La Identidad De Los Esclavos Como Miserables: Discursos Y Acciones En Nueva Espaaa (Siglos XVI-XVIII) (Slaves Identities as Miserable: Discourses and Actions in New Spain (16th- 18th Century))

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Diaz Hernandez
Keyword(s):  
New Spain ◽  
18Th Century

Women and Commercial Sex in the Viceroyalty of New Spain

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole von Germeten
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
New Spain ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Market Exchange ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
Female Survivors ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
Women's Lives ◽  
Independence Era ◽  
The 19Th Century

Female occupational and economic choices help clarify understandings of colonial historic agency, especially in the lives of Mexican women who made their income as alcahuetas or “bawds.” These women hosted and managed other women in the marketing and selling of sex acts in the Viceroyalty of New Spain. Viceregal bawds manipulated both the sex lives of their clients and the paternalism of crown justice in hopes of exoneration in court. They walked a precarious legal tightrope, negotiating the fluctuating margins of legal procuring and the transition to more stringent laws against sex for sale. The examples presented here, drawn from contemporary archival documents, show that these women’s lives span most of New Spain’s history, ranging from 1570 to the independence era in the early 19th century. In the 16th century, bawdry resembled the clandestine personal mediation that was common and familiar in medieval and early modern Spain. Bawds working in the 1st century of Spanish rule in Mexico carefully defended their social respectability to contradict evidence that they solicited for clients in the street. Reputable hospitality featured prominently in the early 17th-century procuring, while indigenous-influenced sorcery and love magic dominated the understanding of 17th- and early 18th-century alcahuetas. Lastly, in the 19th century, profitable market exchange characterized professional brothel operations, granting bawds honorable status within their economic and occupational community. Bawds recorded in the archives demonstrate communication skills, entrepreneurialism, and a concern for reputation through all of these eras. These intelligent female survivors offer compelling representations of viceregal women who exercised their personal agency to forge their own economic prosperity.

scholarly journals El título primordial tarasco de Tócuaro, Michoacán

Tlalocan ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 287-342
Author(s):  
Hans Roskamp ◽  
Cristina Monzón
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Mexico City ◽  
Oral Tradition ◽  
New Spain ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
National Library ◽  
Territorial Integrity

Primordial titles form an important category in the extensive corpus of native documents from 17th and 18th century New Spain. Generally made by local scribes (carariecha) or regional specialists who combined information from older documents and oral tradition, they emphasize the foundation of the villages and the boundaries of their lands. These local histories were —and often still are— used whenever the territorial integrity of the community was threatened by their neighbors. The present article includes the transcription, translation and analysis of a primordial title written in the Tarascan or P’urhépecha language. The document, now kept in the National Library of Anthropology and History (BNAH) in Mexico City, originally comes from Tócuaro, a small village on the southern shores of Lake Pátzcuaro in Michoacán.

scholarly journals ¿Cómo España trató de recuperar su poderío naval? Un acercamiento a las estrategias de la marina real sobre los suministros de materias primas forestales provenientes del báltico y Nueva España (1754-1795) = How did Spain Tried to Recover his Naval Power? An Approach to the Strategies of the Royal navy on the Supply of Forest Raw Materials from Baltic Sea and New Spain (1754-1795)

2019 ◽  
pp. 73
Author(s):  
Rafal B. Reichert
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Present Article ◽  
New Spain ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
The Other ◽  
Royal Navy ◽  
Naval Power ◽  
The World ◽  
El Sistema

En el presente artículo se muestran los avances de una investigación sobre la política de suministros forestales que desarrolló la Marina Real de España a lo largo del siglo XVIII con el fin de demostrar su importancia ante la rivalidad que existía entre las potencias marítimas europeas por el dominio sobre los mares del mundo. Se propone un análisis del sistema de aprovisionamiento para los departamentos navales, en especial en relación con los proyectos de utilización de maderas novohispanas y bálticas en la construcción naval, y su valoración por los oficiales hispanos. Por otra parte, se presenta la dinámica de otorgamiento de los asientos de madera a los criollos novohispanos y, finalmente, se estudia el movimiento marítimo entre el Báltico sur y España para demostrar la valiosa participación de esta región en el sistema de pertrechos navales. A partir de lo anterior se ofrece una visión general del comercio global de suministros forestales de España, que perseguía la recuperación de su poderío naval.AbstractThe present article shows the progress of the research about the policy of forestry supplies, developed during the 18th century by the Royal Navy of Spain, in order to demonstrate its importance in the rivalry between the European maritime powers by the dominion over the seas of the World. For this reason, it is proposed to analyze different aspects of the provision system for the naval departments, with an approach to the projects of use the New Spain and Baltic wood in shipbuilding, and its recognition by the Hispanic officials. On the other side, it is presented the dynamics of granting to New Spain Creoles with wooden contracts and finally is studied the maritime movement between the southern Baltic and Spain to demonstrate their valuable participation in the naval supplies system. All these aspects demonstrate a general panorama of the globalization of forest supplies with only one purpose: the recovery of Spanish naval power.   

The Cocoa Trade in New Spain in the 18th Century

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillermina del Valle Pavón
Keyword(s):  
Mexico City ◽  
New Spain ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Friendship Networks ◽  
Staple Food ◽  
High Demand ◽  
Cocoa Beans ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Powerful Group

In New Spain, cocoa was a staple food whose high demand at the beginning of the 17th century meant that cocoa beans were imported from Guatemala, Venezuela, and Guayaquil. The viceroyalty of New Spain became the largest world buyer of cocoa because it paid for the product with silver, which was the principal means of exchange at the time. The cocoa trade was monopolized by a small, powerful group of the Consulado (merchants’ guild) of Mexico City who contracted it, redistributed it to the rest of the viceroyalty, and shipped it to Spain. However, the Spanish Crown’s prohibitionist trade policy hindered the expansion of the cocoa trade to meet the demand in New Spain. As Spain intermittently suspended sailing between the viceroyalties of Mexico and Peru, the supply of Guayaquil cocoa was limited to shippers who could obtain special licenses and those who smuggled it. When the monarchy required extraordinary funds to finance its wars in Europe, it granted permits to move Ecuadorian cocoa through the Pacific routes. However, it preferred the supply of cocoa from Caracas for geostrategic reasons, a factor that was used by Caracas shippers to raise prices. Mexican merchants preferred to import Ecuadorian cocoa because of its higher profitability. Trade in cocoa from this source was based on a confluence of complex kinship, community, and friendship networks. Finally, in 1789, the Guayaquil cocoa trade was authorized without restrictions, which significantly reduced the demand for Caracas cocoa. In addition, cocoa from Tabasco, Guatemala, and Maracaibo was traded in New Spain. The relationship between the Crown and the commercial elite of Mexico was characterized by a policy of continual ongoing negotiations. The cocoa trade was privileged in exchange for merchants’ contributions over and above regular fiscal payments.

Sones de la tierra in the Mexico City Inquisition

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eloy Cruz
Keyword(s):  
Mexico City ◽  
New Spain ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Physical Contact ◽  
Limited Attention ◽  
Active Principle ◽  
Spanish Poetry ◽  
Catholic Faith ◽  
The People ◽  
Almost All

The Tribunal of the Holy Office of the Inquisition of Mexico City was in between 1569 and 1820. Its task was to regulate the moral life of the society of New Spain and it was authorized to punish offenders. The crimes that were usually persecuted were acts against the Catholic faith (heresy, blasphemy, sorcery, and idolatry) or against accepted morality (indecency, bigamy, sexual harassment, homosexuality, and sedition). The Court placed limited attention to the sones de la tierra (sounds of the land) from 1766 to 1819. The sones were sung dances that were eventually considered unsuitable and were denounced for various reasons: the lyrics of the songs contained vulgar words or heretical or blasphemous concepts, the steps of dances were indecent, the choreography implied actions that parodied known acts of the Christian liturgy, or by some combination of these factors. The archive of the Inquisition of Mexico is practically the only source of information on music and street poetry in the cities and towns of the colony. The sones de la tierra are the origin of the current cultural music genre called son mexicano, the most significant part of the traditional music and poetry of the country. The sones de la tierra of the Baroque period and the current Mexican sones have three basic elements: music, poetry, and choreography. The music is based on recurrent rhythmic-harmonic patterns (ostinato) on which instrumental or vocal improvisations are made. Each determined pattern generates a son with a specific name. Thus, it is possible to speak of sones typical of the Baroque period (chacona, zarabanda, chuchumbé, and saraguandingo) or in present-day Mexico (bamba, maracumbé, petenera, and oaxacado). Some can be documented both in the 18th century and in the 21st century (matachines, fandango, panaderos, and zacamandú). The poetry of the sones is based on the active principle of the copla, a poetic form based on the octosyllabic quatrain in various modalities (seguidilla and décima). The current Mexican variants are directly related to the Spanish poetry of the Golden Age. The dance of the sones is performed mainly in couples who dance without having physical contact, using different steps whose main characteristic is the zapateado. The archive of the Inquisition of Mexico mentions some sixty sones. The complaints and interrogations of the Court provide information about the sung lyrics, the ways of dancing, the people who practiced them, their geographical distribution, and some social attitudes regarding their use. This information shows that the sones de la tierra were common throughout the territory of New Spain and were practiced by people of almost all social classes. The study of the sones de la tierra allows us to understand the existence and behavior of the different variants of the Mexican sones of today, which represent one of the fundamental elements of Mexican culture.

scholarly journals Textos sobre F´ısica en la biblioteca de un cient´ıfico novohispano del siglo XVIII

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2 Jul-Dec) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco A. Moreno Corral
Keyword(s):  
New Spain ◽  
18Th Century

The titles of the Physics books owned by Antonio de Le´on y Gama are presented. In order to establish the degree of knowledge of this discipline that this New Spain native of the second half of the 18th century reached, the content of these works is discussed. It is shown that the knowledge reached in this matter by this person, were at the height of his European peers.

Mexico in Spain’s Oceanic Empire, 1519–1821

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph Rosenmüller
Keyword(s):  
New Spain ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Colonial Mexico ◽  
War Of Independence ◽  
Caribbean Islands ◽  
Territorial State ◽  
Old Order ◽  
French And English ◽  
Commercial Network

On August 13, 1521, the Spanish conquistadors and their native allies seized Tenochtitlan, the capital of the Aztec empire. The Spaniards succeeded because they had forged alliances with the Tlaxcalans and other indigenous self-governing communities (altepetl) to fight the Aztecs. After the conquest these communities continued their traditions, and the Spaniards largely replaced Aztec leadership with their own. In addition, the friars and the secular church converted the natives to an extent, and together with the crown they foiled the conquistadors’ attempts to become liege lords with jurisdiction. The process culminated in the New Laws of 1542, which curbed the encomienda, a grant to Spaniards that comprised several Indian towns paying tribute. A society of social bodies evolved, composed of municipal councils, lay brotherhoods of churches, and others, complete with their own laws and jurisdictions. Then a series of silver strikes beginning at Zacatecas in 1546 drew settlers into the Bajío north of the former Aztec and Tarascan empires. The local natives resisted initially, and when peace came, they and the settlers created a dynamic early capitalist economy that invigorated other regions. The frontier expanded when animal herds moved further north beyond the mines, and the zone of Spanish influence grew to the south as well. In 1540 Spanish conquistadors and their indigenous allies began occupying the northwestern Yucatan Peninsula, and they took Tiho/Mérida in 1542. The Yucatan, the Bajío, and the other regions that composed colonial Mexico successively integrated into a global commercial network spanning Europe, Africa, and Asia. The crown and the merchant guild (consulado) in Seville sought to capture the burgeoning Atlantic commerce within the fleet shuttling between Seville/Cadiz and Veracruz and restrict the silver flowing from Acapulco to Asia via the Philippines. Yet market forces defied most of the rules they put in place. Merchants from Asia settled in Manila; Peruvians docked in Acapulco; and the Dutch, French, and English competed with fleet merchants or operated contraband trade from the Caribbean islands to New Spain. In the 18th century, the crown loosened trade regulations within the empire and continue curbing the autonomies of social bodies. A series of investigations (visitas) shook New Spain, and more compliant viceroys and officials appeared, while the friars lost over one hundred parishes (doctrinas) during the mid-century. The king expelled the Jesuits in 1767; registered ships sailing individually replaced the fleet in 1778; and in 1786 José de Gálvez introduced the intendants in New Spain. As the empire transitioned toward a territorial state, Napoleon imprisoned the Spanish king (1808). In 1810 Miguel Hidalgo and a popular following unleashed the War of Independence. As the conflict unfolded, the legitimacy of the old order crumbled, and the empire dissolved in 1821.

scholarly journals La poesía mexicana en la "Gazeta de México" a finales del siglo XVIII. Entre la herencia barroca y la Ilustración

2018 ◽  
pp. 131
Author(s):  
Marina Paniagua Blanc
Keyword(s):  
Classical Tradition ◽  
Special Interest ◽  
New Spain ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Epic Poetry ◽  
Literary Magazine ◽  
Mexican Poetry

RESUMENLa "Gazeta de México" no fue una revista literaria y solo en ciertas ocasiones publicó alguna poesía; sin embargo recogió mucha información sobre esa temática y actuó como propagandista de ediciones de obras, certámenes, censuras, etc. A través de esa información podemos acercarnos al panorama literario novohispano, en un momento de auge del Neoclasicismo. La publicación mostró un especial interés por la poesía laudatoria y épica relacionada con los acontecimientos de la monarquía; también por algunos autores clásicos como Virgilio y Horacio y sus traductores, así como por Tomas de Iriarte. Todo ello sin olvidar el importante papel de los jesuitas en el exilio. Los asuntos poéticos, por tanto, fueron más de información que de reproducción.PALABRAS CLAVE"Gazeta de México", Poesía, Fábulas, Tradición clásica, Nueva España, Siglo XVIII. TITLEThe classical tradition in the mexican poetry in the "Gazeta of Mexico" at the end of the 18th century. Between the Baroque heritage and the EnlightenmentABSTRACTThe "Gazeta de México" was not a literary magazine, nevertheless, it collected a lot of information on that subject, especially it announced publications of books, contests, censorships, etc. and only in certain occasions he published some poems. Through this information we can approach to the literary situation of New Spain, at a moment of Summit of neoclassicism. the publication showed a special interest in laudatory and epic poetry related to the events of the monarchy; also by some classic authors like Virgilio and Horacio and their translators, as well as by Tomas de Iriarte. All this without forgetting in important role of the exiled Jesuits. The poetical matters, therefore, were more information than reproduction.KEY WORDS"Gazeta de México", Poetry, Fables, Classical Tradition, New Spain, 18th century.

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