The Rockets and Feathers Phenomenon in China: Evidence from a Gasoline Price Pass-Through Analysis

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qingtian Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Gasoline Price ◽  
Rockets And Feathers ◽  
Pass Through

Temporal Aggregation Effects in Gasoline Price Pass-Through in the U.S. Gulf Coast Region

2005 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 483-484
Author(s):  
Michael Ye ◽  
John Zyren ◽  
Joanne Shore ◽  
Michael Burdette
Keyword(s):  
Gulf Coast ◽  
Temporal Aggregation ◽  
Gasoline Price ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Gulf Coast Region ◽  
Coast Region ◽  
The U.S

scholarly journals Essays on applied microeconomics

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Αθανάσιος Δήμας
Keyword(s):  
Applied Microeconomics ◽  
Difference In Difference ◽  
Rockets And Feathers ◽  
Pass Through

Η παρούσα διδακτορική διατριβή αποτελείται από τέσσερα κεφάλαια που αναλύουν την αγορά φρούτων και λαχανικών στην Αθήνα. Το πρώτο κεφάλαιο εξετάζει πως η κατάργηση ρύθμισης markup στις τιμές χονδρικής και λιανικής επηρεάζει τις τιμές αυτές και ποιο είναι το βραχυπρόθεσμο, μεσοπρόθεσμο και μακροπρόθεσμο επίπεδο ισορροπίας των τιμών. Χρησιμοποιώντας τη μεθοδολογία “difference-in-difference” βρίσκουμε ότι η «φιλελευθεροποίηση» είχε ένα μόνιμο αποτέλεσμα στις τιμές: 5% πτώση των τιμών λιανικής, καθιστώντας την αγορά πιο ανταγωνιστική και αποτελεσματική. Το δεύτερο και το τρίτο κεφάλαιο εστιάζουν σε 14 προϊόντα και ερευνούν την υπόθεση “rockets and feathers”. Το μοντέλο NARDL χρησιμοποιείται που επιτρέπει ασυμμετρίες ταυτόχρονα στη βραχυχρόνια και μακροχρόνια περίοδο. Το κεφάλαιο 2 αναλύει πως αλλαγές στις τιμές χονδρικής αντανακλώνται στις τιμές λιανικής. Ως τιμή λιανικής λογίζεται ο μέσος όρος της του κάθε προϊόντος σε υπεραγορές και λαϊκές αγορές. Βρίσκω ότι για 8 από τα 14 προϊόντα οι αυξήσεις της τιμής χονδρικής περνούν σε μεγαλύτερο βαθμό από ότι οι μειώσεις στις λιανικές τιμές είτε βραχυχρόνια είτε μακροχρόνια. Στο κεφάλαιο 3 εξετάζεται κατά πόσο υπάρχει διαφορά στη μετακύλιση των τιμών χονδρικής ανάμεσα στις υπεραγορές και τις λαϊκές αγορές. Όλες οι ασυμμετρίες στις υπεραγορές είναι θετικές, υποδεικνύοντας ότι οι αυξήσεις των τιμών χονδρικής επηρεάζουν περισσότερο από τις μειώσεις τις τιμές λιανικής. Ανέλπιστα, η ανάλυση των προϊόντων στις λαϊκές αγορές δείχνει αρνητικές ασυμμετρίες και συμμετρική μετακύλιση τιμών. Τέλος, το κεφάλαιο 4 μελετά τη χρήση του “pass-through” ως εργαλείο οικονομικής ανάλυσης στον προσδιορισμό των γεωγραφικών ορίων ανάμεσα σε αγορές λιανικής. Σαν παράδειγμα, χρησιμοποιείται η αγορά λιανικής που δραστηριοποιείται μέσα στην αγορά χονδρικής και η αγορά λιανικής έξω από αυτή. Η ανάλυση δείχνει ότι δεν υπάρχει διαφορά ανάμεσα στις δύο αγορές αναφορικά με το βαθμό μετακυλίσης των τιμών χονδρικής και το χρόνο που απαιτείται για το νέο επίπεδο ισορροπίας των τιμών λιανικής, υποδεικνύοντας ότι αυτές οι αγορές αποτελούν τελικά μια ενιαία αγορά.

scholarly journals An Impulse-Regime Switching Game Model of Vertical Competition

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
René Aïd ◽  
Luciano Campi ◽  
Liangchen Li ◽  
Mike Ludkovski
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Integration ◽  
Regime Switching ◽  
Nash Equilibria ◽  
Commodity Price ◽  
Commodity Markets ◽  
Gasoline Price ◽  
Oil Market ◽  
Strategic Competition ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Switching Game

AbstractWe study a new kind of nonzero-sum stochastic differential game with mixed impulse/switching controls, motivated by strategic competition in commodity markets. A representative upstream firm produces a commodity that is used by a representative downstream firm to produce a final consumption good. Both firms can influence the price of the commodity. By shutting down or increasing generation capacities, the upstream firm influences the price with impulses. By switching (or not) to a substitute, the downstream firm influences the drift of the commodity price process. We study the resulting impulse-regime switching game between the two firms, focusing on explicit threshold-type equilibria. Remarkably, this class of games naturally gives rise to multiple potential Nash equilibria, which we obtain thanks to a verification-based approach. We exhibit three candidate types of equilibria depending on the ultimate number of switches by the downstream firm (zero, one or an infinite number of switches). We illustrate the diversification effect provided by vertical integration in the specific case of the crude oil market. Our analysis shows that the diversification gains strongly depend on the pass-through from the crude price to the gasoline price.

Instrumentation for detecting channelling radiation in the high-voltage electron microscope

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 318-319
Author(s):  
J. H. Butler ◽  
C. J. Humphreys
Keyword(s):  
Monochromatic Light ◽  
Incident Beam ◽  
Laboratory Frame ◽  
Relativistic Electrons ◽  
Voltage Electron ◽  
Dipole Emission ◽  
Sinusoidal Oscillations ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Incident Beam Energy ◽  
Increasing Function

Electromagnetic radiation is emitted when fast (relativistic) electrons pass through crystal targets which are oriented in a preferential (channelling) direction with respect to the incident beam. In the classical sense, the electrons perform sinusoidal oscillations as they propagate through the crystal (as illustrated in Fig. 1 for the case of planar channelling). When viewed in the electron rest frame, this motion, a result of successive Bragg reflections, gives rise to familiar dipole emission. In the laboratory frame, the radiation is seen to be of a higher energy (because of the Doppler shift) and is also compressed into a narrower cone of emission (due to the relativistic “searchlight” effect). The energy and yield of this monochromatic light is a continuously increasing function of the incident beam energy and, for beam energies of 1 MeV and higher, it occurs in the x-ray and γ-ray regions of the spectrum. Consequently, much interest has been expressed in regard to the use of this phenomenon as the basis for fabricating a coherent, tunable radiation source.

Radiation Damage, Contrast and Statistics in High Resolution Biological Electron Microscopy

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 260-261
Author(s):  
Robert M. Glaeser
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Particle Flux ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Resolution Image ◽  
High Resolution Image ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Counting Statistics ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Picture Element

It is well known that a large flux of electrons must pass through a specimen in order to obtain a high resolution image while a smaller particle flux is satisfactory for a low resolution image. The minimum particle flux that is required depends upon the contrast in the image and the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio at which the data are considered acceptable. For a given S/N associated with statistical fluxtuations, the relationship between contrast and “counting statistics” is s131_eqn1, where C = contrast; r2 is the area of a picture element corresponding to the resolution, r; N is the number of electrons incident per unit area of the specimen; f is the fraction of electrons that contribute to formation of the image, relative to the total number of electrons incident upon the object.

A New High Intensity Grid Cap for RCA-EMU-3 Electron Microscopes

1968 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 316-317
Author(s):  
George Christov ◽  
Bolivar J. Lloyd
Keyword(s):  
Electron Beam ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
High Voltage ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Electron Gun ◽  
Tungsten Filament ◽  
Fluorescent Screen ◽  
Electron Microscopes ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Ground Potential

A new high intensity grid cap has been designed for the RCA-EMU-3 electron microscope. Various parameters of the new grid cap were investigated to determine its characteristics. The increase in illumination produced provides ease of focusing on the fluorescent screen at magnifications from 1500 to 50,000 times using an accelerating voltage of 50 KV.The EMU-3 type electron gun assembly consists of a V-shaped tungsten filament for a cathode with a thin metal threaded cathode shield and an anode with a central aperture to permit the beam to course the length of the column. The cathode shield is negatively biased at a potential of several hundred volts with respect to the filament. The electron beam is formed by electrons emitted from the tip of the filament which pass through an aperture of 0.1 inch diameter in the cap and then it is accelerated by the negative high voltage through a 0.625 inch diameter aperture in the anode which is at ground potential.

Immunocytochemical localization of p65 with one-nanometer gold particles following silver development

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 1042-1043
Author(s):  
Richard W. Burry ◽  
Diane M. Hayes
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Bovine Serum Albumin ◽  
Calf Serum ◽  
Specific Protein ◽  
Immunocytochemical Localization ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Gold Particles ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Label Distribution ◽  
Phosphate Buffered Saline

Electron microscopic (EM) immunocytochemistry localization of the neuron specific protein p65 could show which organelles contain this antigen. Antibodies (Ab) labeled with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) followed by chromogen development show a broad diffuse label distribution within cells and restricting identification of organelles. Particulate label (e.g. 10 nm colloidal gold) is highly desirable but not practical because penetration into cells requires destroying the plasma membrane. We report pre-embedding immunocytochemistry with a particulate marker, 1 nm gold, that will pass through membranes treated with saponin, a mild detergent.Cell cultures of the rat cerebellum were fixed in buffered 4% paraformaldehyde and 0.1% glutaraldehyde (Glut.). The buffer for all incubations and rinses was phosphate buffered saline with: 1% calf serum, 0.2% saponin, 0.1% gelatin, 50 mM glycine 1 mg/ml bovine serum albumin, and (not in the HRP labeled cultures) 0.02% sodium azide. The monoclonal #48 to p65 was used with three label systems: HRP, 1 nm avidin gold with IntenSE M development, and 1 nm avidin gold with Danscher development.

Is there an electron wind?

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 798-799
Author(s):  
L. D. Marks ◽  
J. P. Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
High Resolution Electron Microscopy ◽  
Zone Axis ◽  
Electron Holography ◽  
Electron Wave ◽  
Small Particles ◽  
Resolution Electron ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Electron Wind ◽  
Inelastic Scatter

A not uncommon question in electron microscopy is what happens to the momentum transferred by the electron beam to a crystal. If the beam passes through a crystal and is preferentially diffracted in one direction, is the momentum ’lost’ by the beam transferred to the crystal? Newton’s third law implies that this must be the case. Some experimental observations also indicate that this is the case; for instance, with small particles if the particles are supported on the top surface of a film they often do not line up on the zone axis, but if they are on the bottom they do. However, if momentum is transferred to the crystal, then surely we are dealing with inelastic scattering, not elastic scattering and is not the scattering probability different? In addition, normally we consider inelastic scatter as incoherent, and therefore the part of the electron wave that is inelastically scattered will not coherently interfere with the part of the wave that is scattered; but, electron holography and high resolution electron microscopy work so the wave passing through a specimen must be coherent with the wave that does not pass through the specimen.

Pelvic Impairments

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 9-10
Author(s):  
James Talmage ◽  
Jay Blaisdell
Keyword(s):  
Pelvic Ring ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
High Impact ◽  
Pelvic Fractures ◽  
Motor Dysfunction ◽  
Impact Event ◽  
Concomitant Injuries ◽  
Rating Process ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
A Minor

Abstract Pelvic fractures are relatively uncommon, and in workers’ compensation most pelvic fractures are the result of an acute, high-impact event such as a fall from a roof or an automobile collision. A person with osteoporosis may sustain a pelvic fracture from a lower-impact injury such as a minor fall. Further, major parts of the bladder, bowel, reproductive organs, nerves, and blood vessels pass through the pelvic ring, and traumatic pelvic fractures that result from a high-impact event often coincide with damaged organs, significant bleeding, and sensory and motor dysfunction. Following are the steps in the rating process: 1) assign the diagnosis and impairment class for the pelvis; 2) assign the functional history, physical examination, and clinical studies grade modifiers; and 3) apply the net adjustment formula. Because pelvic fractures are so uncommon, raters may be less familiar with the rating process for these types of injuries. The diagnosis-based methodology for rating pelvic fractures is consistent with the process used to rate other musculoskeletal impairments. Evaluators must base the rating on reliable data when the patient is at maximum medical impairment and must assess possible impairment from concomitant injuries.

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