Evolution of a New Pathway of Reserve Carbohydrate Biosynthesis in Leishmania Parasites

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fleur Sernee ◽  
Julie Ralton ◽  
Tracy L. Nero ◽  
Lukasz Sobala ◽  
Marcel Viera-Lara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reserve Carbohydrate

Разработка и тестирование универсальных праймеров для ПЦР-амплификации генов-ортологов β-фруктофуранозидазы (Pain-1) у видов и сортов картофеля

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.O. Shmelkova ◽  
M.A. Slugina ◽  
A.A. Meleshin ◽  
E.V. Romanova
Keyword(s):  
Solanum Tuberosum ◽  
Wild Species ◽  
Starch Synthesis ◽  
Full Length ◽  
Universal Primers ◽  
Potato Tubers ◽  
Vacuolar Invertase ◽  
Reserve Carbohydrate ◽  
Cold Induced Sweetening ◽  
Design And Testing

Работа посвящена разработке и тестированию универсальных праймеров для ПЦР-амплификации полноразмерных генов-ортологов β-фруктофуранозидазы (кислой вакуолярной инвертазы) у видов и сортов картофеля (Solanum tuberosum). Крахмал – основной источник энергии и резервный углевод, накапливающийся в амилопластах клубней. Образовавшаяся в результате фотосинтеза молекула глюкозы при реакции с фруктозой образует сахарозу – основную транспортную форму углеводов в растении. В клубни сахароза доставляется по флоэме (апопластный путь), где в межклеточном пространстве расщепляется до глюкозы и фруктозы, которые затем проникают в клетки паренхимы. Глюкоза служит в дальнейшем субстратом для синтеза крахмала в амилопластах. Однако при воздействии пониженных температур крахмал в клубнях картофеля разрушается до редуцирующих сахаров. Параллельно этому процессу идет ресинтез сахарозы до глюкозы и фруктозы за счет фермента кислой вакуолярной инвертазы (β-фруктофуранозидазы), кодируемой геном Pain-1. В совокупности эти процессы приводят к избыточному накоплению моносахаров в клубнях картофеля, так называемому холодовому осахариванию (cold-induced sweetening). При этом создаются условия для интенсивного образования меланоидинов, вызывающих потемнение мякоти картофеля, что значительно ухудшает товарное качество продукта. Таким образом, изучение гена Pain-1, кодирующего вакуолярную инвертазу, а именно, его идентификация и анализ структуры – важная задача, необходимая для поиска доноров, устойчивых к холодовому осахариванию. Первоочередная задача для этого – разработка и тестирование праймерных комбинаций, позволяющих амплифицировать полноразмерный ген у диких видов картофеля, а также сортов и линий культивируемого картофеля (S. tuberosum). В данной работе приведены результаты разработки и тестирования универсальных праймеров, с помощью которых можно амплифицировать как полноразмерные гены-ортологи, так и фрагменты гена Pain-1, а также подобраны оптимальные условия для проведения ПЦР реакции. Было разработано 6 праймерных комбинаций (PainF – PainR, PainF – Pain1exR, Pain1exF – Pain3exR, Pain2inF – Pain2inR, Pain3exF – Pain5exR, Pain5exF – PainR), среди которых комбинация PainF – PainR позволяла амплифицировать полноразмерный ген, остальные – внутренние и будут использованы в дальнейшем при секвенировании фрагментов исследуемого гена. Эти праймеры были успешно протестированы на 15 образцах, включающих представителей пяти дикорастущих видов картофеля (S. gourlay, S. chacoense, S. pinnatissectum, S. stoloniferum, S. vernei) и десяти сортов российской и зарубежной селекции (Гала, Ласунок, Ред Скарлетт, Рассет Бербанк, Мирас, Башкирский, Жуковский ранний, Матушка, Елизавета, Сударыня).The purpose of research is design and testing of universal primers for PCR amplification of full-length-fructofuranozidase orthologs genes (acid vacuolar invertase) in wild species and potato (Solanum tuberosum) varieties. Starch is the main source of energy and a reserve carbohydrate, that accumulates in tubers amyloplasts. Glucose molecule, produced by photosynthesis, reacts with fructose and forms sucrose, which is the main transport type of carbohydrates in the plant. In the tuber, sucrose is delivered via phloem (apoplast), where it splits into glucose and fructose, which then go to the parenchyma cells. Glucose is a further substrate for the starch synthesis in amyloplasts. However, low temperatures influence on potato tubers leads to starch break down to reducing sugars. In parallel to this process there is happens resynthesis of sucrose to glucose and fructose by acid vacuolar invertase enzyme (β-fructofuranosidase) encoded by Pain-1 gene. Together, these processes lead to an excessive accumulation of monosaccharides in potato tubers. This process also called as cold-induced sweetening. It creates conditions for the intensive formation of melanoidins, which cause a potato tubers darkening, which considerably impairs the commercial quality of the product. Thus, the study Pain-1 gene that encodes the vacuolar invertase (its identification and structure analysis) is an important task required for the search of donors resistant to cold-induced sweetening. The primary task for this is the design and testing of primer combinations that allow to amplify the full-length gene in wild potato species, varieties and lines of cultivated potato. In this work, we develop and test universal primers, that can amplify both full-length orthologs and fragments of the Pain-1 gene, and also select the optimal conditions for carrying out the PCR reaction. Summary. The purpose of research is design and testing of universal primers for PCR amplification of full-length-fructofuranozidase orthologs genes (acid vacuolar invertase) in wild species and potato (Solanum tuberosum) varieties. Starch is the main source of energy and a reserve carbohydrate, that accumulates in tubers amyloplasts. Glucose molecule, produced by photosynthesis, reacts with fructose and forms sucrose, which is the main transport type of carbohydrates in the plant. In the tuber, sucrose is delivered via phloem (apoplast), where it splits into glucose and fructose, which then go to the parenchyma cells. Glucose is a further substrate for the starch synthesis in amyloplasts. However, low temperatures influence on potato tubers leads to starch break down to reducing sugars. In parallel to this process there is happens resynthesis of sucrose to glucose and fructose by acid vacuolar invertase enzyme (β-fructofuranosidase) encoded by Pain-1 gene. Together, these processes lead to an excessive accumulation of monosaccharides in potato tubers. This process also called as cold-induced sweetening. It creates conditions for the intensive formation of melanoidins, which cause a potato tubers darkening, which considerably impairs the commercial quality of the product. Thus, the study Pain-1 gene that encodes the vacuolar invertase (its identification and structure analysis) is an important task required for the search of donors resistant to cold-induced sweetening. The primary task for this is the design and testing of primer combinations that allow to amplify the full-length gene in wild potato species, varieties and lines of cultivated potato. In this work, we develop and test universal primers, that can amplify both full-length orthologs and fragments of the Pain-1 gene, and also select the optimal conditions for carrying out the PCR reaction. In total 6 primer combinations were designed (PainF - PainR, PainF - Pain1exR, Pain1exF - Pain3exR, Pain2inF - Pain2inR, Pain3exF - Pain5exR, Pain5exF - PainR), where PainF - PainR primer combination allowed to amplify a full-sized gene, the rest are internal and will be used in the further fragments sequencing of the β-fructofuranosidase gene. These primers were successfully tested on 15 samples, including five wild species of potato (S. gourlay, S. chacoense, S. pinnatissectum, S. stoloniferum, S. vernei) and ten varieties of Russian and foreign breeding (Gala, Lasunok, Red Scarlet , Rasset Burbank, Miras, Bashkirsky, Zhukovsky ranniy, Matushka, Elizaveta, Sudaryna).

Trehalose in yeast, stress protectant rather than reserve carbohydrate

1990 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 209-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andres Wiemken
Keyword(s):  
Reserve Carbohydrate ◽  
Stress Protectant

Modelling of reserve carbohydrate dynamics, regrowth and nodulation in a N 2 ‐fixing tree managed by periodic prunings

2000 ◽  
Vol 23 (10) ◽  
pp. 1025-1040 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Berninger ◽  
E. Nikinmaa ◽  
R. Sievänen ◽  
P. Nygren
Keyword(s):  
Carbohydrate Dynamics ◽  
Reserve Carbohydrate

scholarly journals Postproduction Carbohydrate Levels in Pot Chrysanthemums

1991 ◽  
Vol 116 (6) ◽  
pp. 1013-1018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan E. Trusty ◽  
William B. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Reducing Sugars ◽  
Sucrose Concentration ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Color Changes ◽  
Carbohydrate Levels ◽  
Reserve Carbohydrate

Postproduction changes in carbohydrate types and quantities in the leaves, stems, and inflorescences of pot chyrsanthemums [Dendranthema × gramfiflorum (Ramat.) Kitamura `Favor'] placed in interior conditions were investigated. Fructans, sucrose, glucose, and fructose were present in all plant parts. In inflorescences and leaves, an additional unidentified substance was present. All plant parts decreased in dry weight during the postproduction evaluation. This decrease was accompanied by overall reductions in total soluble carbohydrates (TSC) and starch. The appearance of leaves and stems was acceptable throughout the experiment. Leaves lost significant amounts of TSC during the first 4 days postproduction (DPP), due primarily to a 76% decrease in sucrose concentration. After 4 DPP, leaf and stem TSC remained relatively unchanged. In inflorescences, petal expansion continued through 12 DPP. Visible signs of senescence, including loss of turgor, color changes, and inrolling of petal edges were observed at 20 DPP, and by 28 DPP, the plants were determined unacceptable for consumer use. Inflorescences increased in fresh weight, but not dry weight, during petal expansion, then each decreased. Inflorescence TSC fell from 146 mg.g-1 dry weight at O DPP to 11 mg.g-1 at 28 DPP. Reducing sugars accounted for 84% of the inflorescence TSC at 4 DPP, dropping to 48% at 28 DPP. Fructan concentration decreased through 16 DPP and then remained unchanged, while starch levels rose from 25 to 34 mg·g -1 dry weight through 12 DPP, then decreased. Fractans decreased in polymerization during petal expansion. This result suggests an alternate use of fructans and starch as pools of available reserve carbohydrate during petal expansion in chrysanthemum.

scholarly journals 288 Effects of Foliar Urea on Reserve Nitrogen and Carbohydrates in Young Apple Trees with Different Nitrogen Background

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 492A-492
Author(s):  
Lailiang Cheng ◽  
Sunghee Guak ◽  
Shufu Dong ◽  
Leslie H. Fuchigami
Keyword(s):  
N Content ◽  
Carbohydrate Concentration ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Natural Leaf ◽  
Reserve Carbohydrate ◽  
N Status ◽  
Foliar Urea ◽  
Whole Tree

Bench-grafted Fuji/M26 plants were fertigated with seven nitrogen concentrations (0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10, 15, and 20 mM) by using a modified Hoagland solution from 30 June to 1 Sept. In mid-October, half of the fertigated trees were sprayed with 3% urea twice at weekly intervals, while the other half were left as controls. The plants were harvested after natural leaf fall, stored at 2 °C, and then destructively sampled in January for reserve N and carbohydrate analysis. As N concentration used in fertigation increased, whole-plant reserve N content increased progressively with a corresponding decrease in reserve carbohydrate concentration. Foliar urea application increased whole-plant N content and decreased reserve carbohydrate concentration. The effect of foliar urea on whole-plant reserve N content and carbohydrate concentration was dependent on the N status of the plant, with low-N plants being more responsive than high-N plants. There was a linear relationship between the increase in N content and decrease in carbohydrate concentration caused by foliar urea, suggesting that part of the reserve carbohydrates was used to assimilate N from foliar urea. Regardless of the difference in tree size caused by N fertigation, the increase in the total amount of reserve N by foliar urea application was the same on a whole-tree basis, indicating that plants with low-N background were more effective in using N from urea spray than plants with high-N background.

Inulin in the Application of Bio-Energy

2011 ◽  
Vol 343-344 ◽  
pp. 556-559 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chun Hai Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Single Cell ◽  
Ethanol Fermentation ◽  
Oil Production ◽  
Energy Development ◽  
Single Cell Oil ◽  
Reserve Carbohydrate

This article summarizes the development of current condition of bio-energy development simply, including the most bio-ethanol and biodiesel are potential, but the material is the biggest obstacle. Inulin is present as a reserve carbohydrate in the roots and tubers of plants,which will maybe use to ethanol fermentation, single cell oil production and inulooligosaccharide(IOS) production.

scholarly journals The SEB-1 Transcription Factor Binds to the STRE Motif inNeurospora crassaand Regulates a Variety of Cellular Processes Including the Stress Response and Reserve Carbohydrate Metabolism

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 1327-1343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernanda Zanolli Freitas ◽  
Stela Virgilio ◽  
Fernanda Barbosa Cupertino ◽  
David John Kowbel ◽  
Mariana Fioramonte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Stress Response ◽  
Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Reserve Carbohydrate

Histochemistry and ultrastructure of Campuloclinium chlorolepis (Asteraceae) tuberous roots accumulating fructan: evidences of functions other than reserve carbohydrate

2011 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Divina A. A. Vilhalva ◽  
Angelo L. Cortelazzo ◽  
A. L. Maria Angela M. Carvalho ◽  
Rita de Cássia L. Figueiredo-Ribeiro
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Anion Exchange Chromatography ◽  
Exchange Chromatography ◽  
Cortical Tissue ◽  
Tuberous Roots ◽  
Polarised Light ◽  
Reserve Carbohydrate ◽  
Scanning Electron

Campuloclinium chlorolepis (Baker), an herbaceous species of the Cerrado, accumulates inulin-type fructans in the tuberous roots. Plants were collected in the Cerrado and the roots analysed using light and scanning electron microscopy. The presence of fructans was assessed by specific stain reactions and by high performance anion exchange chromatography. Here, we report the localisation of protein, phenols and neutral polysaccharides in the tuberous roots after staining with different dyes generally used in cytochemical analyses. Results showed the presence of fructans inside and outside cells from all tissues of tuberous roots with the exception of the epidermis. When visualised by scanning electron microscopy, globular bodies consistent with typical inulin spherocrystals were clearly detected under polarised light. These globular bodies varied in size according to location, being smaller in the cortical tissue and larger in the central cylinder. The localisation of fructans outside the cell in several tissues of the tuberous roots clearly shown by histochemical and ultrastructural analyses lead to the hypothesis of interaction of fructose polymers with cell membrane and possibly their role in membrane stabilisation in plants subjected to stressing environmental conditions.

scholarly journals Quantifying the Responses of Mixed Rumen Microbes to Excess Carbohydrate

2013 ◽  
Vol 79 (12) ◽  
pp. 3786-3795 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy J. Hackmann ◽  
Leanne E. Diese ◽  
Jeffrey L. Firkins
Keyword(s):  
Heat Production ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Energetic Efficiency ◽  
Rumen Microbes ◽  
Endogenous Metabolism ◽  
Mixed Microbial Community ◽  
Carbohydrate Fermentation ◽  
Glucose Synthesis ◽  
Energy Spilling ◽  
Reserve Carbohydrate

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to determine if a mixed microbial community from the bovine rumen would respond to excess carbohydrate by accumulating reserve carbohydrate, energy spilling (dissipating excess ATP energy as heat), or both. Mixed microbes from the rumen were washed with N-free buffer and dosed with glucose. Total heat production was measured by calorimetry. Energy spilling was calculated as heat production not accounted by (i) endogenous metabolism (heat production before dosing glucose) and (ii) synthesis of reserve carbohydrate (heat from synthesis itself and reactions yielding ATP for it). For cells dosed with 5 mM glucose, synthesis of reserve carbohydrate and endogenous metabolism accounted for nearly all heat production (93.7%); no spilling was detected (P= 0.226). For cells dosed with 20 mM glucose, energy spilling was not detected immediately after dosing, but it became significant (P< 0.05) by approximately 30 min after dosing with glucose. Energy spilling accounted for as much as 38.7% of heat production in one incubation. Nearly all energy (97.9%) and carbon (99.9%) in glucose were recovered in reserve carbohydrate, fermentation acids, CO2, CH4, and heat. This full recovery indicates that products were measured completely and that spilling was not a methodological artifact. These results should aid future research aiming to mechanistically account for variation in energetic efficiency of mixed microbial communities.

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