scholarly journals Quantifying the Responses of Mixed Rumen Microbes to Excess Carbohydrate

2013 ◽  
Vol 79 (12) ◽  
pp. 3786-3795 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy J. Hackmann ◽  
Leanne E. Diese ◽  
Jeffrey L. Firkins
Keyword(s):  
Heat Production ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Energetic Efficiency ◽  
Rumen Microbes ◽  
Endogenous Metabolism ◽  
Mixed Microbial Community ◽  
Carbohydrate Fermentation ◽  
Glucose Synthesis ◽  
Energy Spilling ◽  
Reserve Carbohydrate

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to determine if a mixed microbial community from the bovine rumen would respond to excess carbohydrate by accumulating reserve carbohydrate, energy spilling (dissipating excess ATP energy as heat), or both. Mixed microbes from the rumen were washed with N-free buffer and dosed with glucose. Total heat production was measured by calorimetry. Energy spilling was calculated as heat production not accounted by (i) endogenous metabolism (heat production before dosing glucose) and (ii) synthesis of reserve carbohydrate (heat from synthesis itself and reactions yielding ATP for it). For cells dosed with 5 mM glucose, synthesis of reserve carbohydrate and endogenous metabolism accounted for nearly all heat production (93.7%); no spilling was detected (P= 0.226). For cells dosed with 20 mM glucose, energy spilling was not detected immediately after dosing, but it became significant (P< 0.05) by approximately 30 min after dosing with glucose. Energy spilling accounted for as much as 38.7% of heat production in one incubation. Nearly all energy (97.9%) and carbon (99.9%) in glucose were recovered in reserve carbohydrate, fermentation acids, CO2, CH4, and heat. This full recovery indicates that products were measured completely and that spilling was not a methodological artifact. These results should aid future research aiming to mechanistically account for variation in energetic efficiency of mixed microbial communities.

PSIV-2 Evaluation of Relationship Between Feed Efficiency Traits and Energy Metabolism Using Comparative Slaughter Studies in Growing and Finishing Cattle

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 214-215
Author(s):  
Phillip A Lancaster
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Energetic Efficiency ◽  
Maintenance Energy ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Comparative Slaughter

Abstract There is uncertainty whether feed efficiency traits are related to energetic efficiency. The objective of this study was to utilize comparative slaughter data to evaluate the relationships of feed efficiency traits with maintenance energy requirements (MEm) and efficiency of metabolizable energy (ME) use for maintenance (km) and gain (kg). Published data were compiled (31 studies, 214 treatment means) on metabolizable energy intake (MEI) and composition of empty body gain in growing cattle. Data analyses were performed using R statistical software considering each treatment mean as an independent experimental unit. Assuming fasting heat production (FHP) varies only due to empty body protein (EBP) composition, it was computed as 295 kcal/kg EBP.75. MEm, km, and kg were computed from the nonlinear relationship between heat production and MEI. Residual intake (lower is more efficient) was computed as the residual from linear regression of MEI on EBW and EBW gain (RMEI) or MEI on EBP, retained energy as protein and retained energy as fat (RMEIc). Residual gain (higher is more efficient) was computed as the residual from linear regression of EBW gain on EBW and MEI (REBG) or retained energy on EBP and MEI (RRE). MEI was positively correlated with RMEI (0.46) and RMEIc (0.44), and EBW gain was correlated with REBG (0.58) and RRE (0.39). FHP was correlated with RMEIc (-0.25). MEm was weakly correlated with RMEI (0.19), RMEIc (0.22), and REBG (-0.26), but strongly correlated with RRE (-0.51). km was moderately correlated with RMEI (-0.35), but strongly correlated with REBG (0.49), RMEIc (-0.59), and RRE (0.79). kg was strongly correlated with RMEI (-0.69), REBG (0.47), RMEIc (-0.89), and RRE (0.70). Correlations among feed efficiency traits were strong (&gt;±0.48). In conclusion, feed efficiency traits using retained energy as the dependent variable had stronger correlations with maintenance energy requirements than those using feed intake as the dependent variable.

EFFECTS OF CROSSBREEDING AND SEX ON ENERGY REQUIREMENTS AND UTILIZATION BY YOUNG PIGS

1972 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 751-759 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. D. SHARMA ◽  
L. G. YOUNG ◽  
G. C. SMITH ◽  
R. SAISON
Keyword(s):  
Heat Production ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energetic Efficiency ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Feeding Experiment ◽  
Energy Status ◽  
Breeding Groups ◽  
Fasting Heat Production

The influence of crossbreeding and sex on digestible (DE) and metabolizable (ME) energy values, fasting heat production (FHP), energy requirement for maintenance and growth, and on the efficiency of utilization of metabolizable energy in young weanling pigs, was investigated by employing a comparative slaughter technique. The pigs obtained by insemination of Yorkshire sows with pooled semen (equal number of sperms) from purebred Yorkshire and Hampshire boars, were identified for genotype by blood-group typing. A total of 37 pigs was used in this study, of which 9 pigs selected at random were killed to provide the initial body composition and energy status of pigs in the feeding experiment. The remaining 28 pigs (16 purebred: 8 male and 8 female; and 12 crossbred: 6 male and 6 female) were allotted at random to a feeding experiment of a randomized complete block design involving a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement (purebred vs. crossbred, male vs. female, and level of dietary energy input: 130 and 330 kcal ME/Wkg0.75 daily). One metabolism trial with each pig individually kept in a crate was conducted during the 4th week of the 40-day feeding period. The coefficients of DE and ME were 89.2 and 84.2%, respectively, and were not influenced by sex or genotype. An interaction was observed in the estimates of the fasting heat production and energy requirement for maintenance. Purebred Yorkshire males had a greater fasting heat production than Hampshire × Yorkshire males, whereas females of the two breeding groups had similar values. The apparent efficiency of utilization of ME was 76% and the net efficiency of utilization of ME available above maintenance was 66%. The energetic efficiency and the net energy value of the diet were similar for both breeding groups and sex. The mechanism of rapid gains due to crossbreeding was investigated.

scholarly journals The transcriptome of the rumen ciliate Entodinium caudatum reveals some of its metabolic features

BMC Genomics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lingling Wang ◽  
Anas Abu-Doleh ◽  
Johanna Plank ◽  
Umit V. Catalyurek ◽  
Jeffrey L. Firkins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Fungal Cell ◽  
Rumen Microbes ◽  
Ecological Features ◽  
Ciliate Species ◽  
Genomic Studies ◽  
Abiotic Stimuli

Abstract Background Rumen ciliates play important roles in rumen function by digesting and fermenting feed and shaping the rumen microbiome. However, they remain poorly understood due to the lack of definitive direct evidence without influence by prokaryotes (including symbionts) in co-cultures or the rumen. In this study, we used RNA-Seq to characterize the transcriptome of Entodinium caudatum, the most predominant and representative rumen ciliate species. Results Of a large number of transcripts, > 12,000 were annotated to the curated genes in the NR, UniProt, and GO databases. Numerous CAZymes (including lysozyme and chitinase) and peptidases were represented in the transcriptome. This study revealed the ability of E. caudatum to depolymerize starch, hemicellulose, pectin, and the polysaccharides of the bacterial and fungal cell wall, and to degrade proteins. Many signaling pathways, including the ones that have been shown to function in E. caudatum, were represented by many transcripts. The transcriptome also revealed the expression of the genes involved in symbiosis, detoxification of reactive oxygen species, and the electron-transport chain. Overall, the transcriptomic evidence is consistent with some of the previous premises about E. caudatum. However, the identification of specific genes, such as those encoding lysozyme, peptidases, and other enzymes unique to rumen ciliates might be targeted to develop specific and effective inhibitors to improve nitrogen utilization efficiency by controlling the activity and growth of rumen ciliates. The transcriptomic data will also help the assembly and annotation in future genomic sequencing of E. caudatum. Conclusion As the first transcriptome of a single species of rumen ciliates ever sequenced, it provides direct evidence for the substrate spectrum, fermentation pathways, ability to respond to various biotic and abiotic stimuli, and other physiological and ecological features of E. caudatum. The presence and expression of the genes involved in the lysis and degradation of microbial cells highlight the dependence of E. caudatum on engulfment of other rumen microbes for its survival and growth. These genes may be explored in future research to develop targeted control of Entodinium species in the rumen. The transcriptome can also facilitate future genomic studies of E. caudatum and other related rumen ciliates.

Effect of cold exposure on fuel utilization in humans: plasma glucose, muscle glycogen, and lipids

2002 ◽  
Vol 93 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
François Haman ◽  
François Péronnet ◽  
Glen P. Kenny ◽  
Denis Massicotte ◽  
Carole Lavoie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Production ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Muscle Glycogen ◽  
Glucose Oxidation ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Oxidation Rates ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Glucose Ingestion ◽  
Shivering Thermogenesis

The relative roles of circulatory glucose, muscle glycogen, and lipids in shivering thermogenesis are unclear. Using a combination of indirect calorimetry and stable isotope methodology ([U-13C]glucose ingestion), we have quantified the oxidation rates of these substrates in men acutely exposed to cold for 2 h (liquid conditioned suit perfused with 10°C water). Cold exposure stimulated heat production by 2.6-fold and increased the oxidation of plasma glucose from 39.4 ± 2.4 to 93.9 ± 5.5 mg/min (+138%), of muscle glycogen from 126.6 ± 7.8 to 264.2 ± 36.9 mg glucosyl units/min (+109%), and of lipids from 46.9 ± 3.2 to 176.5 ± 17.3 mg/min (+376%). Despite the observed increase in plasma glucose oxidation, this fuel only supplied 10% of the energy for heat generation. The major source of carbohydrate was muscle glycogen (75% of all glucose oxidized), and lipids produced as much heat as all other fuels combined. During prolonged, low-intensity shivering, we conclude that total heat production is unequally shared among lipids (50%), muscle glycogen (30%), plasma glucose (10%), and proteins (10%). Therefore, future research should focus on lipids and muscle glycogen that provide most of the energy for heat production.

scholarly journals 15 Young Scholar Presentation: Impact of a Near Ideal Amino Acid Profile on the Efficiency of Nitrogen and Energy Utilization in Lactating Sows

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 17-18
Author(s):  
Sai Zhang ◽  
Nathalie Trottier
Keyword(s):  
Heat Production ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Biological Efficiency ◽  
Energetic Efficiency ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Metabolic Heat ◽  
Lactating Sows

Abstract The objective was to determine the efficiency of EAA and energy for lactation in sows and quantify their metabolic heat production fed a reduced protein diet. We hypothesized that feeding a reduced protein diet with near ideal AA profile (NIAA) and a leucine:lysine of 1.14 improves the dietary essential AA (EAA) and energy utilization efficiency and reduces the metabolic heat associated with lactation, compared to feeding diets containing leucine:lysine of 1.63. Three diets were formulated iso-calorically (2,580 kcal/kg net energy), including 1) control diet with a 1.63 leucine:lysine (CON; 18.75% CP), 2) optimal diet with NIAA profile and 1.14 leucine:lysine (OPT; 13.75% CP) by supplementing crystalline AA to minimum requirements; and 3) OPT diet with L-Leucine (Leu) supplementation to achieve CON Leu:Lys of 1.63 (OPTLEU; 14.25% CP). Experiment 1 was to estimate maximal biological efficiency value (MBEV) of EAA in lactating sows fed CON, OPT and OPTLEU diets. Feeding OPT diet improved efficiency of nitrogen (N) (79.1%), arginine (61.1%), His (78.3%), Ile (65.4%), Leu (75.1%), Met + Cys (78.2%), Phe (53.4%), Phe + Tyr (69.5%) and Trp (70.1%) and maximized the efficiency of Lys (63.2%), Met (67.9%), Thr (71.0%) and Val (57.0%) for milk production over a 21-day lactation. Experiment 2 was to estimate dietary energetic efficiency, energy partitioning and heat production in lactating sows fed CON, OPT and OPTLEU diets. Feeding OPT led to greater energy utilization for lactation due to less urinary energy and metabolic heat loss, and triggered dietary energy deposition into milk at the expense of maternal lipid mobilization. Feeding OPTLEU compared to OPT reduced energy utilization for lactation by directing dietary energy away from the mammary gland and towards maternal pool, in part explaining the efficacy of a NIAA diet over CON. Experiment 3 was to measure heat production in lactating sows fed CON and OPT diets and exposed to thermal neutral and HS environments. Sows fed OPT diet produced less metabolic heat and had lower body temperature when exposed to HS conditions compared to CON fed sows. In conclusion, feeding a diet with NIAA profile containing Leu:Lys of 1.14 improves EAA and energy utilization efficiency for lactation, and reduces the metabolic heat associated with lactation compared to feeding a diet with Leu:Lys of 1.63.

Selection for residual feed intake affects appetite and body composition rather than energetic efficiency

2018 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 175 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. S. Lines ◽  
W. S. Pitchford ◽  
C. D. K. Bottema ◽  
R. M. Herd ◽  
V. H. Oddy
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Protein Metabolism ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Residual Feed Intake ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Energetic Efficiency ◽  
Selection For

Residual feed intake (RFI) is the difference between an animal’s actual feed intake and that which would be expected based on production. This experiment was to test the hypothesis that part of the variation in RFI may be due to differences in energetic efficiency through changes in heat production, these being in part due to differences in protein metabolism. Following three generations of divergent selection for RFI, eight High and eight Low-RFI heifers were fed at both 105% and 180% of predicted maintenance feed requirements. Between-RFI line and feeding-level differences were assessed for energy intake, protein metabolism, heat production, body composition, energy and nitrogen balance and digestibility. The RFI lines did not differ in protein metabolism or heat production. The High-RFI heifers deposited 51% and 56% more subcutaneous fat at the P8 rump and 12/13th rib sites, respectively, with no difference in eye muscle area gain or average daily weight gain. The greater fat deposition of High-RFI heifers was due to a larger ad libitum feed consumption compared with the Low-RFI heifers. Energy and nitrogen balance did not differ between the RFI lines. The energy transactions indicated no difference in the efficiency of energy use on 105% maintenance, although when fed 180% of maintenance the differences in feed intake suggest variation in appetite as the mechanism contributing to RFI. All of the extra energy consumed by High-RFI heifers above maintenance and deposition of protein was associated with additional energy retained as fat. This study suggests that selection for RFI may not lead to improved efficiency of energy use.

Energetic efficiency of fattening sheep. II. Effects of under-nutrition

1964 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 113 ◽  
Author(s):  
N McCGraham
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Energetic Efficiency ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Under Nutrition ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
High Level

Balances of energy, carbon, and nitrogen were determined with five castrate sheep at several levels of feeding and at fasting, when the sheep were in lean condition and when they were very thin; measurements had been made previously when they were fat. While the animals were on a constant low ration to cause loss of condition, the observations were continued under both thermoneutral and cold conditions, and glucose and ketone levels in the blood were also measured. The digestibility and metabolizability of the gross energy of the food were not affected by body condition. However, as the sheep lost weight, the net availability of metabolizable energy at each level of food intake declined. The change of efficiency was not apparent when comparisons were made at equivalent levels of energy storage. In the weight range 21–59 kg, the fasting heat production varied directly with body weight at a rate of 10 kcall24 hr/kg. Prediction of fasting metabolism from body weight is discussed. Changes of energy utilization were largely accounted for by changes of fat metabolism. When the sheep were emaciated, oxidation of protein during fasting was somewhat greater than when they were fat, but nitrogen supplied by the food was used more efficiently. Under cold stress, the heat production of the sheep increased to a high level, which did not vary with body weight until homeostasis failed when the animals were extremely emaciated. The apparent digestibility of the food (at the lowest intake) decreased by 0.47 unit/°C fall of ambient temperature. While the sheep were on the submaintenance ration, the levels of blood glucose and ketones remained at the higher end of the "normal" range under thermoneutral conditions and were somewhat elevated under cold conditions. Hypoglycaemia occurred only when homeostasis failed.

scholarly journals The effect of formaldehyde or glutaraldehyde application to lucerne before ensiling on silage fermentation and silage N digestion in sheep

1984 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 391-401 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Siddons ◽  
C. Arricastres ◽  
D. L. Gale ◽  
D. E. Beever
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Formic Acid ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Rumen Microbes ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Silage Fermentation ◽  
Carbohydrate Fermentation ◽  
Effect Of Treatment ◽  
Microbial N

1. The primary growth of lucerne (Medicago sativa) was ensiled after treatment with either formic acid alone (4.1 litres/t; silage F) or with formic acid and either formaldehyde (30.5 g/kg crude protein (nitrogen x 6.25; CP); silage FF), glutaraldehyde (44.2 g/kg CP; silage FG) or a mixture of the two aldehydes at approximately half their individual application rates (silage FFG).2. Compared with formic acid alone, both formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde reduced protein breakdown and carbohydrate fermentation during ensiling. The extent of protein protection afforded within the silo was similar for the two aldehydes, whereas formaldehyde was more effective in restricting carbohydrate fermentation. The effect of treatment FFG on silage fermentation was confounded by the silo bag bursting and the development of a clostridial-type fermentation. All aldehyde treatments reduced silage soluble-N content but N disappearance when the silages were incubated in polyester bags in the rumen was high for all silages and reductions due to the aldehydes were small.3. Silage digestion was studied in four mature sheep each fitted with a rumen cannula and re-entrant cannulas in the proximal duodenum and distal ileum.4. The apparent digestibility of organic matter (OM) in the whole tract was reduced (P < 0.05) to a similar extent by both aldehydes, whereas rumen OM digestion was reduced (P < 0.05) more by glutaraldehyde than by formaldehyde. The effects on digestion appeared to be due to the action of the aldehydes on the foods rather than to any adverse influences of the aldehydes on the metabolism of the rumen microbes because, although rumen ammonia levels were lower (P < 0.05) when the aldehyde-treated silages were given, rumen casein-degrading activity, the degradation of different feedstuffs when incubated in polyester bags in the rumen and microbial N flow at the duodenum did not differ (P < 0.05) between silages.5. All aldehyde treatments decreased (P < 0.05) the apparent digestibility of N in the whole tract. Silage N degradability in the rumen was also decreased (P < 0.05) from 0.82 for silage F to 0.67, 0.60 and 0.62 for silages FF, FG and FFG respectively, and consequently non-ammonia-N (NAN) flow at the duodenum increased (P < 0.05). The aldehydes did not adversely affect the apparent digestibility of NAN in the small intestine, and net NAN absorption from the small intestine increased from 8.8 g/d with silage F to 11.4, 15.3 and 14.2 g/d with silages FF, FG and FFG respectively. Both the decrease in N degradability in the rumen and the increase in net NAN absorption from the small intestine were greater (P < 0.05) with glutaraldehyde than with formaldehyde.

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