Manipulating a synchronous or separatist group orientation to improve performance on a hidden profile task

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miranda R. Kolb ◽  
Lyn M. van Swol
Keyword(s):  
Value Similarity ◽  
Group Orientation ◽  
Minority Member ◽  
Or Groups ◽  
Shared Information ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Hidden Profile ◽  
Effective Use ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Selection Of

Effective use of available information is a problem that plagues group decision-making tasks. Groups heavily favor shared information, or information that is known to all group members, which can lead to incorrect decisions and selection of inferior alternatives. However, groups may be less prone to overlooking unshared information if they are focused to value uniqueness and novel input from group members. The present research demonstrates that groups that value uniqueness, or a separatist orientation, correctly solved a hidden profile task more often than groups with a synchronous orientation, or groups that value similarity. Separatist groups repeated more unshared information than synchronous overall. Separatists also repeated more shared information than synchronous groups. Further, groups with a correct minority member also repeated more unshared information than groups with either a majority correct or no correct members. Results are discussed in terms of group focus and biases that affect the discussion of information.

scholarly journals Targeting Credit Through Community Members

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego Vera-Cossio
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rates ◽  
Informal Markets ◽  
Community Members ◽  
Local Networks ◽  
Village Level ◽  
High Interest ◽  
Effective Use ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract Locally targeted programs may exploit available information transmitted through local networks to improve the selection of beneficiaries, but the effective use of this information is not granted when the selection of beneficiaries entails balancing multiple targeting criteria that are costly to verify. This paper analyzes how local committees balance issues of neediness, productivity, risk, and favoritism to allocate subsidized loans to Thai villagers. Local committees in charge of managing village funds provided credit to richer, less-productive and elite-connected villagers threatening the program’s sustainability. Informal markets partially attenuated the targeting distortions by redirecting credit from connected to unconnected households, albeit at high interest rates. Counterfactual exercises show that eliminating the connection-based distortions would reduce within-village inequality by 9.7% and modestly increase village-level output by 0.9 to 1.5%.

Equal Performance, Different Grade: Women’s Performance in Discussion Perceived Worse Than Men’s

2021 ◽  
pp. 014616722199221
Author(s):  
Angela R. Dorrough ◽  
Monika Leszczyńska ◽  
Sandra Werner ◽  
Lovis Schaeffer ◽  
Anna-Sophie Galley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Group Discussion ◽  
Selection Procedure ◽  
Similar Degree ◽  
Female Group ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Female Performance ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Hidden Profile ◽  
Perceived Helpfulness

We investigate how men and women are evaluated in group discussions. In five studies ( N = 761) using a variant of a Hidden Profile Task, we find that, when experimentally and/or statistically controlling for actual gender differences in behavior, the female performance in a group discussion is devalued in comparison to male performance. This was observed for fellow group members (Study 1) and outside observers (Studies 2–5), in both primarily student (Studies 1, 4, and 5) and mixed samples (Studies 2 and 3), for different measures of performance (perceived helpfulness of the contribution, for work-related competence), across different discussion formats (preformulated chat messages, open chat), and when controlling for the number of female group members (Study 5). In contrast to our hypothesis, we did not find a moderating effect of selection procedure in that women were devalued to a similar degree in both situations with a women’s quota and without.

scholarly journals Cysteine Cathepsins and Their Prognostic and Therapeutic Relevance in Leukemia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohit Arora ◽  
Garima Pandey ◽  
Shyam S. Chauhan
Keyword(s):  
Antigen Processing ◽  
Hematological Malignancies ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Aberrant Expression ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
Cysteine Cathepsins ◽  
Expression Activity ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Antigen Processing And Presentation ◽  
Selection Of

AbstractCysteine cathepsins are lysosomal proteases that require Cys-His ion pair in their catalytic site for enzymatic activity. While their aberrant expression and oncogenic functions have been widely reported in solid tumors, recent findings suggest that these proteases also play an important role in the pathogenesis of hematological malignancies. In this review, we summarize the potential clinical implications of cysteine cathepsins as diagnostic and prognostic markers in leukemia, and present evidences which supports the utility of these proteases as potential therapeutic targets in hematological malignancies. We also highlight the available information on the expression patterns, regulation, and potential functions of cysteine cathepsins in normal hematopoiesis and hematological malignancies. In hematopoiesis, cysteine cathepsins play a variety of physiological roles including regulation of hematopoietic stem cell adhesion in the bone marrow, trafficking, and maturation. They are also involved in several functions of immune cells which include the selection of lymphocytes in the thymus, antigen processing, and presentation. However, the expression of cysteine cathepsins is dysregulated in hematological malignancies where they have been shown to play diverse functions. Interestingly, several pieces of evidence over the past few years have demonstrated overexpression of cathepsins in leukemia and their association with worst survival outcomes in patients. Strategies aimed at altering the expression, activity, and subcellular localization of these cathepsins are emerging as potential therapeutic modalaties in the management of hematological malignancies. Recent findings also suggest the involvement of these proteases in modulating the immune response in leukemia and lymphomas.

Arts Nonprofits—Associations and Agencies: A Literature Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-63
Author(s):  
Robert A. Stebbins
Keyword(s):  
Social World ◽  
Fine Art ◽  
Art World ◽  
Artistic Development ◽  
Public Benefits ◽  
The Arts ◽  
Or Groups ◽  
Dance Clubs ◽  
Financial Base ◽  
Selection Of

AbstractAn association is “a relatively formally structured nonprofit group that depends mainly on volunteer members for participation and activity and that primarily seeks member benefits, even if it may also seek some public benefits” (Smith, Stebbins, & Dover, 2006, p. 23). The arts that give birth to these organizations can be classified as either fine art or entertainment art. Every art association is embedded each in its own art world and its own social world. Members of these association are mostly amateurs or hobbyists in their art.Publications on arts-related amateur, hobbyist, professional, and mixed-member associations are reviewed. Their prime mission is to foster, present, and sometimes chronicle the art that its members prize. Many of these works report on the structure of the associations as well as on the recruitment, artistic development, deployment of artists, dissemination of their art, and retention of their members. Also reviewed is a selection of publications bearing on what could be called “arts consumption clubs,” or groups such as book clubs, dance clubs, and jazz clubs established to generate interest in a given art. Some of the publications reviewed center on associational management, use of volunteers, and financial base of the group.

Synagogue and State in the Israeli Military: A Story of “Inappropriate Integration”

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 223-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karin Carmit Yefet
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Identities ◽  
Religious Community ◽  
Minority Women ◽  
Religious Minority ◽  
Liberal Democratic ◽  
Majority Group ◽  
Minority Member ◽  
Group Members ◽  
The Military ◽  
Female Soldiers

Abstract The encounter between synagogue and state in Israel’s military context raises a variety of complex questions that defy conventional paradigms. While religious liberty continues to occupy a special place in most liberal democratic thought, the legal and philosophical literature pondering its various dimensions has largely lost analytic sight of the fascinating intersection of military and religion. This article embarks on analyzing the appropriate integration between loyalty to God and to country, and between religious male and secular female soldiers. Evaluating examples of synagogue-state tensions and accommodationist policies, this article explores the manner and extent to which the Israeli military (IDF) responds to the observant soldier’s multiple identities as a religious minority member and a faithful citizen of the larger secular polity. Against this backdrop, the article analyzes the vexed challenges posed to multicultural theory by the equivocal status of the Orthodox community as a numerical minority but “power majority” within the military, and by the IDF’s unique exercise of multiculturalist protection, termed herein “external restrictions,” imposed on majority group members. It concludes that the ongoing “religionization” of the IDF through the 2002 “Appropriate Integration” regulation has served as a powerful counterforce to gender equality, fostering a growing practice of female exclusion through which women are disenfranchised from core, non-negotiable protections of citizenship. The article identifies as the prime casualty of this aggressive multicultural accommodation not only secular women’s hard-won equality of opportunity, but also the very rights and status of minority women within their own religious community.

scholarly journals Calibration and measurement capability (CMC) and customer technical qualification

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suelí Fischer Beckert ◽  
Renan Ednan Flôres
Keyword(s):  
Measuring Range ◽  
Measurement Capability ◽  
Normative Documents ◽  
Calibration Methods ◽  
Accredited Laboratories ◽  
Accredited Laboratory ◽  
Effective Use ◽  
Formal Recognition ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Calibration And Measurement Capability

In the context of metrological confirmation, calibration is an essential process in all quality assurance efforts. Several organizations choose to outsource this activity to accredited laboratories in accordance with the requirements set forth in ISO/IEC 17025: 2017. Companies understand that accredited laboratory has formal recognition of its technical competence to perform the services within its scope of accreditation. The document ILAC P14: 2013 sets out guidelines for the presentation of Calibration and Measurement Capability (CMC). However, when analysing the scope of accredited laboratories in some national calibration bodies, it is possible to observe that, for the same instrument and the same measuring range, different values are attributed to CMC. If the CMC should result from normal calibration operations on the best existing device, what causes this dispersion? How can the customer make effective use of the information contained in accreditation scopes? In order to further standardize the presentation of CMC in accreditation scopes, calibration methods adopted by laboratories should be required to meet the maximum permissible errors established by manufacturers or normative documents. Companies can outsource calibration activities. But the selection of service provider and the interpretation of the results remains a customer assignment. The paper presents an analysis of accreditation scopes of different national calibration bodies and discusses the qualification of those in charge of metrology management, regarding the knowledge and skills required for activity.

scholarly journals Agua, economía y territorio: nuevos enfoques de la Directiva Marco del Agua para la gestión del recurso

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 65
Author(s):  
José A. Gómez-Limón ◽  
Julia Martin-Ortega
Keyword(s):  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
Management Plans ◽  
Water Management Plans ◽  
Development Processes ◽  
Economic Good ◽  
Effective Use ◽  
Water Uses ◽  
Selection Of

Water is a natural resource that performs different functions in development processes (satisfaction of population’s basic needs, key element for ecosystems and landscapes, input in different economic activities, etc.). Taking into account this relevance and its features as an economic good, public authorities have carried out an important role as regulators. The last milestone in this path has been the approval of the Water Framework Directive. One of the most innovative points of this European rule is the use of economic analysis for the optimisation of different water uses. However, the development of the works done for the design of the new water management plans has shown several shortcomings regarding the economic analysis of water uses, the analysis of costs recovery for water services and the selection of meassures to reach these objectives. In this sense it is necessary to strength the nexus between the policy- making and academic spheres in order to support a more rigorous and effective use of the large scientific knowledge developed in this field.

Assessing the Effects of Partisan Bias at the Group Level of Analysis: A Hidden Profile Experiment

2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 1283-1302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Manata ◽  
Franklin J. Boster ◽  
Gwen M. Wittenbaum ◽  
Daniel E. Bergan
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Political Ideology ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Political Arena ◽  
Partisan Bias ◽  
Decision Accuracy ◽  
Decision Making Problem ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Hidden Profile ◽  
Level Of Analysis

Although there is some evidence in the political arena that pooling information can overcome individual biases to improve decision-making accuracy, research from the group communication and psychology arenas suggests otherwise. Specifically, research on the hidden profile, a group-level decision-making problem, suggests that groups are decidedly biased when making decisions. This laboratory experiment tested whether or not partisan biases manifest at the group level of analysis. In the main, it was found that groups composed of either all Republican or all Democratic group members were likely to make a decision that was consonant with their party’s political ideology, which ultimately impacted hidden profile solution rates (i.e., decision accuracy). Moreover, supplemental analyses suggest that Republican and Democratic groups reached their biased decisions through different means. A discussion is provided in which the implications of these results are considered.

scholarly journals The emergence and selection of reputation systems that drive cooperative behaviour

2018 ◽  
Vol 285 (1886) ◽  
pp. 20181508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alain Schlaepfer
Keyword(s):  
Computer Simulations ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Reputation Systems ◽  
Cooperative Behaviour ◽  
Social Image ◽  
Reputation Mechanism ◽  
Initial Evolution ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Number Of Individuals ◽  
Selection Of

Reputational concerns are believed to play a crucial role in explaining cooperative behaviour among non-kin humans. Individuals cooperate to avoid a negative social image, if being branded as defector reduces pay-offs from future interactions. Similarly, individuals sanction defectors to gain a reputation as punisher, prompting future co-players to cooperate. But reputation can only effectively support cooperation if a sufficient number of individuals condition their strategies on their co-players' reputation, and if a sufficient number of group members are willing to record and transmit the relevant information about past actions. Using computer simulations, this paper argues that starting from a pool of non-cooperative individuals, a reputation system based on punishment is likely to emerge and to be the driver of the initial evolution of cooperative behaviour. However, once cooperation is established in a group, it will be sustained mainly through a reputation mechanism based on cooperative actions.

scholarly journals The Renin Angiotensin System — Its Physiology and Role in Disease States

1983 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 369-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. S. Stokes
Keyword(s):  
Renin Angiotensin System ◽  
Plasma Renin ◽  
Angiotensin System ◽  
Renin Angiotensin ◽  
Disease States ◽  
Electrolyte Depletion ◽  
Predominant Factor ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Effective Use ◽  
Selection Of

The renin-angiotensin system is one of a number of interlinked mechanisms regulating vascular resistance and blood volume. Under certain conditions it may become a predominant factor in maintaining vascular tone. Knowledge about these conditions (sodium depletion, mineralocorticoid deficiency, renovascular hypertension and iatrogenic hyperreninaemic states) is important for the safe and effective use of drugs which inhibit the renin-angiotensin system. Measurements of plasma renin activity are useful in the diagnostic assessment of hypertensive patients with hypokalaemia or evidence of renal artery stenosis. They may also have a place in the management of refractory or dialysis-resistant hypertension. Their use in the selection of antihypertensive therapy for the individual patient is controversial. Sequential measurements of plasma renin are helpful in analysing states of electrolyte depletion, and in titrating therapy for Addison's disease.

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