Paper Series V – Substantial Property, Major Asset Transactions and Minority Member Protection

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ikemefuna Stephen Nwoye
Keyword(s):  
Minority Member

Synagogue and State in the Israeli Military: A Story of “Inappropriate Integration”

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 223-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karin Carmit Yefet
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Identities ◽  
Religious Community ◽  
Minority Women ◽  
Religious Minority ◽  
Liberal Democratic ◽  
Majority Group ◽  
Minority Member ◽  
Group Members ◽  
The Military ◽  
Female Soldiers

Abstract The encounter between synagogue and state in Israel’s military context raises a variety of complex questions that defy conventional paradigms. While religious liberty continues to occupy a special place in most liberal democratic thought, the legal and philosophical literature pondering its various dimensions has largely lost analytic sight of the fascinating intersection of military and religion. This article embarks on analyzing the appropriate integration between loyalty to God and to country, and between religious male and secular female soldiers. Evaluating examples of synagogue-state tensions and accommodationist policies, this article explores the manner and extent to which the Israeli military (IDF) responds to the observant soldier’s multiple identities as a religious minority member and a faithful citizen of the larger secular polity. Against this backdrop, the article analyzes the vexed challenges posed to multicultural theory by the equivocal status of the Orthodox community as a numerical minority but “power majority” within the military, and by the IDF’s unique exercise of multiculturalist protection, termed herein “external restrictions,” imposed on majority group members. It concludes that the ongoing “religionization” of the IDF through the 2002 “Appropriate Integration” regulation has served as a powerful counterforce to gender equality, fostering a growing practice of female exclusion through which women are disenfranchised from core, non-negotiable protections of citizenship. The article identifies as the prime casualty of this aggressive multicultural accommodation not only secular women’s hard-won equality of opportunity, but also the very rights and status of minority women within their own religious community.

scholarly journals Location histogram privacy by Sensitive Location Hiding and Target Histogram Avoidance/Resemblance

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (7) ◽  
pp. 2613-2651
Author(s):  
Grigorios Loukides ◽  
George Theodorakopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Price Discrimination ◽  
Optimization Problem ◽  
Optimal Algorithm ◽  
Search Space ◽  
Greedy Heuristic ◽  
Optimal Solutions ◽  
Area Of Interest ◽  
Minority Member ◽  
Specific Search

AbstractA location histogram is comprised of the number of times a user has visited locations as they move in an area of interest, and it is often obtained from the user in the context of applications such as recommendation and advertising. However, a location histogram that leaves a user’s computer or device may threaten privacy when it contains visits to locations that the user does not want to disclose (sensitive locations), or when it can be used to profile the user in a way that leads to price discrimination and unsolicited advertising (e.g., as “wealthy” or “minority member”). Our work introduces two privacy notions to protect a location histogram from these threats: Sensitive Location Hiding, which aims at concealing all visits to sensitive locations, and Target Avoidance/Resemblance, which aims at concealing the similarity/dissimilarity of the user’s histogram to a target histogram that corresponds to an undesired/desired profile. We formulate an optimization problem around each notion: Sensitive Location Hiding ($${ SLH}$$SLH), which seeks to construct a histogram that is as similar as possible to the user’s histogram but associates all visits with nonsensitive locations, and Target Avoidance/Resemblance ($${ TA}$$TA/$${ TR}$$TR), which seeks to construct a histogram that is as dissimilar/similar as possible to a given target histogram but remains useful for getting a good response from the application that analyzes the histogram. We develop an optimal algorithm for each notion, which operates on a notion-specific search space graph and finds a shortest or longest path in the graph that corresponds to a solution histogram. In addition, we develop a greedy heuristic for the $${ TA}$$TA/$${ TR}$$TR problem, which operates directly on a user’s histogram. Our experiments demonstrate that all algorithms are effective at preserving the distribution of locations in a histogram and the quality of location recommendation. They also demonstrate that the heuristic produces near-optimal solutions while being orders of magnitude faster than the optimal algorithm for $${ TA}$$TA/$${ TR}$$TR.

The Role of Values in Attitudes towards Violence: Discrimination against Moroccans and Romanian Gypsies in Spain

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Luis Álvaro ◽  
Thiago Morais de Oliveira ◽  
Ana Raquel Rosas Torres ◽  
Cicero Pereira ◽  
Alicia Garrido ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Work Students ◽  
Public University ◽  
Value Theory ◽  
Police Violence ◽  
Openness To Change ◽  
Minority Member ◽  
The Social ◽  
Self Transcendence ◽  
Moderating Role

AbstractThe first objective of this study was to investigate whether police violence is more tolerated when the victim is a member of a social minority (e.g., Moroccan immigrants and Romanian Gypsies in Spain) than when the victim is a member of the social majority (e.g., Spaniards). The second objective was to use Schwartz value theory to examine the moderating role of values on attitudes towards tolerance of police violence. The participants were 207 sociology and social work students from a public university in Madrid. Overall, in this study, police violence was more accepted when the victim was a member of a social minority; F(2, 206) = 77.91, p = .001, ηp2 = 0.433, and in general, values moderated this acceptance. Thus, greater adherence to the conservation and self-promotion values subsystems would strengthen support for police violence towards a social minority member. On the other hand, greater adherence to the openness to change and self-transcendence subsystems diminish this support.

Manipulating a synchronous or separatist group orientation to improve performance on a hidden profile task

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miranda R. Kolb ◽  
Lyn M. van Swol
Keyword(s):  
Value Similarity ◽  
Group Orientation ◽  
Minority Member ◽  
Or Groups ◽  
Shared Information ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Hidden Profile ◽  
Effective Use ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Selection Of

Effective use of available information is a problem that plagues group decision-making tasks. Groups heavily favor shared information, or information that is known to all group members, which can lead to incorrect decisions and selection of inferior alternatives. However, groups may be less prone to overlooking unshared information if they are focused to value uniqueness and novel input from group members. The present research demonstrates that groups that value uniqueness, or a separatist orientation, correctly solved a hidden profile task more often than groups with a synchronous orientation, or groups that value similarity. Separatist groups repeated more unshared information than synchronous overall. Separatists also repeated more shared information than synchronous groups. Further, groups with a correct minority member also repeated more unshared information than groups with either a majority correct or no correct members. Results are discussed in terms of group focus and biases that affect the discussion of information.

scholarly journals The Streptomycin-Treated Mouse Intestine SelectsEscherichia coli envZMissense Mutants That Interact with Dense and Diverse Intestinal Microbiota

2012 ◽  
Vol 80 (5) ◽  
pp. 1716-1727 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary P. Leatham-Jensen ◽  
Jakob Frimodt-Møller ◽  
Jimmy Adediran ◽  
Matthew E. Mokszycki ◽  
Megan E. Banner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treated Mouse ◽  
Bacterial Biofilms ◽  
Deletion Mutants ◽  
Content Type ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Minority Member ◽  
Mouse Intestine ◽  
Colicin V ◽  
Colonizing Ability

ABSTRACTPreviously, we reported that the streptomycin-treated mouse intestine selected nonmotileEscherichia coliMG1655flhDCdeletion mutants ofE. coliMG1655 with improved colonizing ability that grow 15% fasterin vitroin mouse cecal mucus and 15 to 30% faster on sugars present in mucus (M. P. Leatham et al., Infect. Immun. 73:8039–8049, 2005). Here, we report that the 10 to 20% remaining motileE. coliMG1655 areenvZmissense mutants that are also better colonizers of the mouse intestine thanE. coliMG1655. One of theflhDCmutants,E. coliMG1655 ΔflhD, and one of theenvZmissense mutants,E. coliMG1655 mot-1, were studied further.E. coliMG1655 mot-1 is more resistant to bile salts and colicin V thanE. coliMG1655 ΔflhDand grows ca. 15% slowerin vitroin mouse cecal mucus and on several sugars present in mucus compared toE. coliMG1655 ΔflhDbut grows 30% faster on galactose. Moreover,E. coliMG1655 mot-1 andE. coliMG1655 ΔflhDappear to colonize equally well in one intestinal niche, butE. coliMG1655 mot-1 appears to use galactose to colonize a second, smaller intestinal niche either not colonized or colonized poorly byE. coliMG1655 ΔflhD. Evidence is also presented thatE. coliMG1655 is a minority member of mixed bacterial biofilms in the mucus layer of the streptomycin-treated mouse intestine. We offer a hypothesis, which we call the “Restaurant” hypothesis, that explains how nutrient acquisition in different biofilms comprised of different anaerobes can account for our results.

scholarly journals Analysis of Bacterial Communities during Clostridium difficile Infection in the Mouse

2015 ◽  
Vol 83 (11) ◽  
pp. 4383-4391 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ekaterina G. Semenyuk ◽  
Valeriy A. Poroyko ◽  
Pehga F. Johnston ◽  
Sara E. Jones ◽  
Katherine L. Knight ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clostridium Difficile ◽  
16S Rrna ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Intestinal Content ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Gi Tract ◽  
Bacterial Populations ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Minority Member ◽  
Gene Sequence Analysis

ABSTRACTClostridium difficileinfection (CDI) is a major cause of health care-associated disease. CDI initiates with ingestion ofC. difficilespores, germination in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, and then colonization of the large intestine. The interactions betweenC. difficilecells and other bacteria and with host mucosa during CDI remain poorly understood. Here, we addressed the hypothesis that, in a mouse model of CDI,C. difficileresides in multicellular communities (biofilms) in association with host mucosa. To do this, we paraffin embedded and then sectioned the GI tracts of infected mice at various days postinfection (p.i.). We then used fluorescentin situhybridization (FISH) with 16S rRNA probes targeting most bacteria as well asC. difficilespecifically. The results revealed thatC. difficileis present as a minority member of communities in the outer (loose) mucus layer, in the cecum and colon, starting at day 1 p.i. To generate FISH probes that identify bacteria within mucus-associated communities harboringC. difficile, we characterized bacterial populations in the infected mouse GI tract using 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis of bacterial DNA prepared from intestinal content. This analysis revealed the presence of genera of several families belonging toBacteroidetesandFirmicutes. These data suggest that formation of multispecies communities associated with the mucus of the cecum and colon is an important early step in GI tract colonization. They raise the possibility that other bacterial species in these communities modulate the ability ofC. difficileto successfully colonize and, thereby, cause disease.

The Real World

1997 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Winthrop
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Real World ◽  
Foreign Relations ◽  
Deep Understanding ◽  
American Anthropological Association ◽  
The Real ◽  
Minority Member

In organizing a forum on anthropology and public policy at the 1985 American Anthropological Association meetings, Walter Goldschmidt recalled that it was quite easy to attract three responsible Washington officials to the panel (including Claiborne Pell, ranking minority member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee), but that finding three anthropologists willing and able to participate proved extremely difficult. "Anthropologists," said Goldschmidt, "know that they have important things to say with respect to policies that involve humans—especially people of alien cultures … But they have not prepared themselves for the serious and difficult task of translating their deep understanding into the workaday realities of decision making and the crossfire that goes with such a role" (Anthropology and Public Policy: A Dialogue, Walter Goldschmidt, ed., Washington, D.C.: American Anthropological Association, 1986, pp. 3-4). That contradiction suggests the challenge we face in making anthropology a significant policy discipline.

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