Social implementation of a remote surgery system in Japan: a field experiment using a newly developed surgical robot via a commercial network

Purpose In recent years, the expectations for telesurgery have grown with the development of robot-assisted surgical technology and advances in communication technology. To verify the feasibility of the social implementation of telesurgery, we evaluated the communication integrity, availability, and communication delay of robotic surgery by remote control under different communication conditions of commercial lines. Methods A commercial line was used to connect hospitals 150 km apart. We had prepared guaranteed-type lines (1Gbps, 10Mbps, 5Mbps) and best effort-type lines. Two types of robotic teleoperations were performed, and we evaluated the round-trip time (RTT) of communication, packet loss, and glass-to-glass time. Results The communication delay was 4 ms for the guaranteed-type line and 10 ms for the best effort-type line. Packet loss occurred on the 5 Mbps guaranteed-type line. The mean glass-to-glass time was 92 ms for the guaranteed-type line and 95 ms for the best effort-type line. There was no significant difference in the number of errors in the task according to the type of line or the bandwidth speed. Conclusions The social implementation of telesurgery using the currently available commercial communication network is feasible.

FDD LTE MIMO CLOSED-LOOP VS OPEN-LOOP PERFORMANCE EVALUATION IN COMMERCIAL NETWORK

With a growing network traffic Mobile Network Operators (MNO) looking for ways to increase network capacity and improve customer experience. One of the ways is to find the best parameters from the set defined by 3GPP. In the study, closed-loop MIMO was compared to open-loop MIMO on the LTE FDD network. Network performance was evaluated in 3 different scenarios: slow and fast-moving UE under different SINR levels and large scale on 2T2R and 4T4R cells. The result shows gains of using closed-loop and it is recommended to use it commercial LTE networks.

Commercial Activity: Intera-Regional Trade & Commerce between Sind and Multan in Colonial period (1849-1901)

This research deals with the trade relations between two major towns of Karachi and Multan in the colonial period. The aim of this article is to develop a general narrative of the commercialization of crops that led to the growth of intra-regional trade and economy-addressing the issues of how these two centers contributed to the new economic development of South Asia as well as marinating their historical trade relations? Tracing the journey of agricultural production from the village mandis to the international markets, we examine the commercial network and the nature of the interaction. It will also saw the increasing and decreasing trends of trade in the following years. The research aims to draw a conclusion by using qualitative and quantitative methods for assessing its historical importance and analyze these towns as case studies. Karachi and Multan have been the two most populous and largest economies in South Asia. Being the prominent constituents of colonial India, both have a great potential for intra-regional commerce through three channels of rail, road and ports. This research is based on original, unpublished official administrative reports of British Indian Library London and Punjab Civil Secretariat Lahore.

Integrating Faith and Profit: The Religio-Commercial Network Spanning China and Japan, 1100-1270

By reinterpreting a set of correspondence between Chinese and Japanese monks, this article gives a “thick description” of a lumber transaction between a prestigious monastery in Hangzhou, China, and a newly established monastery in Hakata, Japan. Examining the network connecting the two monasteries shows that in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, Hakata-based Chinese merchants sought patronage and connections from powerful religious establishments in both China and Japan, whose political patronage conferred economic privileges. The quest for gaining trade profits, spreading Buddhist teachings, and enhancing political authority drove all the parties together and formed a religio-commercial network linking China and Japan.

Safavid Commercial History

Safavid, Iran, was a modest economic player in West and South Asia in terms of population numbers, productivity, and resources. Yet its strategic location at the crossroads of Asia’s commercial arteries allowed it to punch well above its weight in terms of trade—especially trade in transit. The reign of Shah ‘Abbas I (r. 1587–1629) represents the high-water mark in this development. His forward-looking policies, beginning with his choice of Isfahan as Iran’s new capital and the subsequent resettlement of a large number of Armenians, expanded the ambit of the country’s commerce. Most importantly, he established a viable maritime alternative to the overland trade route by facilitating the maritime connection via the Persian Gulf, with the aim of depriving the Ottomans of revenue. In the process, Iran became more firmly connected to the wider Eurasian market, with commodities like silk and porcelain moving into the center of a hemispheric commercial network. In this, South Asia was clearly the regional “world economy,” manufacturing goods that were coveted by people all over West Asia and beyond, while the inhabitants of Europe, and to a lesser extent of the Ottoman Empire, Central Asia, and Russia, functioned as consumers who were generally forced to pay for their tastes and desires with hard cash.

Checking the Accuracy of Siitperf

Siitperf is the world’s first free software RFC 8219 compliant SIIT (Stateless IP/ICMP Translation, also called as Stateless NAT64) tester, which implements throughput, frame loss rate, latency and packet delay variation tests. In this paper, we show that the reliability of its results mainly depends on the accuracy of the timing of its frame sender algorithm. We also investigate the effect of Ethernet flow control on the measurement results. Siitperf is calibrated by the comparison of its results with that of a commercial network performance tester, when both of them are used for determining the throughput of the IPv4 routing of the Linux kernel.

New Christian Family Networks in the First Visitation of the Inquisition to Brazil

This chapter provides a case study of João and Diogo Nunes during the First Visitation of the Inquisition to Brazil (1591–1595). The Nunes brothers were part of a broader commercial network of New Christian merchant families who controlled the sugar trade in northeastern Brazil during its rapid expansion in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. However, the social ascendency of New Christians in colonial Brazil threatened the existing elite who used the Inquisition to banish them via spurious denunciations. Using Inquisition testimony, this chapter will underscore the importance of New Christian networks to the sugar trade. It was their success, which both brought them to the attention of the Inquisition and saved them by virtue of royal intervention.

Prize Medal Oil of Peppermint

This chapter focuses on Hiram and Leman Hotchkiss, who dominated the local business, created a national brand, and declared themselves peppermint kings. It describes the Hotchkiss peppermint business that involved a shift toward modern business practices that aligned with Hiram and Leman's predilections for conflict and controversy. It also illustrates the difficult economic transition of the nineteenth century. The chapter suggests how Hiram and Leman Hotchkiss viewed themselves not as peripheral players in a changing world of trade and finance dominated by New York City but as formidable competitors at the center of their own commercial network. It also talks about London's Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations in 1851, where Hiram and Leman Hotchkiss's peppermint oil won one of the 102 prize medals awarded to Americans.