A High Energy Turnover Improves Appetite Control at Different Levels of Energy Balance

The present study aimed to investigate whether substrate metabolism, appetite and feeding behaviour differed between high and low energy turnover conditions. Thirteen overweight premenopausal women completed two 1 d trials: low energy turnover (LET) and high energy turnover (HET), in a randomised, cross-over design. In LET, subjects consumed a test breakfast (49 % carbohydrate, 37 % fat, 14 % protein) calculated to maintain energy balance over a 6 h observation period, during which metabolic rate and substrate utilisation were measured and blood samples taken. Immediately following this anad libitumbuffet meal was provided. HET was identical to LET, except that subjects walked on a treadmill for 60 min at 50 % VO2maxbefore the test breakfast, which was increased in size (by about 65 %) to replace the energy expended during the walk and maintain energy balance over the observation period. Postprandial fat balance (i.e. the difference between fat intake and oxidation) was lower and carbohydrate balance higher in HET compared with LET throughout the postprandial period (P < 0·05 for both). After the buffet meal, carbohydrate balance did not differ between trials but energy and fat balances were lower (by 0·28 MJ and 11·6 g, respectively) in HET compared with LET (P < 0·001 for both). Carbohydrate balance immediately before the buffet meal correlated negatively with buffet energy intake (r− 0·49) and postprandial acylated ghrelin responses (r− 0·48), and positively with postprandial glucose responses (r0·49). These findings demonstrate that HET resulted in a more positive carbohydrate balance than LET, which associated with lower subsequent energy intake. This may have implications for the regulation of body weight.

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Impact of energy turnover on fat balance in healthy young men during energy balance, energetic restriction and overfeeding

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114519002551 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 123 (1) ◽

pp. 30-40 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Alessa Nas ◽

Franziska Büsing ◽

Franziska A. Hägele ◽

Mario Hasler ◽

Manfred J. Müller ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Energy Balance ◽

Weight Control ◽

Energy Requirement ◽

Fat Oxidation ◽

High Energy ◽

Activity Level ◽

Energy Turnover ◽

Healthy Men ◽

Metabolic Chamber

AbstractBody weight control is thought to be improved when physical activity and energy intake are both high (high energy turnover (ET)). The aim of the present study was to investigate the short-term impact of ET on fat balance during zero energy balance (EB), energetic restriction (ER) and overfeeding (OF). In a randomised crossover study, nine healthy men (BMI: 23·0 (SD 2·1) kg/m2, 26·6 (SD 3·5) years) passed 3 × 3 d in a metabolic chamber: three levels of ET (low, medium and high; physical activity level = 1·3−1·4, 1·5−1·6 and 1·7−1·8) were performed at zero EB, ER and OF (100, 75 and 125 % of individual energy requirement). Different levels of ET were obtained by walking (4 km/h) on a treadmill (0, 165 and 330 min). Twenty-four-hour macronutrient oxidation and relative macronutrient balance (oxidation relative to intake) was calculated, and NEFA, 24-h insulin and catecholamine secretion were analysed as determinants of fat oxidation. During EB and OF, 24-h fat oxidation increased with higher ET. This resulted in a higher relative fat balance at medium ET (EB: +17 %, OF: +14 %) and high ET (EB: +23 %, OF: +17 %) compared with low ET (all P < 0·05). In contrast, ER led to a stimulation of 24-h fat oxidation irrespective of ET (no differences in relative fat balance between ET levels, P > 0·05). In conclusion, under highly controlled conditions, a higher ET improved relative fat balance in young healthy men during OF and EB compared with a sedentary state.

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Appetite Control Is Improved by Acute Increases in Energy Turnover at Different Levels of Energy Balance

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism ◽

10.1210/jc.2019-01164 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 104 (10) ◽

pp. 4481-4491 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Franziska A Hägele ◽

Franziska Büsing ◽

Alessa Nas ◽

Mario Hasler ◽

Manfred J Müller ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Energy Balance ◽

Caloric Restriction ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Weight Control ◽

Positive Energy ◽

Zero Energy ◽

Appetite Control ◽

Energy Turnover ◽

Ad Libitum

Abstract Background Weight control is hypothesized to be improved when physical activity and energy intake are both high [high energy turnover (ET)]. Objective The impact of three levels of ET on short-term appetite control is therefore investigated at fixed levels of energy balance. Design In a randomized crossover trial, 16 healthy adults (25.1 ± 3.9 y of age; body mass index, 24.0 ± 3.2 kg/m2) spent three daylong protocols for four times in a metabolic chamber. Four conditions of energy balance (ad libitum energy intake, zero energy balance, −25% caloric restriction, and +25% overfeeding) were each performed at three levels of ET (PAL 1.3 low, 1.6 medium, and 1.8 high ET; by walking on a treadmill). Levels of appetite hormones ghrelin, GLP-1, and insulin (total area under the curve) were measured during 14 hours. Subjective appetite ratings were assessed by visual analog scales. Results Compared with high ET, low ET led to decreased GLP-1 (at all energy balance conditions: P < 0.001) and increased ghrelin concentrations (caloric restriction and overfeeding: P < 0.001), which was consistent with higher feelings of hunger (zero energy balance: P < 0.001) and desire to eat (all energy balance conditions: P < 0.05) and a positive energy balance during ad libitum intake (+17.5%; P < 0.001). Conclusion Appetite is regulated more effectively at a high level of ET, whereas overeating and consequently weight gain are likely to occur at low levels of ET. In contrast to the prevailing concept of body weight control, the positive impact of physical activity is independent from burning up more calories and is explained by improved appetite sensations.

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Energy balance in crop rotation with different levels of fertilizer

10.31274/rtd-180813-793 ◽

1978 ◽

Author(s):

Akbar Mostajeran

Keyword(s):

Energy Balance ◽

Crop Rotation ◽

Different Levels

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Spectral Decomposition of the Flow and Characterization of the Sound Signals through Stenoses with Different Levels of Severity

Bioengineering ◽

10.3390/bioengineering8030041 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 41

Author(s):

Fardin Khalili ◽

Peshala T. Gamage ◽

Amirtahà Taebi ◽

Mark E. Johnson ◽

Randal B. Roberts ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pressure Fluctuations ◽

High Energy ◽

Sound Sources ◽

Severity Level ◽

Non Invasive ◽

Flow Through ◽

Severity Of The Disease ◽

Proper Orthogonal ◽

Different Levels

Treatments of atherosclerosis depend on the severity of the disease at the diagnosis time. Non-invasive diagnosis techniques, capable of detecting stenosis at early stages, are essential to reduce associated costs and mortality rates. We used computational fluid dynamics and acoustics analysis to extensively investigate the sound sources arising from high-turbulent fluctuating flow through stenosis. The frequency spectral analysis and proper orthogonal decomposition unveiled the frequency contents of the fluctuations for different severities and decomposed the flow into several frequency bandwidths. Results showed that high-intensity turbulent pressure fluctuations appeared inside the stenosis for severities above 70%, concentrated at plaque surface, and immediately in the post-stenotic region. Analysis of these fluctuations with the progression of the stenosis indicated that (a) there was a distinct break frequency for each severity level, ranging from 40 to 230 Hz, (b) acoustic spatial-frequency maps demonstrated the variation of the frequency content with respect to the distance from the stenosis, and (c) high-energy, high-frequency fluctuations existed inside the stenosis only for severe cases. This information can be essential for predicting the severity level of progressive stenosis, comprehending the nature of the sound sources, and determining the location of the stenosis with respect to the point of measurements.

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Nitrogen and energy balance in growing mink (Mustela vison) fed different levels of bacterial protein meal produced with natural gas

Archives of Animal Nutrition ◽

10.1080/17450390500247873 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 59 (5) ◽

pp. 335-352 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Anne Louise F. Hellwing ◽

Anne-Helene Tauson ◽

Øystein Ahlstrøm ◽

Anders Skrede

Keyword(s):

Energy Balance ◽

Natural Gas ◽

Mustela Vison ◽

Bacterial Protein ◽

Protein Meal ◽

Different Levels

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Differences in the Postprandial Release of Appetite-Related Hormones Between Active and Inactive Men

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism ◽

10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0303 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 28 (6) ◽

pp. 602-610

Author(s):

Linn Bøhler ◽

Sílvia Ribeiro Coutinho ◽

Jens F. Rehfeld ◽

Linda Morgan ◽

Catia Martins

Keyword(s):

Plasma Concentration ◽

Peptide Yy ◽

Plasma Concentrations ◽

Random Order ◽

High Energy ◽

Low Energy ◽

Adult Males ◽

Appetite Control ◽

Glucagon Like Peptide ◽

Glucagon Like Peptide 1

Active, as opposed to inactive, individuals are able to adjust their energy intake after preloads of different energy contents. The mechanisms responsible for this remain unknown. This study examined differences in plasma concentration of appetite-related hormones in response to breakfasts of different energy contents, between active and inactive men. Sixteen healthy nonobese (body mass index = 18.5–27 kg/m2) adult males (nine active and seven inactive) participated in this study. Participants were given a high-energy (570 kcal) or a low-energy (205 kcal) breakfast in a random order. Subjective feelings of appetite and plasma concentrations of active ghrelin, active glucagon-like peptide-1, total peptide YY (PYY), cholecystokinin, and insulin were measured in fasting and every 30 min up to 2.5 hr, in response to both breakfasts. Mixed analysis of variance (fat mass [in percentage] as a covariate) revealed a higher concentration of active ghrelin and lower concentration of glucagon-like peptide-1, and cholecystokinin after the low-energy breakfast (p < .001 for all). Postprandial concentration of PYY was greater after the high energy compared with the low energy, but for inactive participants only (p = .014). Active participants had lower postprandial concentrations of insulin than inactive participants (p < .001). Differences in postprandial insulin between breakfasts were significantly lower in active compared with inactive participants (p < .001). Physical activity seems to modulate the postprandial plasma concentration of insulin and PYY after the intake of breakfasts of different energy contents, and that may contribute, at least partially, to the differences in short-term appetite control between active and inactive individuals.

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132 Effects of high-energy diet on viscera and progeny carcass yield in sheep

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skz053.160 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 97 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. 71-71

Author(s):

Sarita Bonagurio Gallo ◽

Sophia Honigmann ◽

Luciano Brochine ◽

Giuliana Micai de Oliveira ◽

Luis Orlindo Tedeschi

Keyword(s):

Maternal Diet ◽

High Energy ◽

Control Group ◽

Animal Science ◽

Carcass Yield ◽

Orthogonal Contrasts ◽

Food Engineering ◽

Omental Fat ◽

Different Sources ◽

Different Levels

Abstract The energy required during gestation in sheep is high, and when restricted, fetal development may be affected; thus, knowledge of its deficit needs to be better understood. The objective was to evaluate different levels and sources of energy in the diet of sheep and their influence on the viscera and carcass yield of the offspring. The experiment was carried out at the Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering of USP, Brazil, using 56 pregnant ewes, Dorper and Santa Ines breeds, randomly distributed in four treatments: control group (fed according to the 2007 NRC recommendation); and groups with 10% more energy with different sources (starch, ST; protected fat, PF; and chromium, Cr). Ewes were fed the experimental diets at the beginning (50 days) and end of the gestation (50 days). The middle of gestation the ewes received the diet as recommended by the NRC (2007). After weaning at 60 days, 32 uncastrated male lambs were confined for a period of 60 days. In the confinement the lambs received a growth diet, being the same for all the animals. After this period, lambs were slaughtered, and the non-carcass components were weighed, the warm and cold carcass yields were calculated. The experimental design was completely randomized, with eight replicates and four treatments, the means were analyzed by orthogonal contrasts, assuming a significant threshold of 5%. Lambs in the PF treatment had lower cold carcass yield (50.8%, PPP > 0.05). The sheep fed according to the energy recommendation had lambs with greater weight of omental fat, testicular, kidney and rumen. These lambs also had a smaller spleen, heart, liver, and intestine. We concluded that the maternal diet affected the growth and development of progeny by altering the viscera and the carcass yields. Acknowledgment to FAPESP (process 2017/20555–8).

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