¿Puede la existencia de una cláusula general de obediencia del derecho predecir el desempeño de un país en materia de honestidad cívica? (Can the Existence of a General Clause of Obedience to Law Predict the Performance of a Country in Terms of Civic Honesty?)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose Miguel Camacho-Castro
Keyword(s):  
General Clause

scholarly journals THE APPLICATION OF MACHINE LEARNING TOOLS TO THE VALIDATION OF AN AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL DOMAIN THEORY

2001 ◽  
Vol 10 (04) ◽  
pp. 613-637 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. M. WEST ◽  
T. L. McCLUSKEY
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Traffic Control ◽  
Air Traffic Control ◽  
Air Traffic ◽  
Domain Theory ◽  
Learning Tools ◽  
General Clause ◽  
Faulty Component ◽  
Training Examples ◽  
Mixed Initiative

In this paper we describe a project (IMPRESS) in which machine learning (ML) tools were created and utilised for the validation of an Air Traffic Control domain theory written in first order logic. During the project, novel techniques were devised for the automated revision of general clause form theories using training examples. These techniques were combined in an algorithm which focused in on the parts of a theory which involve ordinal sorts, and applied geometrical revision operators to repair faulty component parts. While we illustrate the feasibility of applying ML to this area, we conclude that to be effective it must be focused to the application at hand, and used in mixed-initiative mode within a tools environment. The method is illustrated with experimental results obtained during the project.

The Flexible Copyright Exception for ‘Non-Enjoyment’ Purposes ‒ Recent Amendment in Japan and Its Implication

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatsuhiro Ueno
Keyword(s):  
Copyright Protection ◽  
Fair Use ◽  
Theoretical Justification ◽  
Fair Dealing ◽  
The Us ◽  
General Clause ◽  
Copyright Exception ◽  
The Uk ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Text And Data Mining

Abstract After the long discussions in Japan over the introduction of a general clause on copyright exceptions since 2007, the ‘flexible’ provisions on copyright exceptions (Arts. 30-4, 47-4 and 47-5) were finally introduced into the Japanese Copyright Act in 2018 and came into effect in 2019. They differ widely from the US fair use clause and the UK fair dealing provisions. This article focuses on Art. 30-4, which comprehensively allows an exploitation of a work that is aimed at neither enjoying nor causing another person to enjoy the work. In particular, any exploitation for text-and-data mining (TDM) is widely permitted by any means under Art. 30-4, including for commercial purposes. The underlying theory behind this relates to the nature of copyright, or the justification for copyright protection that an exploitation not for ‘enjoyment’ purposes is beyond the inherent scope of copyright because it does not prejudice the opportunities of the copyright holders to receive compensation. While this might sound unusual, it is interesting to note that some similar theories can be found in Europe, some of which try to widely exclude TDM activities from the scope of copyright based on the idea of ‘a use as a work’. Considering such common characteristics of the theories regarding copyright and ‘enjoyment’ of a work, Art. 30-4 of the Japanese Copyright Act and the theoretical justification for it might have implications for other jurisdictions regarding copyright exceptions or the substantive scope of copyright.

Der Parlamentsvorbehalt in der Corona-Krise

2020 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 469-500
Author(s):  
Armin von Weschpfennig
Keyword(s):  
Infection Control ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
Control Law ◽  
Executive Orders ◽  
Liability Law ◽  
Liberal Democratic ◽  
Legal Literature ◽  
General Clause ◽  
Aid Programs ◽  
State Liability

Crises are not only a test for society, they also pose a challenge to the legal order. This is revealed by the worldwide handling of the Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and the COVID-19 disease with a clarity that until recently probably nobody thought possible. Even in liberal democratic states, far-reaching restrictions on personal freedoms have been imposed, including lockdowns. In addition to questions of proportionality, the scope of the parliamentary prerogative in the Corona crisis has been under discussion in Germany since March 2020. Contrary to some voices in legal literature, even serious encroachments on fundamental rights can be justified, at least temporarily, by executive orders based on the general clause under infection control law and its cursory clarifications. Though, as the duration and complexity of crisis management increases, so too does the constitutional exigency for fundamental decisions by the legislature. The question of parliamentary prerogative also arises in the discussion about compensation payments, for example, for closure of businesses and other establishments during the lockdown. Since special provisions of infection control law often do not apply, some advocate a recourse to unwritten state liability law. However, this law is only geared to selective compensation and does not usually provide a legal basis for state liability in the Corona crisis. Here, too, the legislature must make improvements, if encroachments on fundamental rights – namely on the freedom of property – are no longer deemed proportionate without financial compensation. When assessing proportionality, however, the numerous aid programs must be taken into account.

Case and word order in Lithuanian

2006 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
STEVEN FRANKS ◽  
JAMES E. LAVINE
Keyword(s):  
Word Order ◽  
Unusual Case ◽  
Clause Structure ◽  
Case Assignment ◽  
General Clause ◽  
Direct Objects ◽  
Case Licensing ◽  
Do So

This paper examines the unusual case and word order behavior of objects of infinitives in Lithuanian. In addition to lexically determined case idiosyncrasy, Lithuanian exhibits syntactically determined case idiosyncrasy: with infinitives in three distinct constructions, case possibilities other than accusative obtain. These cases (dative, genitive, and nominative) depend on the general clause structure rather than on the particular infinitive. Moreover, unlike ordinary direct objects, these objects appear in a position preceding rather than following the verb. It is argued that they move to this position in order potentially to be accessible for Case assignment by some higher Case-assigning head. In this way we unify the two superficially unrelated properties of non-canonical word order and Case. This movement, however, is not feature-driven in the sense of standard minimalist Case-licensing mechanisms. We characterize it as ‘agnostic’ in that it applies to an object with unvalued Case features, if that object reaches a point in the derivation where it has no recourse but to move because failure to do so would be fatal.

scholarly journals Nadużycie prawa podmiotowego w sprawach o ustanowienie rozdzielności majątkowej i ustalenie nierównych udziałów w majątku wspólnym

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 283
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Szczekala
Keyword(s):  
Common Property ◽  
Civil Code ◽  
Moral Justification ◽  
General Clause ◽  
Scope Of Application ◽  
Separate Property ◽  
The Common ◽  
Subjective Rights ◽  
Article 5

<p>The purpose of the study is to determine the scope of application of the construction of abuse of subjective rights in cases involving the establishment of a regime of separate property by the court and the determination of unequal shares in the common property. The prerequisite for both the establishment of the regime of separate property and the determination of unequal shares in the common property are “important reasons”. In order to determine the admissibility of the application of Article 5 of the Polish Civil Code it is therefore necessary to define the meaning of the terms “important reasons” and “rules of social coexistence”. It is assumed herein that general clauses are a kind of reference, in terms of the interpretation of provisions to generically defined norms and non-legal assessments, which have, in principle, an axiological moral justification and, consequently, that only evaluative phrases, as “rules of social coexistence” can be referred to using this term. “Important reasons”, on the other hand, are not an evaluative phrase but an estimative phrase and therefore not a general clause. It was also considered that it could not be ruled the assessment, under Article 5 of the Polish Civil Code, of the request for the regime of separate property to be established by the court or the request for the establishment of unequal shares in the common property, taking into account the extent to which each of the spouses contributed to its creation.</p>

scholarly journals As práticas abusivas em face do consumidor endividado / Abusive practices in face of the indebted consumer

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Luiz Mesquita de Almeida Neto
Keyword(s):  
Inductive Approach ◽  
General Clause ◽  
Current Article ◽  
Credit Agreement

Resumo: O presente artigo estuda o tema das cláusulas gerais do Direito Civil, especialmente a boa-fé objetiva e a vedação ao abuso de direito. Como método, propõe uma abordagem indutiva, a partir da coleta de dados por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica. O objetivo é fundamentar teoricamente  o combate às práticas abusivas em face do consumidor endividado e, por outro lado, verificar quais são as principais práticas abusivas documentadas nesse contexto. O artigo propõe a hipótese, que se confirma ao final, de que o superendividamento tem alterado o preenchimento da  cláusula geral da boa-fé objetiva, com a criação de novos deveres anexos ao fornecedor na contratação do crédito, bem como modificando o conteúdo efetivo da vedação ao abuso de direito, com o reconhecimento de novas práticas abusivas em face do consumidor endividado. Abstract: The current article studies the Civil Law's general clauses theme, particularly good objective faith and abuse of rights prohibition. Like method, proposes an inductive approach, from data collect, through bibliographic research. The goal is to theoretically substantiate the combat to the abusive practices against the indebted consumer and, otherwise, verify which are the main abusive practices documented in this context. The article proposes the hypothesis, which is confirmed in the end, that Over-indebtedness has changed the fill to the good objective faith general clause, with the breeding of new attached duties to the supplier at the credit agreement, as so has modified the effective content at abuse of rights prohibition, with the acknowledgement of new abusive practices against the indebted consumer.

scholarly journals Axiology of Judicial Application of Enforcement Law: View on the Bailiff’s Discretion

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 149
Author(s):  
Piotr Szczekocki
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Public Interest ◽  
Special Role ◽  
Application Process ◽  
Important Place ◽  
The Public ◽  
General Clause ◽  
The Law ◽  
And Function

<p class="Standard">In the article, the author focused on three theoretical and philosophical issues of the judicial enforcement law in Poland, connected with the new enforcement acts which entered into force on 1 January 2019. First, the judicial enforcement proceedings were presented as an element of the law application process. The axiological dimension of this law, the place and function of a court bailiff in the law application process and the introduction of general clauses, combined with the basic values of the court enforcement law in the form of efficiency, effectiveness and reliability, form the new picture of the judicial enforcement law. Secondly, the problem of a general clause as a “carrier” of extralegal criteria was discussed, which takes an important place in the process of enforcement law application in the new bailiff’s law. There is the special role of the “public interest” and the “interest of justice” clauses as normative constructions introduced by the legislator to judicial enforcement. Thirdly, an attempt was made to answer the question about the presence and possible limits of discretion (free decision-making) of a court bailiff in the surrounding of the new axiology of enforcement law, and especially the formulation of this issue in the process of operative interpretation of law by a court bailiff.</p>

El sistema de atribución de competencias a las entidades locales en la Ley de Instituciones Locales de Euskadi

2017 ◽  
pp. 213-267
Author(s):  
Francisco TOSCANO GIL
Keyword(s):  
State Regulation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Local Autonomy ◽  
General Clause ◽  
El Sistema ◽  
Title Iii ◽  
The One

LABURPENA: Euskadiko Toki Erakundeei buruzko apirilaren 7ko 2/2016 Legearen helburu nagusietako bat lurraldeko tokiko entitateei eskumenak emateko sistema bat diseinatzea da. Horri buruzkoa da Legearen III. Titulua, zeinak arreta berezia eskaintzen baitie udalerriei. Atal horretan, batetik, eskumen propioak, transferituak edo eskuordetuak bereizi dira; bestetik, aurrekoak ez beste eskumen batzuk sailkatu ditu, eskumenen klausula orokorren eskema propio bati erantzuten diotenak. Legeak zenbait helburu uztartzen ditu horrelako eskumen motak arautzerakoan. Lehenik eta behin, eskumen propioari sisteman zentraltasuna eta lehentasuna ematea, toki-autonomiarekin duen loturari erreparatuz, Europako Tokiko Autonomia Gutuneko printzipioen baieztapenarekin duen loturari, hain zuzen; horren ondorioz, EAEko udalerriek dute, une honetan, estatu espainiarreko berme estandar altuena. Bigarrenik, transferitutako edo eskuordetutako eskumenak arautzea, sisteman hondar posizioa emanez. Hirugarrenik, aurreko ez beste eskumen batzuk balia daitezen bermatzea, estatu mailako oinarrizko araudiko betekizunak betetzeari utzi gabe. RESUMEN: Uno de los objetivos principales de la Ley 2/2016, de 7 de abril, de Instituciones Locales de Euskadi es diseñar un sistema de atribución de competencias a las entidades locales de su territorio. A ello se dedica el Título III de la Ley, prestando una especial atención al municipio. En éste se distingue entre, por un lado, competencias propias, transferidas y delegadas, y, por otro, competencias distintas de las anteriores, que responden al esquema propio de una cláusula general de competencia. La Ley conjuga varios objetivos en la regulación de estos tipos competenciales. Primero, dotar a la competencia propia de centralidad y prevalencia en el sistema, en atención a su conexión con la autonomía local, configurando una estructura de garantías que, en su conexión con la afirmación de los principios de la Carta Europea de la Autonomía Local, hacen que el municipio vasco sea en estos momentos el municipio que cuenta con los estándares de garantía más elevados del Estado español. Segundo, regular las competencias transferidas y delegadas, atribuyéndoles una posición residual en el sistema. Tercero, garantizar el ejercicio de competencias distintas de las anteriores, sin dejar de cumplir con las exigencias de la normativa estatal básica. ABSTRACT: One of the main objectives of Act 2/2016 of April 7th on Local entities of Euskadi is to devise a system of allocation of powers for the local entities in that territory. Title III of the Act is devoted to it, paying special attention to the municipality. That title distinguishes on one hand between own, transferred and delegated competences and on the other, competences different to the aforementioned which respond to the own schema of the general clause of competence. The Act combines several objectives when regulating theses types of competences. Firstly, providing the own competence with the centrality and primacy within the system, due its connection with local autonomy, setting a structure of guarantees that in connection with the affirmation of the principles of the European Charter for Local Autonomy make nowadays the Basque municipality the one with highest guarantee standards in Spain. Secondly, it regulates the transferred and delegated competences by granting them a residual position within the system. Thirdly, it guarantees the exercise of competences different to the aforementioned while fulfilling the requirements established by the Basic State regulation.

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