDearmid
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Beef Production ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Growth Trial

SUMMARY1. A growth trial was carried out using 24 British Friesian steers given diets containing (1) 100%, (2) 60%, (3) 40% and (4) 0% concentrates and chopped dried grass up to 100%.2. Daily dry-matter intake was significantly lower for steers on Treatment 1 than for steers on the other three treatments.3. Rate of live-weight gain declined from 1·18 to 0·88 kg/day and carcass gain from 625 to 430 g/day between steers on Treatments 1 and 4.4. Killing-out percentage dropped from 55·3% (1) to 51·9% (4) and the 8th-10th rib from steers on Treatments 3 and 4 contained significantly more crude protein and less ether-extractable matter than ribs from steers on Treatments 1 and 2.

Intensive beef production. II. Replacement of cereals with ground straw

1970 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 419-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Kay ◽  
A. Macdearmid ◽  
R. Massie
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The Other ◽  
Beef Production ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Growth Trial

SUMMARY1. A growth trial was carried out with 21 Friesian steers given diets containing either 0%, 30% or 50% ground straw, and concentrates up to 100%.2. Steers offered the diet containing 0% straw consumed less dry matter per day than steers on the other two treatments.3. Rates of live-weight gain were 1·20, 1·04 and 0·87 kg/day for the three treatments respectively, and carcass gains were 690, 550 and 440 g/day.4. Killing-out percentage dropped and alimentary-tract fill increased as the proportion of straw in the diet increased.5. The dry-matter digestibility coefficients for the three diets, determined at maximal intake, were 79·1%, 62·3% and 56·6%, respectively.

A study of factors affecting the voluntary intake of food by cattle

1969 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. A. McCullough
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Long Form ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Net Energy Intake ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Gut Fill

SUMMARYSix diets providing ratios of concentrate to hay of 100 : 0, 95 : 5, 90 : 10, 80 : 20, 70 : 30 and 60 : 40 were given ad libitum to 24 British Friesian steers. The hay (in the long form) was offered separately from the concentrates. From 91 to 136 kg live weight, as the proportion of hay in the diet increased, daily dry-matter intake decreased. Over the weight range, 136 to 363 kg live weight, the addition of small amounts of hay to the concentrate diet caused an increase in intake. At 42 weeks of age a digestibility trial was carried out. Daily drymatter intake was maximal when the diet contained 80% concentrates. The apparent digestibility and mean retention time of the diets increased as the proportion of concentrates increased. Differences in estimated gut fill were not significant. The diet consisting of concentrate only resulted in the lowest concentration of acetic acid and the highest concentration of propionic and butyric acids in the rumen liquor. Net-energy intake tended to increase as the proportion of concentrates increased from 60 to 90% but then remained fairly constant.

The effect of dietary metabolizable energy concentration upon the pre- and post-weaning performance of growing rabbits

1983 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Butcher ◽  
M. J. Bryant ◽  
E. Owen ◽  
I. Leach ◽  
D. H. Machin
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Weight Gains

ABSTRACTTwenty-five Californian does were mated and given pelleted diets of either 8(LE) or 10(HE) MJ/kg dry matter (ruminant metabolizable energy values) throughout gestation and lactation. Litter sizes were adjusted to six offspring per doe. Milk yield was estimated from the weight differences of the litters before and after suckling, when the opportunity for nursing was confined to once daily. The young rabbits were allowed access to either the LE or HE diets from 18 days of age. Weaning took place at 32 days of age when four rabbits from each doe grouP × pre-weaning diet were slaughtered. Diet had no effect on litter size or birth weight, but does on the LE diet had lower live weights post partum (P < 0·05). Dry-matter consumption by the does on the LE diet was greater than for the HE diet (P < 0·05) both during gestation and lactation, but calculated metabolizable energy intakes were lower during lactation. There were no statistically significant differences between treatments for milk yield or live-weight gain to weaning and dry-matter intakes of the young at weaning, but daily live-weight gain from fostering to 18 days of age was greater for litters of does fed the HE rather than the LE diet (P < 0·05). There were no statistically significant differences between diets for carcass traits at weaning.After weaning, 32 rabbits were given either the LE or HE diet until 2 kg live weight when they were slaughtered. A post-weaning × pre-weaning diet interaction (P < 0·05) occurred for live weights of the rabbits at the start of the post-weaning trial (i.e. after a 10-day adaptation period) with LE: LE rabbits being lighter than other rabbits as a results of poor live-weight gains during the adaptation period. Live-weight gains to slaughter were greater for the pre-weaning LE diet (P < 0·05) and the post-weaning HE diet (P < 0·01), although dry-matter intakes of the HE diet were less (P < 0·05). Rabbits on the LE diet had greater empty gut weights (P < 0·05) and lighter livers (P < 0·05) at slaughter.

A model to maximize hay intake when formulating rations for pregnant ewes

1985 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather D. St C. Neal ◽  
J. France ◽  
R. J. Orr ◽  
T. T. Treacher
Keyword(s):  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Interactive Program ◽  
Original Experiment ◽  
Concentrate Level ◽  
Weight Number

ABSTRACTA model is described, which maximizes hay intake in the formulation of rations for pregnant ewes in the last 6 weeks of pregnancy. A regression of hay intake upon hay digestibility, concentrate level, ewe live weight, number of foetuses carried and week of pregnancy, derived from an experiment on individually-recorded ewes, is used as the intake constraint in a linear programme. This is solved in an interactive program which can be implemented on several makes of microcomputer. The intakes of hay predicted by the model are lower than those reported elsewhere, reflecting the more accurately recorded intakes of the original experiment compared with most other published data. The rations formulated by the model show that in weeks 16 to 18 of pregnancy hay could provide most of the ewes' requirements and especially when hays of high metabolizable energy concentration are used. The ease of changing the values of the inputs and the speed of the ration formation enable any number of rations to be formulated quickly for a range of hays and individual conditions.

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